# NORSAR > norsar.no Main language:en_GB ## [NORSAR.no](https://www.norsar.no/) ### [Billboard](https://www.norsar.no/billboard/) - [Listening to the Earth for a safe and resilient society](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/): NORSAR is an internationally recognized independent research foundation. We specialize in seismology and seismic monitoring. > ![Listening](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323459-1754566628/Bilder/Billboard/2024_Norsar_film_annual_report_final_13s.jpg ) > ![Listening to the Earth](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/134116-1734002565/Bilder/Billboard/shutterstock_10199140-listening-to-the-earth-billboard-mobil.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) ### [Snarveier](https://www.norsar.no/snarveier/) - [Sustainable energy](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/sustainable-energy/): The climate crisis is one of the world's greatest challenges. We find solutions. - [Safe society](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/safe-society/): We use our unique expertise in seismology and seismic monitoring to make the world safer. - [Software solutions](https://www.norsar.no/software/): We are among the world’s leading developers of software solutions for seismic modeling and microseismic monitoring. - [Test-Ban Treaty](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/test-ban-treaty/): Monitoring compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty is our most important task and a solid contribution for a more secure world. ### [Banner topp](https://www.norsar.no/banner-topp-1/) ### [Banner bunn](https://www.norsar.no/banner-bunn-1/) - [We measure earthquakes all over the world](https://www.jordskjelv.no/): The Earth moves. Every single day, tectonic plates collide with each other, causing large and small wave movements in the Earth's crust. This can have consequences for those of us living right at the edge of the Earth's crust. Shakes in the Earth's crust occur all over the globe, including here in Norway. Every time there is a tremor, it is recorded by the seismometers at NORSAR. The signals are assessed, analysed and relayed. - [NORSAR Innovation](https://www.norsarinnovation.com/): NORSAR is at the global forefront in developing commercial software products and services in seismic oil and gas exploration and microseismic monitoring. The core applications of the NORSAR software suite include, but are not limited to, survey planning, survey evaluation, processing and interpretation support, 4D time-lapse surveys, and reservoir analysis. ## [R & D](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/) > NORSAR is an independent research foundation. We provide high-quality research to our clients in industry, the public sector and society at large. ### [Test-Ban Treaty](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/test-ban-treaty/) > NORSAR is Norway’s National Data Center for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Monitoring nuclear weapons testing is our core activity. ### [Safe society](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/safe-society/) > NORSAR has been contributing to a safer society since 1968. We use our unique expertise in seismology to monitor natural and man-made tremors. ### [Sustainable energy](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/sustainable-energy/) > The climate crisis is one of the most pressing global challenges. NORSAR is contributing to solutions within safe CO2 storage and utilization of geothermal energy. #### [Key Publications](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/) - [Source parameters and scaling relations for mining related seismicity within the Pyhäsalmi ore mine, Finland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/source-parameters-and-scaling-relations-for-mining-related-seismicity-within-the-pyhasalmi-ore-mine-finland) > Oye, V., H. Bungum, and M. Roth2005Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 95, 3, 1011-1026 - [Determining SAFOD area microearthquake locations solely with Pilot Hole seismic array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/determining-safod-area-microearthquake-locations-solely-with-pilot-hole-seismic-array-data) > Oye, V., J. A. Chavarria, and P. E. Malin2004Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L12S10doi:10.1029/2003GL019403 - [The Storfjorden, Svalbard, 2008 – 2012 aftershock sequence: Seismotectonics in a polar environment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-storfjorden-svalbard-2008-2012-aftershock-sequence-seismotectonics-in-a-polar-environment) > M. Pirli, J. Schweitzer & B. Paulsen2008Tectonophysics, 601, 192–205, 2013 - [Seismology inside the Fault Zone: Applications to Fault-Zone Properties and Rupture Dynamics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/seismology-inside-the-fault-zone-applications-to-fault-zone-properties-and-rupture-dynamics) > Ellsworth, W., P. Malin, K. Imanishi, S. Roecker, R. Nadeau, V. Oye, C. Thurber, F. Waldhauser, N. Boness, S. Hickman, M. Zoback2007Scientific Drilling, Special Issue, No.1, 2007ISSN: 1816-8957 - [Improving Kirchhoff migration with repeated Local Plane-Wave imaging? a SAR-inspired signal-processing approach in prestack depth imaging,](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/improving-kirchhoff-migration-with-repeated-local-plane-wave-imaging-a-sar-inspired-signal-processing-approach-in-prestack-depth-imaging) > Lecomte, I., Hamran, S.-E., and Gelius, L.-J.2005Geophysical Prospecting, 53, 767–785. - [Resolution and illumination analyses in PSDM: A ray-based approach](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/resolution-and-illumination-analyses-in-psdm-a-ray-based-approach) > Lecomte, I.2008The Leading Edge 27(5) · May 2008 - [Incorporating simulated ground motion in seismic risk assessment - Application to the lower Indian Himalayas](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/incorporating-simulated-ground-motion-in-seismic-risk-assessment-application-to-the-lower-indian-himalayas) > Sørensen, M.B., and Lang, D.H.2015Earthquake Spectra 31(1): 71–95doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/010412EQS001M > In this study, the effects of implementing stochastic finite fault ground motion simulations in earthquake hazard and risk assessment are evaluated. The investigations are conducted for the city of Dehradun (Indian Himalayas). We compare two ground motion estimation techniques: a ground motion prediction equation– based technique and a simulation-based technique. The comparison focuses on the differences the techniques imply on earthquake damage and loss estimates. Ground motion simulations are first calibrated against the instrumental recordings of the 1991 Mw 6.8 Uttarkashi earthquake. Afterward, a number of events are considered with different magnitude, distance, and azimuth to the source. Results indicate large differences between ground motion and loss estimates derived by the two methods, especially in the direction of rupture propagation, which persist to 2–2.5 fault lengths distance. It is therefore strongly recommended to consider rupture kinematics and orientation to the test bed when providing ground motion estimates for near-field earthquake loss assessment studies. - [Evidence for Tensile Faulting Deduced from Full Waveform Moment Tensor Inversion during the Stimulation in the Basel Enhanced Geothermal System](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/evidence-for-tensile-faulting-deduced-from-full-waveform-moment-tensor-inversion-during-the-stimulation-in-the-basel-enhanced-geothermal-system) > Zhao, P., V. Oye, D. Kühn, S. Cesca2013Geothermics - [Automated microearthquake location using envelope stacking and robust global optimization](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/automated-microearthquake-location-using-envelope-stacking-and-robust-global-optimization) > Gharti, H. N., V. Oye, M. Roth, D. Kühn2010Geophysics 75, MA27 (2010) - [Monitoring of induced seismicity during the first geothermal reservoir stimulation at Paralana, Australia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/monitoring-of-induced-seismicity-during-the-first-geothermal-reservoir-stimulation-at-paralana-australia) > Albaric, J., V. Oye, N. Langet, M. Hasting, I. Lecomte, K. Iranpour, M. Messeiller, P. Reid2013Geothermics - [Combining microseismic and geomechanical observations to interpret storage integrity at the In Salah CCS site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/combining-microseismic-and-geomechanical-observations-to-interpret-storage-integrity-at-the-in-salah-ccs-site) > Goertz-Allmann, B. P., D. Kühn, V. Oye, E. Aker, B. Bohloli20142014Geophys. J. Int.doi:10.1093/gji/ggu010 - [Experimental investigation of acoustic emissions and their moment tensors in rock during failure](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/experimental-investigation-of-acoustic-emissions-and-their-moment-tensors-in-rock-during-failure) > Aker, E., Kühn, D., Vavryčuk, V., Soldal, M., Oye, V.20142014International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,70,286-295 - [Offshore injection and overburden surveillance using real-time passive seismic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/offshore-injection-and-overburden-surveillance-using-real-time-passive-seismic) > S. Bussat, L.W. Bjerrum, B.D.E. Dando, E.V. Bergfjord, K. Iranpour and V. Oye20162016First Break , Vol 34, No 7, July 2016, pp. 51 - 59 - [3-D ray modelling by wavefront construction in open models](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/3-d-ray-modelling-by-wavefront-construction-in-open-models) > Vinje, V., Åstebøl, K, Iversen, E., and Gjøystdal, H.1999GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 64, NO. 6 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1999); P. 1912–1919, 16 FIGS., 4 TABLES - [A comparison of strain rates and seismicity for Fennoscandia: depth dependency of deformation from glacial isostatic adjustment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/a-comparison-of-strain-rates-and-seismicity-for-fennoscandia-depth-dependency-of-deformation-from-glacial-isostatic-adjustment) > Keiding M., C. Kreemer, C. D. Lindholm, S. Gradmann, O. Olesen, H. P. Kierulf20152015Geophysical Journal Internationaldoi: 10.1093/gji/ggv207 > We investigate the influence of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) on the deformation at the surface and at seismogenic depths in Fennoscandia. The surface strain rate field, derived from geodetic data, is controlled by GIA which causes NW–SE extension of up to 4 × 10−9 yr−1 in most of mainland Fennoscandia, surrounded by regions of radial shortening towards the centre of uplift. The seismic deformation field, derived from a new compilation of focal mechanisms, shows consistent NW–SE compression on the Norwegian continental margin and a tendency towards tension in mainland Fennoscandia. The seismic moment rate is at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the geodetic moment rate. We propose that the low level of seismicity and the tendency towards tensional focal mechanisms in mainland Fennoscandiamay be explained by the destructive interference of the regional stress from ridge push withthe flexural stress due to GIA. - [Probabilistic earthquake hazard assessment for Peninsular India](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/probabilistic-earthquake-hazard-assessment-for-peninsular-india) > Ashish, C. Lindholm, D. Kuhn and I. Parvez20162016Journal of SeismologyDOI 10.1007/s10950-015-9548-2 > In this paper, a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) is presented for Peninsular India. The PSHA has been performed using three different recurrence models: a classical seismic zonation model, a fault model and a grid model. The development of a grid model based on a non-parameterised recurrence model using an adaptation of the Kernel based method that has not been applied to this region before. The results obtained from the three models have been combined in a logic tree structure in order to investigate the impact of different weights of the models. Three suitable attenuation relations have been considered in terms of spectral acceleration for the stable continental crust as well as for the active crust within the Gujarat region. While Peninsular India has experienced large earthquakes e.g. Latur and Jabalpur, it represents in general a stable continental region with little earthquake activity, as also confirmed in our hazard results. On the other hand, our study demonstrates that both the Gujarat and the Koyna regions are exposed to a high seismic hazard. The peak ground acceleration for 10% exceedance in 50 years observed in Koyna is 0.4 g and in the Kutch region of Gujarat up to 0.3 g. With respect to spectral acceleration at 1 Hz, estimated ground motion amplitudes are higher in Gujarat than in the Koyna region due to the higher frequency of occurrence of larger earthquakes. We discuss the higher PGA levels for Koyna compared Gujarat and do not accept them uncritically. - [Thomas Kuhn etter 50 år: En platetektonisk innfallsvinkel](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/thomas-kuhn-etter-50-ar-en-platetektonisk-innfallsvinkel) > Bungum, H., Eldholm, O.20142014Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift, 1, 43-52 > Denne artikkelen bidrar med en diskusjon om i hvilken grad platetektonikken passer inn i Thomas Kuhns paradigme-teoretiske idéverden. - [A probabilistic seismic model for the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/a-probabilistic-seismic-model-for-the-european-arctic) > Hauser, J., Dyer, K.M., Pasyanos, M.E., Bungum, H., Faleide, J.I., Clark, S.A., Schweitzer, J.20142014Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, B01303doi:10.1029/2010JB007889 > This paper presents the development of new three‐dimensional seismic models for the crust and upper mantle in the European Arctic, based on various kinds of geophysical and geological data, using advanced inversion techniques and computing resources. - [To what extent is the present seismicity of Norway driven by post-glacial rebound?](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/to-what-extent-is-the-present-seismicity-of-norway-driven-by-post-glacial-rebound) > Bungum, H., Pascal, C., Olesen, O., Lindholm, C., Vestøl, O., Gibbons, S.2010Journal of the Geological Society of London, 167, 373-384.doi: 10.1144/0016-76492009-009 > The question posed in the title has been discussed for over a hundred years and this paper is addressing the question again based on new data and research, concluding that the influence of postglacial uplift on the seismicity at present is minor. - [The 23 October 1904 MS 5.4 Oslofjord earthquake: Reanalysis based on macroseismic and instrumental data.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-23-october-1904-ms-5-4-oslofjord-earthquake-reanalysis-based-on-macroseismic-and-instrumental-data) > Bungum, H., Pettenati, F., Schweitzer, J., Sirovich, L., Faleide, J.-I.2009Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 99(5), 2836–2854.doi: 10.1785/0120080357 > This paper presents a major new analysis of a very important historical earthquake in Norway, based on inversion with modern techniques of felt information, combined with early instrumental data. - [Seismic Arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/seismic-arrays) > J. Schweitzer, J. Fyen, S. Mykkeltveit, S. J. Gibbons, M. Pirli, D. Kühn & T. Kværna2012doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch9; 80 pp., escidoc:44028 In: P. Bormann (ed.) (2012), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice (NMSOP-2). 2nd (revised) edition, Potsdam: Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZdoi: 10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2 > http://ebooks.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:43213:7 - [Superresolution with seismic arrays using empirical matched field processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/superresolution-with-seismic-arrays-using-empirical-matched-field-processing) > David. B. Harris, Tormod Kværna2010Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 103, No. 2A. (01 April 2013), pp. 759-772doi:10.1785/0120120248 > http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120248 - [Nuclear Test Ban: Converting Political Visions to Reality](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/nuclear-test-ban-converting-political-visions-to-reality) > O. Dahlman, S. Mykkeltveit, H. Haak2009Springer > http://ISBN 978-1-4020-6885-0 - [The NORSAR array and preliminary results of data analysis.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-norsar-array-and-preliminary-results-of-data-analysis) > Bungum, H., Husebye, E.S., Ringdal, F.1971Geophysical Journal of the Royal astronomical Society, 25, 115-126. > This article describes the original NORSAR array and has become a classical paper with a large number of citations in international journals. - [An exceptional intraplate earthquake sequence in Meløy, Northern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/an-exceptional-intraplate-earthquake-sequence-in-meloy-northern-norway) > Bungum, H., Hokland, B.K., Husebye, E.S., Ringdal, F.1979Nature, 280, 32-35. > An earthquake swarm which started in 1978 and produced more than 10,000 earthquakes over just a few weeks received a lot of attention and was presented scientifically the year after through this paper. The location of the swarm in Northern was very close to where the largest known historical earthquake in Scandinavia occurred in 1819. - [Seismicity and seismotectonics of Norway and sorroundings continental shelf areas](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/seismicity-and-seismotectonics-of-norway-and-sorroundings-continental-shelf-areas) > Bungum, H., Alsaker, A., Kvamme, L.B., Hansen, R.A.1991Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 2249-2265. > This paper is an important reference work which presents a major analysis of the seismotectonics of Norway and its offshore areas based on new data and modern analysis techniques, thereby contributing to an improved understanding of earthquake occurrence (why and where) in the region. - [Seismotectonics of the Norwegian continental margin](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/seismotectonics-of-the-norwegian-continental-margin) > Byrkjeland, U., Bungum, H., Eldholm, O.2000Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 6221-6236. > This paper presents a major study of the seismotectonics and sources of stress along the continental margin in mid-Norway, based on detailed seismological and geological data, providing a better understanding of why and where earthquakes occur in this region. - [Simulated migration amplitude for improving amplitude estimates in seismic illumination studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/simulated-migration-amplitude-for-improving-amplitude-estimates-in-seismic-illumination-studies) > Laurain, R., Vinje, V. and Strand, C.2004The Leading Edge, Volume 23, Issue 3, p. 240. - [The 31st of August 1819 Lurøy earthquake revisited.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-31st-of-august-1819-luroy-earthquake-revisited) > Bungum, H., Olesen, O.2005Norwegian Journal of Geology (Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift), 85, 245-252.ISSN 029-196X > This paper presents a new analysis of the largest Skandinavian earthquake in historical times, occurring in 1819 in Northern Norway, based on the way it was felt over a very large area. The study included also a reassessment of the magnitude (5.8). - [Comparison of location procedures – The Kara Sea event of 16 August 1997](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/comparison-of-location-procedures-the-kara-sea-event-of-16-august-1997) > J. Schweitzer & B. L. N. Kennett2007Bulletin Seismological Society America, 97, (2), 389-400, 2007doi: 10.1785/0120040017 - [Surface wave tomography for the Barents Sea and surrounding regions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/surface-wave-tomography-for-the-barents-sea-and-surrounding-regions) > A. L. Levshin, J. Schweitzer, Ch. Weidle, N. Shapiro & M. H. Ritzwoller2007Geophysical Journal International, 170, 441-459, 2007doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03285.x - [North Korea's Nuclear Test: The Capability for Seismic Monitoring of the North Korean Test Site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/north-korea-s-nuclear-test-the-capability-for-seismic-monitoring-of-the-north-korean-test-site) > Tormod Kvaerna, Frode Ringdal, Ulf Baadshaug2007Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 78, No. 5. (1 September 2007), pp. 487-497doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.5.487 > http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.5.487 - [The detection of low magnitude seismic events using array-based waveform correlation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-detection-of-low-magnitude-seismic-events-using-array-based-waveform-correlation) > Steven J. Gibbons, Frode Ringdal2006Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 165, No. 1. (April 2006), pp. 149-166doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.02865.x > http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.02865.x - [The IASPEI standard seismic phase list](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-iaspei-standard-seismic-phase-list) > D. A. Storchak, J. Schweitzer & P. Bormann2003Seismological Research Letters, 74, 761-772, 2003doi: 10.1785/gssrl.74.6.761 - [Slowness corrections — one way to improve IDC products](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/slowness-corrections-one-way-to-improve-idc-products) > J. Schweitzer2001Pure appl. geophys., 158, 375–396, 2001doi: 10.1007/PL0000116 - [HYPOSAT – An Enhanced Routine to Locate Seismic Events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/hyposat-an-enhanced-routine-to-locate-seismic-events) > J. Schweitzer2001Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 158, No. 1. (1 February 2001), pp. 277-289doi:10.1007/pl00001160 - [The European Arctic: A Laboratory for Seismoacoustic Studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/the-european-arctic-a-laboratory-for-seismoacoustic-studies) > Steven J. Gibbons, Vladimir Asming, Lars Eliasson, Andrei Fedorov, Jan Fyen, Johan Kero, Elena Kozlovskaya, Tormod Kværna, Ludwik Liszka, Sven P. Näsholm, Tero Raita, Michael Roth, Timo Tiira, Yuri Vinogradov20152015Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 86, No. 3. (1 May 2015), pp. 917-928doi:10.1785/0220140230 - [A climatology of infrasound detections in northern Norway at the experimental ARCI array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/a-climatology-of-infrasound-detections-in-northern-norway-at-the-experimental-arci-array) > Läslo Evers, Johannes Schweitzer2011Journal of Seismology, Vol. 15, No. 3. (1 July 2011), pp. 473-486doi:10.1007/s10950-011-9237-8 - [Probabilistic infrasound propagation using realistic atmospheric perturbations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/probabilistic-infrasound-propagation-using-realistic-atmospheric-perturbations) > P. S. M. Smets, L. G. Evers, S. P. Näsholm, S. J. Gibbons20152015Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 42, No. 15. (16 August 2015), pp. 6510–6517, 2015GL064992-6517doi:10.1002/2015gl064992 - [Deterministic earthquake damage and loss assessment for the city of Bucharest, Romania](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/deterministic-earthquake-damage-and-loss-assessment-for-the-city-of-bucharest-romania) > Lang, D.H., Molina, S., Lindholm, C.D., and Balan, S.2012Journal of Seismology 16(1): 67–88DOI: 10.1007/s10950-011-9250-y > On March 4, 1977, an earthquake with a moment magnitude Mw 7.4 at a hypocentral depth of 94 km hit the Vrancea region (Romania). In Bucharest alone, the earthquake caused severe damage to 33,000 buildings while 1,424 people were killed. Under the umbrella of the SAFER project, the city of Bucharest, being one of the larger European cities at risk, was chosen as a test bed for the estimation of damage and connected losses in case of a future large magnitude earthquake in the Vrancea area. For the conduct of these purely deterministic damage and loss computations, the open-source software SELENA is applied. In order to represent a large event in the Vrancea region, a set of deterministic scenarios were defined by combining ranges of focal parameters, i.e., magnitude, focal depth, and epicentral location. Ground motion values are computed by consideration of different ground motion prediction equations that > are believed to represent earthquake attenuation effects in the region. Variations in damage and loss estimates are investigated through considering different sets of building vulnerability curves (provided by HAZUS-MH and various European authors) to characterize the damaging behavior of prevalent building typologies in the city of Bucharest. - [Long-range acoustic observations of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Iceland, April–May 2010](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/long-range-acoustic-observations-of-the-eyjafjallajokull-eruption-iceland-april-may-2010) > Robin S. Matoza, Julien Vergoz, Alexis Le Pichon, Lars Ceranna, David N. Green, Läslo G. Evers, Maurizio Ripepe, Paola Campus, Ludwik Liszka, Tormod Kvaerna, Einar Kjartansson, Ármann Höskuldsson2011Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 38, No. 6. (1 March 2011), L06308doi:10.1029/2011gl047019 - [Improved applicability of ray tracing in seismic acquisition, imaging and interpretation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/improved-applicability-of-ray-tracing-in-seismic-acquisition-imaging-and-interpretation) > Gjøystdal, H., Iversen, E., Lecomte, I., Kaschwich, T., Drottning, Å. and Mispel, J.2007Geophysics, VOL. 72 NO. 5SM261-SM271 16 FIGS., 1TABLEdoi: 10.1190/1.2736515 - [A review of 3D illumination studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/a-review-of-3d-illumination-studies) > Laurain, R., Gelius, L., Vinje, V. and Lecomte, I.2004Journal of Seismic Exploration 13: 17-37. - [Seismic signals from large, tabular icebergs drifting along the Dronning Maud Land coast, Antarctica, and their significance for iceberg monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/seismic-signals-from-large-tabular-icebergs-drifting-along-the-dronning-maud-land-coast-antarctica-and-their-significance-for-iceberg-monitoring) > M. Pirli, K. Matsuoka, J. Schweitzer & G. Moholdt20152015J. Glaciology, 61, (227), 481-492, 2015doi: 10.3189/2015JoG14J210 - [Iterative Strategies for Aftershock Classification in Automatic Seismic Processing Pipelines](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/iterative-strategies-for-aftershock-classification-in-automatic-seismic-processing-pipelines) > Steven J. Gibbons, Tormod Kværna, David B. Harris, Douglas A. Dodge20162016Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 87, No. 4. (01 June 2016), pp. 919-929doi:10.1785/0220160047 > http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220160047 - [Traveltime and amplitude estimation using wavefront construction](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/traveltime-and-amplitude-estimation-using-wavefront-construction) > Vinje, V., Iversen, E., and Gjøystdal, H.1993GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 58, NO. 8 (AUGUST 1993); P. 1157-1166, 16 FIGS - [Regional passive seismic monitoring reveals Dynamic glacier activity on Spitsbergen, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/regional-passive-seismic-monitoring-reveals-dynamic-glacier-activity-on-spitsbergen-svalbard) > A. Köhler, C. Nuth, J. Schweitzer, C. Weidle & S. Gibbons20152015Polar Research, 34, 26178, 2015, 19 ppdoi: 10.3402/polar.v34.26178 - [RISE: Illustrating geo-referenced data of seismic risk and loss assessment studies using Google Earth](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/rise-illustrating-geo-referenced-data-of-seismic-risk-and-loss-assessment-studies-using-google-earth) > Lang, D.H., and Gutiérrez Corea, F.V.2010Earthquake Spectra 26(1), 295-307 (Technical Note)DOI: 10.1193/1.3283906 > Predicting the consequences of large earthquakes to the built environment is of high importance for disaster control, civil protection and emergency planning. A number of software tools are now available to estimate physical building damage and associated losses in terms of casualties and economic losses. In recent years, SELENA, a seismic risk and loss assessment software which makes use of the capacity spectrum method (CSM), has been developed into a widely applicable tool. Since SELENA functions independently from a Geographic Information System, we developed RISe (Risk Illustrator for Selena), a stand-alone tool that illustrates SELENA files in Google™ Earth. RISe is customized to the SELENA file structure and allows easy conversion of all geographically referenced files such as building inventory data, soil conditions, ground motion values, as well as final risk and loss results. RISe is distributed as public domain open-source software that allows the user to take full advantage of Google™ Earth’s features including high-resolution satellite images from nearly every built environment worldwide. - [Detection Capability of the Seismic Network of the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/detection-capability-of-the-seismic-network-of-the-international-monitoring-system-for-the-comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty) > Tormod Kværna, Frode Ringdal.2013Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 103, No. 2A. (01 April 2013), pp. 759-772doi:10.1785/0120120248 > http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120248 - [SELENA – An open-source tool for seismic risk and loss assessment using a logic tree computation procedure](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/selena-an-open-source-tool-for-seismic-risk-and-loss-assessment-using-a-logic-tree-computation-procedure) > Molina, S., Lang, D.H., and Lindholm, C.D.2010Computers & Geosciences 36 (2010): 257–269doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2009.07.006 > The era of earthquake risk and loss estimation basically began with the seminal paper on hazard by Allin Cornell in the year 1968. Following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the first studies placed strong emphasis on the prediction of human losses (number of casualties and injured used to estimate the needs in terms of health care and shelters in the immediate aftermath of a strong event). In contrast to these early risk modeling efforts, later studies have focused on the disruption of the serviceability of roads, telecommunications and other important lifeline systems. In the 1990’s the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) developed a tool (HAZUS®99) for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), where the goal was to incorporate the best quantitative methodology in earthquake loss estimates. > Herein, the current version of the open-source risk and loss estimation software SELENA v4.1 is presented. While using the spectral displacement-based approach (capacity spectrum method), this fully self-contained tool analytically computes the degree of damage on specific building typologies as well as the associated economic losses and number of casualties. The earthquake ground shaking estimates for SELENA v4.1 can be calculated or provided in three different ways: deterministic, probabilistic or based on near-real-time data. The main distinguishing feature of SELENA compared to other risk estimation software tools is that it is implemented in a ‘logic tree’ computation scheme which accounts for uncertainties of any input (e.g., scenario earthquake parameters, ground-motion prediction equations, soil models) or inventory data (e.g., building typology, capacity curves and fragility functions). The data used in the analysis is assigned with a decimal weighting factor defining the weight of the respective branch of the logic tree. The weighting of the input parameters accounts for the epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties that will always follow the necessary parameterization of the different types of input data. > Like previous SELENA versions, SELENA v4.1 is coded in MATLAB which allows for easy dissemination among the scientific-technical community. Furthermore, any user has access to the source code in order to adapt, improve or refine the tool according to his or her particular needs. The handling of SELENA’s current version and the provision of input data is customized for an academic environment but which can then support decision-makers of local, state and regional governmental agencies in estimating possible losses from future earthquakes. - [Accurate Relative Location Estimates for the North Korean Nuclear Tests Using Empirical Slowness Corrections](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/accurate-relative-location-estimates-for-the-north-korean-nuclear-tests-using-empirical-slowness-corrections) > S. J. Gibbons, F. Pabian, S. P. Näsholm, T. Kværna’, S. Mykkeltveit20162016Geophysical Journal International (Online 05 October 2016), ggw379doi:10.1093/gji/ggw379 > http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw379 - [Comparing empirical and analytical estimates of earthquake loss assessment studies for the city of Dehradun, India](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/comparing-empirical-and-analytical-estimates-of-earthquake-loss-assessment-studies-for-the-city-of-dehradun-india) > Lang, D.H., Singh, Y. and Prasad, JSR2012Earthquake Spectra 28(2): 595–619DOI: 10.1193/1.4000004 > Very few earthquake risk studies exist for cities on the Indian subcontinent. The few studies that do exist typically focus on intensity as the parameter to describe the expected ground motion during an earthquake and on damage observations to represent building vulnerability. In contrast to these empirical studies, analytical loss computations, which are based on capacity spectrum methods (CSM), have recently become popular and are gaining wide acceptance. Analytical damage and loss computations have been conducted for the test bed Dehradun, a city of 500,000 inhabitants in the foothills of the Himalayas (northern India), and then compared with loss estimates from empirical studies recently performed for the city. The study illustrates the problems associated with trying to generate intensity-compatible ground motion estimates and comparing the damage and loss estimates of both approaches. - [Site-Structure Resonance as a Proxy for Structural Damage](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/site-structure-resonance-as-a-proxy-for-structural-damage) > Lang, D.H., Schwarz, J. and Gülkan, P.2011Earthquake Spectra 27(4): 1105–1125DOI: 10.1193/1.3651403 > Since 1992, the reconnaissance teams of the German Task Force for Earthquakes have undertaken numerous field missions to disaster areas after strong earthquakes worldwide. During these missions, a unique database of damage cases has been collected, which serves as the basis for examining whether site-structure resonance effects contribute to building damage. The selected buildings that partly experienced slight to moderate damage during a recent major event > have been experimentally tested in order to identify their structural parameters and to allow a calibration of the structural building models. In addition, instrumental noise recordings were made directly at the building sites to derive the ranges of predominant site periods. By correlating the ranges of predominant site periods with the building’s capacity curves, representing the inelastic displacement behavior under lateral effects, a quick survey procedure has been developed to estimate the impact of agreements between periods of the site and the structure contributing to structural earthquake damage. - [Automated seismic event location for hydrocarbon reservoirs](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/key-publications_2/automated-seismic-event-location-for-hydrocarbon-reservoirs) > Oye, V., Roth, M.2003Computers & Geoscience, 29, 851-863 #### [2014](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/) > Publications from 2014 - [NORSAR – 45 years monitoring the Earth](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/norsar-45-years-monitoring-the-earth) > Schweitzer, J., J. Fyen, T. Kværna, S. Mykkeltveit & M. Roth2014NGFs årsmøte symposium i Oslo 17-18 september 2014 - [NERA – The transnational access to infrastructures](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/nera-the-transnational-access-to-infrastructures) > Schweitzer, J., C. Zufikar, C. Ionescu & A. Zollo20144th NERA Project Meeting, Athens, 6-7 October 2014 (talk) - [On the integrated use of geophysics for quick-clay mapping: The Hvittingfoss case study, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/on-the-integrated-use-of-geophysics-for-quick-clay-mapping-the-hvittingfoss-case-study-norway) > Sauvin, G., I. Lecomte, S. Bazin, L. Hansen, M. Vanneste & J-S. L`Heureux2014Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol 106, 1-13doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.04.001 - [Evidence for tensile faulting deducted from full waveform moment tensor inversion during the stimulation of the Basel enhanced geothermal system](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/evidence-for-tensile-faulting-deducted-from-full-waveform-moment-tensor-inversion-during-the-stimulation-of-the-basel-enhanced-geothermal-system) > Peng, Z., D. Kühn, V. Oye & S. Cesca2014Geothermics, vol 52, 74-83doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.01.003 - [Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the city of Quetta, Pakistan](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/probabilistic-seismic-hazard-analysis-for-the-city-of-quetta-pakistan) > Rehman, S.U., C. Lindholm, N. Ahmed & Z. Rafi2014Acta Geophysica, vol 62, 737-761doi 10.2478/s11600-013-0186-1 - [The use of geophysics for sensitive clay investigations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/the-use-of-geophysics-for-sensitive-clay-investigations) > Donohue, S., M. Long, J-S. L`Heureux, I-L. Solberg, G. Sauvin, M. Rømoen, T. Kalscheuer, M. Bastani, L. Persson, I. Lecomte & P. O`Connor2014Landslides in Sensitive Clays – From Geosciences to Risk Management, part 13, 159-178doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7079-9_13 - [Shear-Wave Reflection-seismic Pilot Study at the UNIS CO2 Lab site, Longyearbyen, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/shear-wave-reflection-seismic-pilot-study-at-the-unis-co2-lab-site-longyearbyen-svalbard) > Lecomte, I., U. Polom, G.C. Sauvin, B.O. Ruud, H.H. Christiansen & G.L. Gilbert201476th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers 2014,ISBN 978-90-73834-89-7, part P04 05ISBN 978-90-73834-89-7, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.20141243 - [Migration-based Location Method Applied to a Perforation Shot Using LOFS Data at the Ekofisk Field, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/migration-based-location-method-applied-to-a-perforation-shot-using-lofs-data-at-the-ekofisk-field-norway) > Oye, V., K. Iranpour, T. Kværna, S. Gibbons, L. Vedvik & H.H. Nielsen2014The 76th EAGE Conference & Exhibition 2014, Amsterdamdoi: 10.3997/2214-4609.20141436 - [Surface-wave Dispersion Inversion versus SH-wave Refraction Tomography in Saturated and Poorly Dispersive Quick Clays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/surface-wave-dispersion-inversion-versus-sh-wave-refraction-tomography-in-saturated-and-poorly-dispersive-quick-clays) > Pasquet, S., G. Sauvin, M.R. Andriamboavonjy, L. Bodet, I. Lecomte & R. Guerin2014Near Surface Geoscience 2014 – 20th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Proceedings of a meeting held 14-18 September 2014, Athens, Greece, 500-504doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.20142045 - [Geophysical data integration for quick-cay mapping: The Hvittingfoss case study, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/geophysical-data-integration-for-quick-cay-mapping-the-hvittingfoss-case-study-norway) > Sauvin, G., I. Lecomte, S. Bazin, J-S L`Heureux & M. Vanneste2014Landslides in Sensitive Clays – From Geosciences to Risk Management, part 18, 229-239doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7079-9_18 - [Experimental investigation of acoustic emissions and their moment tensors in rock during failure](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/experimental-investigation-of-acoustic-emissions-and-their-moment-tensors-in-rock-during-failure) > Aker, E., D. Kühn, V. Vavrycuk, M. Soldal & V. Oye2014International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol 70, 286-295doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.05.003 - [Monitoring of induced seismicity during the first geothermal reservoir stimulation at Paralana, Australia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/monitoring-of-induced-seismicity-during-the-first-geothermal-reservoir-stimulation-at-paralana-australia) > Albaric, J., V. Oye, N. Langet, M. Hasting, I. Lecomte, K. Iranpour, N. Messeiller & P. Reid2014Geothermics, vol 52, 120-131doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.10.013 - [Deep crustal earthquakes in North Tanzania, East Africa: Interplay between tectonic and magmatic processes in an incipient rift](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/deep-crustal-earthquakes-in-north-tanzania-east-africa-interplay-between-tectonic-and-magmatic-processes-in-an-incipient-rift) > Albaric, J., J. Déverchère, J. Perrot, A. Jakovlev & A. Deschamps2014Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, vol 15, 374-394doi: 10.1002/2013GC005027 - [Rock-physics modeling guided by depositional and burial history in low-to-intermediate-porosity sandstones](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/rock-physics-modeling-guided-by-depositional-and-burial-history-in-low-to-intermediate-porosity-sandstones) > Avseth, P.Å., T.A. Johansen, A. Bakhorji & H.M. Mustafa2014Geophysics, vol 79, D115-D121doi: 10.1190/GEO2013-0226.1 - [From mechanical modeling to seismic imaging of faults: A synthetic workflow to study the impact of faults on seismic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/from-mechanical-modeling-to-seismic-imaging-of-faults-a-synthetic-workflow-to-study-the-impact-of-faults-on-seismic) > Botter, C., N. Cardozo, S. Hardy, I. Lecomte & A. Escalona2014Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol 57, 187-207doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.013 - [Thomas Kuhn etter 50 år: En platetektonisk innfallsvinkel.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/thomas-kuhn-etter-50-ar-en-platetektonisk-innfallsvinkel) > Bungum, H. & O. Eldholm2014Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift, 1, 44-53. - [Seismic Network in Greenland Monitors Earth and Ice System](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/seismic-network-in-greenland-monitors-earth-and-ice-system) > Clinton, J.F., M. Nettles, F. Walter, K. Anderson, T. Dahl-Jensen, D. Giardini, A. Govoni, W. Hanka, S. Lasocki, S.W. Lee, D. McCormack, S. Mykkeltveit, E. Stutzmann & S. Tsuboi2014EOS: Transactions, vol 95, 13-24 - [Improved implementation of the fk and Capon methods for array analysis of seismic noise](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/improved-implementation-of-the-fk-and-capon-methods-for-array-analysis-of-seismic-noise) > Gal, M., A.M. Reading, S.P. Ellingsen, K.D. Koper, S.J. Gibbons & P. Näsholm2014Geophysical Journal International, vol 198, 1045-1054doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu183 - [Combining microseismic and geomechanical observations to interpret storage integrit at the In Salah CCS site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/combining-microseismic-and-geomechanical-observations-to-interpret-storage-integrit-at-the-in-salah-ccs-site) > Goerts-Allmann, B., D. Kühn, V. Oye, B. Bohloli & E. Aker2014Geophysical Journal International, vol 198, 447-461doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu010 - [Constraints on crustal attenuation and three-dimensional spatial distribution of stress drop in Switzerland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/constraints-on-crustal-attenuation-and-three-dimensional-spatial-distribution-of-stress-drop-in-switzerland) > Goertz-Allmann, B. & B. Edwards2014Geophysical Journal International, vol 196, 493-509doi 10.1093/gji/ggt384 - [Comparison of fractional wave equations for power law attenuation in ultrasound and elastography](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/comparison-of-fractional-wave-equations-for-power-law-attenuation-in-ultrasound-and-elastography) > Holm, S. & S. P. Näsholm2014Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, vol 40, 695-703doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.033 - [Reconstruction of a conformally euclidean metric from local boundary diffraction travel times](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/reconstruction-of-a-conformally-euclidean-metric-from-local-boundary-diffraction-travel-times) > de Hoop, M.V, S.F. Holman, E. Iversen, M. Lassas & B. Ursin2014SIAM journal on computing, vol 46, 3705-3726doi: 10.1137/130931291 - [Recovering the isometry type of a Riemannian manifold from local boundary diffraction travel times](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/recovering-the-isometry-type-of-a-riemannian-manifold-from-local-boundary-diffraction-travel-times) > v. de Hoop, M., S.F. Holman, E. Iversen, M. Lassas & B. Ursin2014Journal des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquéesdoi: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpur.2014.09.003 - [Traces of the crustal units and the upper-mantle structure in the southwestern part of the East European Craton](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/traces-of-the-crustal-units-and-the-upper-mantle-structure-in-the-southwestern-part-of-the-east-european-craton) > Janutyté, I., E. Kozlovskaya, M. Majdanski, P.H. Voss, M. Budraitis & Working Group PasseQ2014Solid Earth, vol 5, 821-836doi: 10.5194/se-5-821-2014 - [Upper Mantle Structure Around the Trans-European Suture Zone](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/upper-mantle-structure-around-the-trans-european-suture-zone) > Janutyté, I., M. Majdanski, P.H. Voss, E. Kozlovskaya & The PASSEQ Working Group Team2014Geophysical Research Abstracts, vol 16, EGU2014-4463, 2014. - [Examination of the Storfjorden aftershock sequence](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/examination-of-the-storfjorden-aftershock-sequence-1) > Junek, W.N., T. Kværna, M. Pirli, J. Schweitzer, D.B. Harris, D.A. Dodge, M.T. Woods & T.F. Vandermark2014Seismological Research Letters, 85, 550, 2014 - [Preparing for CO2 Storage in the Arctic - Assessing background seismic activity and noise characteristics at the CO2 Lab site, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/preparing-for-co2-storage-in-the-arctic-assessing-background-seismic-activity-and-noise-characteristics-at-the-co2-lab-site-svalbard) > Kühn, D., V. Oye, J. Albaric, D. Harris, G. Hillers, A. Braathen & S. Olaussen2014Energy Procedia, vol 63, 4313-4322doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.467 - [Obituary Professor Dr. Hans Berckhemer (1926-2014)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/obituary-professor-dr-hans-berckhemer-1926-2014) > Schweitzer, J.2014The IUGG Electronic Journal 14, (11), November 2014, 7-8. - [Obituary Professor Dr. Hans Berckhemer (1926-2014)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/obituary-professor-dr-hans-berckhemer-1926-2014-1) > Schweitzer, J.2014IASPEI Newsletter October 2014, 7-9 - [TROLL: A new, Very Broadband Seismic Station in Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/troll-a-new-very-broadband-seismic-station-in-antarctica) > Schweitzer, J., M. Pirli, M. Roth & T. Kværna2014Seismological Research Letters, vol 85, 852-862doi: 10.1785/0220130223 - [Semiannual report for SafeCO2 II 2/2014](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/semiannual-report-for-safeco2-ii-2-2014) > Kühn, D., I. Lecomte, D. Harris, H. Ohrnberger, V. Oye & J. Albaric2014NFR, Lundin, RWE-DEA Norge, Statoil - [Semiannual report for SafeCO2 II 1/2014](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/semiannual-report-for-safeco2-ii-1-2014) > Albaric, J., D. Harris & D. Kühn2014NFR, Lundin RWE-DEA Norge, Statoil - [Analysis of induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs – An overview](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/analysis-of-induced-seismicity-in-geothermal-reservoirs-an-overview) > Zang, A., V. Oye, P. Jousset, N. Deichmann, R. Gritto, A. McGarr, E. Majer & D. Bruhn2014Geothermics, vol 52, 6-21doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.06.005 - [NERA – The transnational access to infrastructures](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/nera-the-transnational-access-to-infrastructures-1) > Schweitzer, J., C. Zufikar, C. Ionescu & A. Zollo20142ECEES, Istanbul, August 2014 (talk and poster) - [NORSAR´s modernized, large-aperture broadband array PS27-NOA, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/norsar-s-modernized-large-aperture-broadband-array-ps27-noa-norway) > Schwitzer, J., J. Fyen & M. Roth2014VIII International Conference, Monitoring of Nuclear Tests and Their Consequences, 4-8 August 2014, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan. - [Icequake observations at Troll, Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/icequake-observations-at-troll-antarctica) > Schweitzer, J.20142ECEES, Istanbul, August 2014 (talk) - [Earthquake Loss Evaluation (ELE) for the City of Khujand, Sughd Province (Tajikistan)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/earthquake-loss-evaluation-ele-for-the-city-of-khujand-sughd-province-tajikistan) > Lang, D.H., J. Niyazov, A. Sanginova, P. Yasunov & S. Begmorodov2014Report no. 14-009, Kjeller-Dushanbe, July 2014, 66 pp. - [Reflectivity versus ray-tracing in infrasound propagation modelling](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/reflectivity-versus-ray-tracing-in-infrasound-propagation-modelling) > Näsholm, S.P., J. Schweitzer, T. Kværna & S.J. Gibbons2014NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2014, Semiannual Technical Summary, 1 January – 30 June 2014. - [Experimental inclusion of the Eskdalemuir array in the automatic regional array processing system at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/experimental-inclusion-of-the-eskdalemuir-array-in-the-automatic-regional-array-processing-system-at-norsar) > Ringdal, F., T. Kværna & J. Schweitzer2014Semiannual Technical Summary, 1. January – 30. June 2014, NORSAR Scientific Report, 1-2014, 29-38, Kjeller, Norway, Dec 2014. - [The modernized large-aperture broadband array NOA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/the-modernized-large-aperture-broadband-array-noa) > Roth, M., J. Schweitzer & J. Fyen2014Semiannual Technical Summary, 1. January – 30. June 2014, NORSAR Scientific Report, 1-2014, 39-53, Kjeller, Norway, Dec 2014. - [Microseismic Monitoring in Carbon Capture and Storage Projects](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/microseismic-monitoring-in-carbon-capture-and-storage-projects) > Albaric, J., V. Oye, D. Kühn2014P37, abstract and poster at the fourth EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop, Stavanger, Norway, April 2014. - [Analysis of ambient seismic noise at Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/analysis-of-ambient-seismic-noise-at-svalbard) > Albaric, J., G. Hillers, D. Kühn, D. Harris, F. Brenguier, M Ohrnberger & V. Oye2014Abstract and poster at the 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey, August 2014. - [Ambient seismic noise analysis from array and borehole networks in Svalbard, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/ambient-seismic-noise-analysis-from-array-and-borehole-networks-in-svalbard-norway) > Albaric, J., G. Hillers, D. Kühn, D. Harris, F. Brenguier, M. Ohrnberger & V. Oye2014PSP06, abstract and poster at the EAGE 5th Passive Seismic Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2014. - [From mechanical modeling to seismic imaging of 3D faults](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/from-mechanical-modeling-to-seismic-imaging-of-3d-faults) > Botter, C., N. Cardozo, S. Hardy, I. Lecomte, A. Escalona, N. Cooke & G. Paton201476th EAGE Conference & Exhibitiondoi: 10.3997/2214-4609.20141072 - [From Geomechanical Modelling to Seismic Imaging of 3D Faults](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/from-geomechanical-modelling-to-seismic-imaging-of-3d-faults) > Botter, C., N. Cardozo, S. Hardy, I. Lecomte, A. Escalona, N. Cooke & G. Paton2014AAPG International Conference & Exhibition 2014; 2014-09-14-2014-09-17, NORSAR UIS. - [From mechanical modelling to seismic imaging of faults](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/from-mechanical-modelling-to-seismic-imaging-of-faults) > Cardozo, N., C. Botter, S. Hardy, I. Lecomte & A. Escalona2014Tectonic Studies Group-Annual Conference; 2014-01-06-2014-01-08, NORSAR UIS. - [Seismic monitoring of a rock slope Åknes, Norway: time-reversal localization of seismic activity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/seismic-monitoring-of-a-rock-slope-aknes-norway-time-reversal-localization-of-seismic-activity) > Fisher, T., M. Roth & D. Kühn2014Geophysical Research Abstracts, vol. 16 and poster at the EGU General Assembly 2014. Vienna, Austria, EGU2014-10108, April 2014 - [NEONOR2 project – Neotectonics in Nordland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/neonor2-project-neotectonics-in-nordland) > Janutyté, I.201447th Nordic Seismological Seminar, Oct 2014, Visby, Gotland, Sweden, program and abstract book. - [Microseismic monitoring of a future CO2 storage site in the Arctic (Svalbard) – suppression and utilization of seismic noise](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/microseismic-monitoring-of-a-future-co2-storage-site-in-the-arctic-svalbard-suppression-and-utilization-of-seismic-noise) > Kühn, D., J. Albaric, D. Harris, V. Oye, G. Hillers, F. Brenguier, M. Ohrnberger, A. Braathen & S. Olaussen2014Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol 16 and poster at the EGU General Assembly 2014, Vienna Austria, EGU2014-2750, April 2014. - [Regional seismic hazard and risk assessment for Northeast India and Bhutan](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/regional-seismic-hazard-and-risk-assessment-for-northeast-india-and-bhutan) > Kühn, D., D. Lang, S. Baruah & D. Drukpa2014Abstract and poster at the 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey, August 2014. - [Towards numerical modelling of triggered and induced seismicity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/towards-numerical-modelling-of-triggered-and-induced-seismicity) > Kühn, D. T. Dahm, M Wangen & S. Heimann2014PSP16, abstract and poster at the EAGE 5th Passive Seismic Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2014. - [Enhanced earthquake monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/enhanced-earthquake-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic-1) > Kværna, T., J. Schwitzer, G. Antonovskaya & E.O. Kremenetskaya201411. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 16, EGU2014-12101. - [Uncertainties connected to analytical ELE studies – How reliable are predicted loss results at the end?](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/uncertainties-connected-to-analytical-ele-studies-how-reliable-are-predicted-loss-results-at-the-end) > Lang, D.H., S. Molina & A. Meslem2014Third International Conference on Urban Disaster Reduction, Sustainable Disaster Recovery: Addressing Risk and Uncertainty, Boulder, USA, September 2014. - [Probabilistic Seismic Hazard (PSHA): Challenges and Alternatives](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/probabilistic-seismic-hazard-psha-challenges-and-alternatives-2) > Lindholm, C. & H. Bungum2014Submitted to 15th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India - [Uncertainty and quality rating in analytical vulnerability assessment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/uncertainty-and-quality-rating-in-analytical-vulnerability-assessment) > Meslem, A., D. D´Ayala, I. Ioannou, T. Rossetto & D.H. Lang2014Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ESC), Istanbul, Turkey, August 2014. - [Automated microearthquake location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/automated-microearthquake-location) > Oye, V., J. Albaric, B. Goertz-Allmann, K. Iranpour, D. Kühn & A. Wüstefeld2014Invited lecture at the DGG/EAGE workshop, Karlsruhe, Germeny, March 2014. - [Evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of residential construction of the city area Khujand](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/evaluation-of-the-seismic-vulnerability-of-residential-construction-of-the-city-area-khujand) > Sanginova, A.M., D.H. Lang, J.B. Niyazov & P.A. Yasunov2014Proceedings of the International Conference on “Remote-and-Ground-based Earth Observations in Central Asia” dedicated to the 10-year anniversary of CAIAG Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, September, 2014. - [Seismic response of hill buildings subjected to bi-directional excitation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/seismic-response-of-hill-buildings-subjected-to-bi-directional-excitation) > Singh, Y., V.R. Yeluguri & D.H. Lang2014Proceedings of the 10th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineerng Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014. - [Quantitative Network Design Optimization](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/quantitative-network-design-optimization) > Wüstefeld, A., I. Lecomte, V. Oye, D. Kühn & T. Kværna2014Fifth EAGE Passive Seismic Workshop, Integrated Interpretation, Sep 2014doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.20142171 - [The new IMS infrasound array IS37 (Bardufoss, Norway)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/the-new-ims-infrasound-array-is37-bardufoss-norway) > Fyen, J. & M. Roth2014CTBTO-PTS Infrasound Technology Workshop 2014, Vienna, Austria, Oct 2014. - [Time-Delay Correction Surfaces for Improved Seismic Array Performance](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/time-delay-correction-surfaces-for-improved-seismic-array-performance) > Gibbons, S.J.2014Nordic Seminar Meeting, Visby, Gotland, Sweden, Oct 2014. - [Incoherent Array Processing for Detecting and Characterizing Signals](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/incoherent-array-processing-for-detecting-and-characterizing-signals) > Gibbons, S.J.2014AFTAC/NORSAR JSC meeting, Florida, USA, May 2014. - [Relocating Aftershocks of the M=7.6 October 8, 2005, Kashmir Earthquake](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/relocating-aftershocks-of-the-m-7-6-october-8-2005-kashmir-earthquake) > Gibbons, S.J.2014AFTAC/NORSAR JSC meeting, Florida, USA, May 2014 - [Poster at EGU General Assembly](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/poster-at-egu-general-assembly) > Gibbons S.J.2014EGU General Assembly, Vienna, May, 2014. - [Events in the Industrial Belt](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/events-in-the-industrial-belt) > Gibbons, S., S.P. Näsholm & T. Kværna2014ARISE closing meeting, Grainau, Germany, Dec 2014. - [A multi-station matched filter and coherent network processing approach to the automatic detection and relative location of seismic events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/a-multi-station-matched-filter-and-coherent-network-processing-approach-to-the-automatic-detection-and-relative-location-of-seismic-events) > Gibbons, S., S.P. Näsholm & T. Kværna2014Poster at EGU General Assembly, Vienna, May, 2014. - [Examination of the Storfjorden aftershock sequence](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/examination-of-the-storfjorden-aftershock-sequence) > Junek, W.N., T. Kværna, M. Pirli, J. Schweitzer, D.B. Harris, D.A. Dodge, M.T. Woods & T.F. Vandermark2014Seism. Soc. Amer. Annual Meeting, Anchorage Alaska, April/May 2014 (poster) - [Preparing for CO2 storage in the Arctic– Assessing background seismic activity and noise characteristics at theCO2 lab site, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/preparing-for-co2-storage-in-the-arctic-assessing-background-seismic-activity-and-noise-characteristics-at-theco2-lab-site-svalbard) > Kühn, D., V. Oye, J. Albaric, D. Harris, G- Hillers, A. Braathen & S. Olaussen2014Poster at the GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, USA, October 2014. - [Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/enhanced-earthquake-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic) > Kværna, T., J. Schweitzer, G. Antonovskaya & E.O. Kremenetskaya201411. EGU General Assembly, Vienna, April 2014 (poster). - [I37NO: an IMS infrasound array in northern Norway for optimal monitoring of infrasound on global and regional scales](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/i37no-an-ims-infrasound-array-in-northern-norway-for-optimal-monitoring-of-infrasound-on-global-and-regional-scales) > Kværna, T., S.J. Gibbons, J. Fyen & M. Roth2014Poster at EGU General Assembly, Vienna International Center, Vienna, May, 2014. - [Regional and local observations of glacier seismicity on Spitsbergen, Svalbard: Icequakes and tidally-modulated tremors](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/regional-and-local-observations-of-glacier-seismicity-on-spitsbergen-svalbard-icequakes-and-tidally-modulated-tremors) > Köhler, A., C. Nuth, J. Schweitzer & C. Weidle201474. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, Karlsruhe, März 2014 (poster). - [Seismic monitoring of glacier calving, tremoring, and surging on Spitsbergen, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/seismic-monitoring-of-glacier-calving-tremoring-and-surging-on-spitsbergen-svalbard) > Köhler, A., C. Nuth, J. Schweitzer & C. Weidle20143ECEES, Istanbul, August 2014 - [Seismic Observations of Glacier Calving and Surging on Spitsbergen, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/seismic-observations-of-glacier-calving-and-surging-on-spitsbergen-svalbard) > Köhler, A., C. Nuth, H. Sevestre, D. Benn, A. Luckman, J. Schweitzer & C. Weidle2014AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2014, C53A-0275 (poster). - [Earthquake damage and loss assessment – A global perspective and applications in India](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/earthquake-damage-and-loss-assessment-a-global-perspective-and-applications-in-india) > Lang, D.2014Keynote at the 15th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, December 2014. - [Øygarden; Er et stort jordskjelv mulig? Er det sannsynlig? Hvilke virkninger kan det ha?](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/oygarden-er-et-stort-jordskjelv-mulig-er-det-sannsynlig-hvilke-virkninger-kan-det-ha) > Lindholm, C2014Presentasjon for Direktoratet for Samfunnssikkerhet og Beredskap, Bergen, June 2014. - [Probabilistic Seismic Hazard (PSHA): Challenges and Alternatives](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/probabilistic-seismic-hazard-psha-challenges-and-alternatives-1) > Lindholm, C.2014The 45th Nordic Seismology Seminar, Oct 2014, Visby, Gotland, Sweden. - [Training course in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard (PSHA) for engineers](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/training-course-in-probabilistic-seismic-hazard-psha-for-engineers) > Lindholm, C2014Port au Prince, Haiti, Feb 2014. - [Probabilistic Seismic Hazard (PSHA): Challenges and Alternatives](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/probabilistic-seismic-hazard-psha-challenges-and-alternatives) > Lindholm, C.201415th SEE meeting IIT Roorkee, India, Dec 2014. - [First-order P-wave ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing in laterally varying weakly orthorhombic media](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/first-order-p-wave-ray-tracing-and-dynamic-ray-tracing-in-laterally-varying-weakly-orthorhombic-media) > Masmoudi, N., I. Psencik, V. Farra & E. Iversen201416th International Workshop on Seismic Anisotropy, Natal-RN-Brazil, Nov 2014. - [Observation and modelling of thermospheric infrasound arrivals from repeating military explosions in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/observation-and-modelling-of-thermospheric-infrasound-arrivals-from-repeating-military-explosions-in-the-european-arctic) > Näsholm, S.P., S.J. Gibbons & T. Kværna2014ARISE closing meeting, Grainau, Germany, Dec 2014. - [Observation of thermospheric infrasound arrivals from repeating military explosions in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/observation-of-thermospheric-infrasound-arrivals-from-repeating-military-explosions-in-the-european-arctic) > Näsholm, S.P., S.J. Gibbons & T. Kværna2014CTBTO-PTS Infrasound Technology Workshop 2014, Vienna, Austria, Oct 2014. - [Temporal variability of frequency-wavenumber patterns at Spitsbergen broadband array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/temporal-variability-of-frequency-wavenumber-patterns-at-spitsbergen-broadband-array) > Ohrnberger, M., C. Hammer & J. Schweitzer20142ECEES, Istanbul, August 2014 (poster). - [Opportunities for Collaboration on MVA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/opportunities-for-collaboration-on-mva) > Oye, V., D. Kühn, A. Braathen, B. Goertz-Allmann, J .Albaric, E. Aker & B. Bohloli2014Presentation at the Bilateral Meeting of the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy and the United States Department of Energy on Fossil Energy, Bergen, Norway, March 2014. - [Capabilities of NORSAR within microseismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/capabilities-of-norsar-within-microseismic-monitoring) > Oye, V., D. Kühn, A. Wüstefeld, J. Albaric, T. Dahm & S. Heimann2014Poster at the ICDP workshop “Probing reservoir triggered earthquakes at Koyna”, Koyna, India, May 2014. - [A study of glaciogenic seismicity at the Jutulstraumen Glacier, Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/a-study-of-glaciogenic-seismicity-at-the-jutulstraumen-glacier-antarctica) > Pirli, M., K. Matsuoka & J. Schweitzer20142ECEES, Istanbul, August 2014 - [4D-ARCTIC – The Seismological Component; NORSARs Database, Model Status, New Projects](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/4d-arctic-the-seismological-component-norsars-database-model-status-new-projects) > Schweitzer, J.2014NORSARs Database, Model Status, New Projects. 4darctic Project Workshop, Novosibirsk, 25 – 27 February 2014. - [Array Seismology](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/array-seismology) > Schweitzer, J.2014Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Wien, Meteorolisch-Geophysikalisches Kolloquiums, 2. Dezember 2014 (invited talk). - [The 100th anniversary of the identification of seismic core phases and the definition of the Core-Mantle Boundary (CMB) by Beno Gutenberg](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-identification-of-seismic-core-phases-and-the-definition-of-the-core-mantle-boundary-cmb-by-beno-gutenberg) > Schweitzer, J.201474, Jahrestagung der Deutchen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, Karlsruhe, März 2014. - [The NORRUSS project: GEOPROC – Seismological research related to geophysical processes in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/the-norruss-project-geoproc-seismological-research-related-to-geophysical-processes-in-the-european-arctic) > Schweitzer, J.2014Kick-off meeting of the NORRUSS project, NORSAR, Kjeller, 7-11 April 2014. - [IS37 Infrasound Station in Bardufoss, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/is37-infrasound-station-in-bardufoss-norway) > Fyen, J. / Roth, M. / Larsen, P. W.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318479-1681728383/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4983_Fyen_etal2014.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J., Roth, M. and Larsen, P. W. (2014). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2014, 29-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0001 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Location of the November 6, 2013, Valdres/Hallingdal Bolide from Infrasound Signals on the NORES Infrasound Array and the NORSAR Seismic Array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/location-of-the-november-6-2013-valdres-hallingdal-bolide-from-infrasound-signals-on-the-nores-infrasound-array-and-the-norsar-seismic-array) > Gibbons, S. J.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318482-1681728386/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4985_Gibbons2014.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2014). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2014, 51-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/semiannual-technical-summary) > Kvaerna, T.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318485-1681728389/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4982_Kvaerna2014.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2014). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2014, 85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Kvaerna, T.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318488-1681728394/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5002_Kvaerna2014.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2014). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Infrasound signal detection from the Drevja accidental explosion](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/infrasound-signal-detection-from-the-drevja-accidental-explosion) > Nasholm, S. P.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318491-1681728399/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4984_NAsholm2014.pdf > Citation: > Nasholm, S. P. (2014). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2014, 40-50 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Reflectivity versus ray-tracing in infrasound propagation modelling](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/reflectivity-versus-ray-tracing-in-infrasound-propagation-modelling-1) > Nasholm, S. P. / Schweitzer, J. / Kvaerna, T. / Gibbons, S. J.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318494-1681728401/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5005_NAsholm_etal2014.pdf > Citation: > Nasholm, S. P., Schweitzer, J., Kvaerna, T. and Gibbons, S. J. (2014). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2014, 54-63 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Year 2014 Facts and figures](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/year-2014-facts-and-figures) > NORSAR2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/13858-1465297979/norsar.no/About/Facts_and_figures_2014.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2014). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Experimental inclusion of the Eskdalemuir array in the automatic regional array processing system at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/experimental-inclusion-of-the-eskdalemuir-array-in-the-automatic-regional-array-processing-system-at-norsar-1) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318497-1681728405/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5003_Ringdal_etal2014.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Schweitzer, J. (2014). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The modernized large-aperture broadband array NOA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2014/the-modernized-large-aperture-broadband-array-noa-1) > Roth, M. / Schweitzer, J. / Fyen, J.2014doi: 10.21348/p.2014.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318500-1681728408/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5004_Roth_etal2014.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M., Schweitzer, J. and Fyen, J. (2014). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2014.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2015](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/) > Publications from 2015 - [Open Risk Package – Towards the next generation of ELE software](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/open-risk-package-towards-the-next-generation-of-ele-software) > Molina, S., D. H. Lang, A. Meslem2015SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK. - [Atmospheric Infrasound Propagation Modelling Using the Reflectivity Method](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/atmospheric-infrasound-propagation-modelling-using-the-reflectivity-method-1) > Näsholm, S. P., J. Schweitzer, S.J. Gibbons, T. Kvaerna2015Geophysical Research Abstracts, 17, EGU2015-6646-3, 2015 - [Experimental investigation of acoustic emissions and their moment tensors in rock during failure](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/experimental-investigation-of-acoustic-emissions-and-their-moment-tensors-in-rock-during-failure): A short description of the publication. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras vel lectus quis lorem porttitor pretium. Integer quis orci sem. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In enim eros, tempus id tristique in, mattis a magna. Praesent vel erat quis elit efficitur commodo ac vitae sapien. > Aker, E., D. Kühn, V. Vavrycuk, M. Soldal & V. Oye2014International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol 70, 286-29510.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.05.003 > A short description of the publication. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras vel lectus quis lorem porttitor pretium. Integer quis orci sem. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In enim eros, tempus id tristique in, mattis a magna. Praesent vel erat quis elit efficitur commodo ac vitae sapien. - [Semiannual report for SafeCO2 II 2/2014](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/semiannual-report-for-safeco2-ii-2-2014) > Albaric, J., D. Harris & D. Kühn2015NFR, Lundin, RWE-DEA Norge, Statoil - [Heat flow in the European Arctic region – preliminary results from a Norwegian - Russian cooperation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/heat-flow-in-the-european-arctic-region-preliminary-results-from-a-norwegian-russian-cooperation) > Gaina, C., J. I. Faleide, G. N. Antonovskaya, J. Schweitzer201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015. - [Seismic fragility analysis of hill buildings in Indian Himalayas](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-fragility-analysis-of-hill-buildings-in-indian-himalayas) > Surana, M., Y. Singh, D. H. Lang2015SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK - [Building typologies prevalent in the Indian Himalayas: A field survey](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/building-typologies-prevalent-in-the-indian-himalayas-a-field-survey) > Surana, M., Y. Singh, D. H. Lang2015TIFAC–IDRiM Conference, October 28–30, 2015, New Delhi, India - [Investigating the impact of a more advanced method for ground motion modeling in earthquake damage and loss assessment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/investigating-the-impact-of-a-more-advanced-method-for-ground-motion-modeling-in-earthquake-damage-and-loss-assessment-1) > Sørensen, M.B., D.H. Lang2015IUGG, Prague, June/July 2015 - [Investigating the impact of a more advanced method for ground motion modeling in earthquake damage and loss assessment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/investigating-the-impact-of-a-more-advanced-method-for-ground-motion-modeling-in-earthquake-damage-and-loss-assessment) > Sørensen, M.B., D. H. Lang2015Nordic Seismology Seminar, Denmark, September 2015 - [The International Training Center at the premises of KNDC as a result of Kazakhstan-Norway cooperation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-international-training-center-at-the-premises-of-kndc-as-a-result-of-kazakhstan-norway-cooperation) > Aristova, I., N. Mikhailova, J. Schweitzer, S. Mykkeltveit201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster) - [Scanning and Digitizing of Historical Analogue Seismograms Recorded by Seismic Stations of Kyrgyzsta](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/scanning-and-digitizing-of-historical-analogue-seismograms-recorded-by-seismic-stations-of-kyrgyzsta) > Berezina, A., J. Schweitzer, I. Sokolova, K. Abdrakhmatov, S. Mykkeltveit2015CTBT: Science and Technology 2015 Conference (SnT2015), Vienna, 22 - 26 June 2015 (poster). - [Scanning and digitizing of historical analogue seismograms recorded by seismic stations of the Kyrgyzstan](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/scanning-and-digitizing-of-historical-analogue-seismograms-recorded-by-seismic-stations-of-the-kyrgyzstan) > Berezina, A., J. Schweitzer, I. Sokolova, K. Abdrakhmatov, S. Mykkeltveit201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster). - [The NORSAR Long Period Detector: a tool for surface waves detection and parameter extraction](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-norsar-long-period-detector-a-tool-for-surface-waves-detection-and-parameter-extraction) > Celli, N. L., J. Schweitzer, J. Fyen201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster). - [Improved detection and parameter estimation for regional S-phases using the fully 3-component ARCES array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/improved-detection-and-parameter-estimation-for-regional-s-phases-using-the-fully-3-component-arces-array-1) > Gibbons, S. J., J. Schweitzer, M. Roth, T. Kværna2015CTBT: Science and Technology 2015 Conference (SnT2015), Vienna, 22 - 26 June 2015 (poster). - [Improved detection and parameter estimation for regional S-phases using the fully 3-component ARCES array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/improved-detection-and-parameter-estimation-for-regional-s-phases-using-the-fully-3-component-arces-array) > Gibbons, S. J., J. Schweitzer, M. Roth, T. Kværna201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster). - [Improvement of the Array Processing System at the Kazakhstan National Data Centre](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/improvement-of-the-array-processing-system-at-the-kazakhstan-national-data-centre) > Gordienko D., J. Schweitzer, S. Gibbons2015CTBT: Science and Technology 2015 Conference (SnT2015), Vienna, 22 - 26 June 2015 (poster). - [Improvement of the automated data processing system at KNDC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/improvement-of-the-automated-data-processing-system-at-kndc) > Gordienko, D., J. Schweitzer, S. Gibbons201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster) - [Twin wavefront construction approach to simulation of shear waves in transversely isotropic layered media](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/twin-wavefront-construction-approach-to-simulation-of-shear-waves-in-transversely-isotropic-layered-media) > Iversen, E2015Workshop Meeting Active and Passive Seismics in Laterally Inhomogeneous Media, Loučeň, Czech Republic, 8-13 June 2015. - [3-D crustal model for Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/3-d-crustal-model-for-norway) > Janutyte, I., J. Schweitzer, S. J. Gibbons, L. Ottemöller, T. Kværna2015Nordic Seismological Seminar, Bornholm, October 2015. - [Seismic monitoring in the European Arctic: first results of a Cooperative project](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-monitoring-in-the-european-arctic-first-results-of-a-cooperative-project) > Konechnaya, Y., G. Antonovskaya, E. Kremenetskaya, Y. Vinogradov, T. Kvaerna, J. Schweitzer, E. Ivanova201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 - [Location of seismic events in the Eastern Barents Sea region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/location-of-seismic-events-in-the-eastern-barents-sea-region) > Konechnaya, Y., N. Vaganova, V. Asming, T. Kvaerna, S. J. Gibbons, J. Schweitzer201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster). - [The October 11, 2010 Novaya Zemlya Earthquake: Implications for Velocity Models and Regional Event Location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-october-11-2010-novaya-zemlya-earthquake-implications-for-velocity-models-and-regional-event-location) > Kværna, T., S. Gibbons, J. Schweitzer2015NORRUSS GEOPROC Project, 2nd Workshop, Arkhangelsk, 4 – 8 May 2015. - [Seismic monitoring of the Åknes rockslide](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-monitoring-of-the-aknes-rockslide) > Kühn D., T. Fischer, M. Roth2015SSA Annual Meeting, Pasadena, California, 21-23 April 2015, invited talk. - [Feasibility of using ambient seismic noise for CCS monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/feasibility-of-using-ambient-seismic-noise-for-ccs-monitoring) > Kühn D., M. Ohrnberger, J. Albaric, B. Goertz-Allmann2015AGIS Workshop on Induced Seismicity, 10-13 March 2015, Davos, Switzerland, poster. - [Towards quantification of glacier dynamic ice loss trough passive seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/towards-quantification-of-glacier-dynamic-ice-loss-trough-passive-seismic-monitoring) > Köhler, A., C. Nuth, C. Weidle, J. Schweitzer, J. Kohler, G. Buscaino2015AGU Fall Meeting 2015, 14-18 December, San Francisco, California. Paper Number: C43B-0802 (poster). - [Concepts challenges and uncertainties in seismic analysis](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/concepts-challenges-and-uncertainties-in-seismic-analysis) > Meslem, A.2015NEED`2012, March 2015, Oslo, Norway. - [International Training Centre in Support of the CTBTO for the Central Asia Countries](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/international-training-centre-in-support-of-the-ctbto-for-the-central-asia-countries) > Mikhailova N., J. Schweitzer, I. Aristova, S. Mykkeltveit2015CTBT: Science and Technology 2015 Conference (SnT2015), Vienna, 22 - 26 June 2015 (poster). - [Atmospheric Infrasound Propagation Modelling Using the Reflectivity Method 12](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/atmospheric-infrasound-propagation-modelling-using-the-reflectivity-method-12) > Näsholm, S. P., J. Schweitzer, S. J. Gibbons, T. Kværna2015EGU General Assembly, Vienna, April 2015 (poster). - [Atmospheric Infrasound Propagation Modelling Using the Reflectivity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/atmospheric-infrasound-propagation-modelling-using-the-reflectivity) > Näsholm S., J. Schweitzer, S. Gibbons, T. Kværna2015CTBT: Science and Technology 2015 Conference (SnT2015), Vienna, 22 - 26 June 2015 (poster). - [Atmospheric Infrasound Propagation Modelling Using the Reflectivity Method](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/atmospheric-infrasound-propagation-modelling-using-the-reflectivity-method) > Näsholm, S. P., J. Schweitzer, S. J. Gibbons, T. Kværna2015INFRASOUND TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP 2015 (ITW2015), October 2015. - [The lower crust and upper mantle beneath Svalbard and the Western Barents Sea: evidence from combined active-source and array seismology](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-lower-crust-and-upper-mantle-beneath-svalbard-and-the-western-barents-sea-evidence-from-combined-active-source-and-array-seismology) > Odden, G., A. Minakov, J. Schweitzer20157th International Conference on Arctic Margins, Trondheim, 2 – 5 June 2015. - [Glacier seismicity in the vicinity of SPITS monitoring array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/glacier-seismicity-in-the-vicinity-of-spits-monitoring-array) > Ohrnberger, M., C. Hammer, M. Spieler, J. Schweitzer201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015 (poster). - [Tidally modulated cryoseismicity at a shear margin of the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/tidally-modulated-cryoseismicity-at-a-shear-margin-of-the-fimbul-ice-shelf-antarctica) > Pirli,M., J. Schweitzer, K. Matsuoka201526th General Assembly IUGG, Prague, 22 June – 2 July 2015. - [On the improvement of SKS splitting measurements by the Simultaneous Inversion of Multiple Waveforms (SIMW)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/on-the-improvement-of-sks-splitting-measurements-by-the-simultaneous-inversion-of-multiple-waveforms-simw) > Ritter, J. R. R., C. Roy, J. Schweitzer2015AGU: Fall Meeting 2015, 14-18 December, San Francisco, California. Paper Number: DI21A-2599 (poster). - [CTBT Capacity Building in Central Asia – Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/ctbt-capacity-building-in-central-asia-kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan) > Schweitzer, J.2015Seminar with DTRA Delegation, NORSAR, 30 Januar 2015. - [Icequake observations at TROLL, Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/icequake-observations-at-troll-antarctica) > Schweitzer, J.201575. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, Hannover, März 2015. - [3D Crustal Models of the Barents Sea –Putting the Puzzle Together](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/3d-crustal-models-of-the-barents-sea-putting-the-puzzle-together) > Schweitzer, J.2015Seminar at CEED, University of Oslo: “From Barents to Bouvet – Celebrating Jan Inge Faleide”; 9th April 2015 (invited talk). - [Regional and international event locations in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/regional-and-international-event-locations-in-the-european-arctic) > Schweitzer, J.2015NORRUSS GEOPROC Project, 2nd Workshop, Arkhangelsk, 4 – 8 May 2015. - [Source Characteristics of the 11 October 2010 Novaya Zemlya Earthquake](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/source-characteristics-of-the-11-october-2010-novaya-zemlya-earthquake) > Schweitzer, J.2015NORRUSS GEOPROC Project, 2nd Workshop, Arkhangelsk, 4 – 8 May 2015. - [Icequakes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/icequakes) > Schweitzer, J.2015NORSAR Lunch Seminar, 8 June 2015 - [Seismic Event Location in Central Asia – the Need for Cooperation, Almaty](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-event-location-in-central-asia-the-need-for-cooperation-almaty) > Schweitzer, J.2015Central Asia Project Workshop, 22 – 24 September 2015. - [Seismic Event Location in Central Asia – the Need for Cooperation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-event-location-in-central-asia-the-need-for-cooperation) > Schweitzer, J.2015Project Seminar “Samarbeid med Kasakhstan og Kirgisistan om CTBT-verifikasjon”, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 23 September 2015. - [On the Art of Seismic Event Location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/on-the-art-of-seismic-event-location-1) > Schweitzer, J.2015Seminar talk at CEED, University in Oslo, 7 October 2015. - [On the Art of Seismic Event Location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/on-the-art-of-seismic-event-location) > Schweitzer, J.2015CEED/UiO, Seminar talk, 7 October 2015. - [Regionalized models for the location of seismic events in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/regionalized-models-for-the-location-of-seismic-events-in-the-european-arctic) > Schweitzer, J.2015NORRUSS GEOPROC Project, 3rd Workshop, NORSAR, 19 – 23 October 2015. - [Seismic event location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-event-location) > Schweitzer, J.2015NORRUSS GEOPROC Project, 3rd Workshop, NORSAR, 19 – 23 October 2015. - [Understanding and analyzing seismic images – Insight through appropriate modelling.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/understanding-and-analyzing-seismic-images-insight-through-appropriate-modelling) > Lecomte, I., P. Lubrano-Lavadera, D. W. Schmid2015Extended abstracts book: 77th Conference and Technical Exhibition, Madrid, Spain, EAGE 2015, WS 12-A02, 5doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.201413549 - [Enhanced earthquake monitoring in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/enhanced-earthquake-monitoring-in-the-european-arctic) > Antonovskaya, G., Y. Konechnaya, E.O. Kremenetskaya, V. Asming, T.,Kværna, J. Schweitzer, F. Ringdal2015Polar Science, vol 9, 158-167doi: 10.1016/j.polar.2014.08.003 - [The European Plate Observing System and The Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-european-plate-observing-system-and-the-arctic) > Atakan, K.A., L. W. Bjerrum, H. Bungum, J. Dehls, A. M. Kaynia, H. Keers, H. P. Kierulf, T. Kværna, V. Maupin, T. Langeland, C. Lindholm, L. Ottemöller, M. Sørensen, M. Y. Yuen2015ARCTIC, vol 68, 1doi: 10.14430/arctic4446 - [Strong-Motion Observations of the M 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Sequence and Development of the N-SHAKE Strong-Motion Network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/strong-motion-observations-of-the-m-7-8-gorkha-nepal-earthquake-sequence-and-development-of-the-n-shake-strong-motion-network) > Dixit A. M., A. T. Ringler, D. F. Sumy, E.S. Cochran, S. E. Hough, S. S. Martin, S.J Gibbons, J. H. Luetgert, J. Galetzka, S. N. Shrestha, S. Rajaure, D. E. McNamara2015Seismological Research Letters, vol 86, No. 6. (01 November 2015), pp. 1533-1539doi:10.1785/0220150146 - [Emergence of modern continental crust about 3 billion years ago](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/emergence-of-modern-continental-crust-about-3-billion-years-ago) > Dhuime, B., A. Wuestefeld, C. J. Hawkesworth2015NATUREdoi: 10.1038/NGEO2466 - [The European Arctic: A Laboratory for Seismoacoustic Studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-european-arctic-a-laboratory-for-seismoacoustic-studies) > Gibbons S.J., V. Asming, L. Eliasson, A. Fedorov, J. Fyen, J. Kero, E. Kozlovskaya, T. Kværna, L. Liszka, S. P. Näsholm, T. Raita, M. Roth, T. Tiira, Y. Vinogradov2015Seismological Research Letters, vol 86, No. 3. (1 May 2015), pp. 917-928doi:10.1785/0220140230 - [Joint inversion of seismic and electric data applied to 2D media](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/joint-inversion-of-seismic-and-electric-data-applied-to-2d-media) > Garofalo, F., G. Sauvin, L. V. Socco, I. Lecomte2015Geophysics, vol 80, 4doi: 10.1190/GEO2014-0313.1 - [Could the IMS Infrasound Stations Support a Global Network of Small Aperture Seismic Arrays?](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/could-the-ims-infrasound-stations-support-a-global-network-of-small-aperture-seismic-arrays) > Gibbons S. J., T. Kværna, S. Mykkeltveit2015Seismological Research Letters, vol 86, No. 4. (01 July 2015), pp. 1148-1159doi:10.1785/0220150068 - [Upper mantle structure around the Trans-European Suture Zone obtained by teleseismic tomography](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/upper-mantle-structure-around-the-trans-european-suture-zone-obtained-by-teleseismic-tomography) > Janutyte, I., M. Majdanski, P. H. Voss, E. Kozlovskaya, PASSEQ Working Group2015Solid Earth, vol 6, 73–91, 2015doi:10.5194/se-6-73-2015 - [Inferring aftershock properties and tectonic structure using empirical signal detectors](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/inferring-aftershock-properties-and-tectonic-structure-using-empirical-signal-detectors) > Junek, W.N., T. Kværna, M. Pirli, J. Schweitzer, D.B. Harris, D. A. Dodge, M.T. Woods2015Pure Appl. Geophys., vol 172, 359-373doi: 10.1007/s00024-014-0938-0 - [A comparison of strain rates and seismicity for Fennoscandia: depth dependency of deformation from glacial isostatic adjustment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/a-comparison-of-strain-rates-and-seismicity-for-fennoscandia-depth-dependency-of-deformation-from-glacial-isostatic-adjustment) > Keiding M., C. Kreemer, C. D. Lindholm, S. Gradmann, O. Olesen, H. P. Kierulf2015Geophysical Journal International, vol 202, No. 2, pp 1021-1028doi: 10.1093/gji/ggv207 - [Regional passive seismic monitoring reveals reveals Dynamic glacier activity on Spitsbergen, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/regional-passive-seismic-monitoring-reveals-reveals-dynamic-glacier-activity-on-spitsbergen-svalbard) > Köhler, A., C. Nuth, J. Schweitzer, C. Weidle, S. Gibbons2015Polar Research, Vol 34, 26178, 19 ppdoi: 10.3402/polar.v34.26178 - [Bridging three orders of magnitude: multiple scattered waves sense fractal microscopic structures via dispersion](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/bridging-three-orders-of-magnitude-multiple-scattered-waves-sense-fractal-microscopic-structures-via-dispersion) > Lambert, S.A,, S. P. Näsholm, D. Nordsletten, C. Michler, L. Juge, JM. Serfaty, L. Bilston, B. Guzina, S. Holm, R. Sinkus2015Physical Review Letters, vol 115 (9), 094301doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.094301 - [Ray-based seismic modeling of geologic models: Understanding and analyzing seismic images efficiently](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/ray-based-seismic-modeling-of-geologic-models-understanding-and-analyzing-seismic-images-efficiently) > Lecomte, I., P. Lubrano-Lavadera, I. M. Anell, S. J. Buckley, D. W. Schmid, M. Heeremans2015Interpretation, vol 3, 4, 71-89doi:10.1190/INT-2015-0061.1 - [Site for characterization and seismic site response study of the Sahary town, South Egypt](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/site-for-characterization-and-seismic-site-response-study-of-the-sahary-town-south-egypt) > Mohamed A., C. Lindholm, M. Girgis2015Acta geodynamica et geomaterialia, vol 12, No. 4 (180)doi: 10.13168/AGG.2015.0032 - [Seismic signals from large, tabular icebergs drifting along the Dronning Maud Land coast, Antarctica, and their significance for iceberg monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-signals-from-large-tabular-icebergs-drifting-along-the-dronning-maud-land-coast-antarctica-and-their-significance-for-iceberg-monitoring) > Pirli, M., K. Matsuoka, J. Schweitzer, G. Moholdt2015Journal of Glaciology, vol 61, (227), 481-492doi: 10.3189/2015JoG14J210 - [Probabilistic infrasound propagation using realistic atmospheric perturbations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/probabilistic-infrasound-propagation-using-realistic-atmospheric-perturbations) > Smets P.S.M., L. G. Evers, S. P. Näsholm, S. J. Gibbons2015Geophysical Research Letters, vol 42, No. 15. (16 August 2015), pp. 6510–6517, 2015GL064992-6517doi:10.1002/2015GL064992 - [Incorporating simulated ground motion in seismic risk assessment: Application to the lower Indian Himalayas](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/incorporating-simulated-ground-motion-in-seismic-risk-assessment-application-to-the-lower-indian-himalayas) > Sørensen, M.B., D. H. Lang2015Earthquake Spectra, vol 31 (1), 71-95doi: 10.1193/010412EQS001M - [Recovering the isometry type of a Riemannian manifold from local boundary diffraction travel times](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/recovering-the-isometry-type-of-a-riemannian-manifold-from-local-boundary-diffraction-travel-times) > V. de Hoop, M. V., S. Holman, E. Iversen, M. Lassas, B. Ursin2015Journal de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees, 103(3), 830-848doi:10.1016/j.matpur.2014.09.003 - [The DPEP long-period detector for the NOA broadband array.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-dpep-long-period-detector-for-the-noa-broadband-array) > Celli, N.L, J. Schweitzer, J. Fyen2015Semiannual Technical Summary, 1 July – 31 December 2014, NORSAR Scientific Report, 2–2014, 48-69, Kjeller, Norway, August 2015 - [Guidelines for analytical vulnerability assessment - Low/Mid-rise, GEM Vulnerability and Loss Modelling](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/guidelines-for-analytical-vulnerability-assessment-low-mid-rise-gem-vulnerability-and-loss-modelling) > D’Ayala, D., A. Meslem, D. Vamvatsikos, K. Porter, T. Rossetto2015doi:10.13117/GEM.VULN-MOD.TR2014.12 - [The NORSAR Data Center (FDSN Network Code NO)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-norsar-data-center-fdsn-network-code-no) > Schweitzer, J., M. Roth2015Biannual Report prepared for the FDSN Meeting during IUGG General Assembly in Prague, 2015, 14 pp - [NORSAR’s modernized, large-aperture broadband array NOA, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/norsar-s-modernized-large-aperture-broadband-array-noa-norway) > Schweitzer, J., J. Fyen, M. Roth2015Vestnik NNC RK Bulletin, ISSN 1729-7516, vol 4 (64), 1-14 - [Peter Bormann (1939 — 2015)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/peter-bormann-1939-2015-1) > Zschau, J., B. G. Lühr, C. Milkereit, J. Schweitzer, T. Dahm, A. Schulze, R. Kind2015IASPEI Newsletter March 2015, 5-6 - [Peter Bormann 1939 — 2015](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/peter-bormann-1939-2015) > Zschau, J., B. G. Lühr, C. Milkereit, J. Schweitzer, S. Parolai, T. Dahm, A. Schulze, R. Kind2015GMIT Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen (ISSN 1616-3931), Nr. 60, Juni 2015, 102-103 - [Nachruf auf Peter Bormann (1939 — 2015)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/nachruf-auf-peter-bormann-1939-2015) > Zschau, J., B. G. Lühr, C. Milkereit, J. Schweitzer, S. Parolai, T. Dahm, A. Schulze, R. Kind2015Mitteilungen der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (DGG) (ISSN 0934-6554), Nr. 2/2015, 51–52, 2015 > ISSN 0934-6554 - [Effect of soil on seismic performance and vulnerability of RC frame buildings](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/effect-of-soil-on-seismic-performance-and-vulnerability-of-rc-frame-buildings) > Adhikary, S., Y. Singh, D. H. Lang, R. Kumar2015SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK - [Tsunami in Central America](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/tsunami-in-central-america) > Fernandez M., W. Strauch, C. Lindholm2015Invited lecture at the Arthur Holmes meeting, 25 September, Geological Society of London. - [Estimation of seismic vulnerability functions for URM infilled RC frames buildings in India](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/estimation-of-seismic-vulnerability-functions-for-urm-infilled-rc-frames-buildings-in-india) > Haldar, P., Y. Singh, D. H. Lang2015SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK. - [Decoupling of the strain at the surface and at seismogenic depth due to glacial isostatic adjustment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/decoupling-of-the-strain-at-the-surface-and-at-seismogenic-depth-due-to-glacial-isostatic-adjustment) > Keiding M., C. Kreemer, C. Lindholm, S. Gradmann, O. Olesen, H. P. Kierulf2015EGU General Assembly 2015 - [Ups and downs in Fennoscandia - geodetic strain rates and seismicity influenced by glacial isostatic adjustment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/ups-and-downs-in-fennoscandia-geodetic-strain-rates-and-seismicity-influenced-by-glacial-isostatic-adjustment) > Keiding M., C. Kreemer, C. Lindholm, S. Gradmann, O. Olesen, H. P. Kierulf201526’th IUGG General Assembly 2015 - [Probabilistic seismic hazard (PSHA): An investigation into a GPS based alternative](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/probabilistic-seismic-hazard-psha-an-investigation-into-a-gps-based-alternative) > Lindholm C., H. Bungum20157’th International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tehran, 18 – 21 May, 2015 - [Selecting building vulnerability functions for earthquake loss estimation studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/selecting-building-vulnerability-functions-for-earthquake-loss-estimation-studies) > Meslem, A., D. H. Lang, S. Molina2015SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK. - [Seismicity of the Nordland area, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismicity-of-the-nordland-area-norway) > Michalek J., I. Janutyte, L. Ottemoeller, C. Lindholm2015The 46th Nordic Seismology Seminar, Radisson Blu Fredensborg Hotel, Rønne, Bornholm, Denmark, 30 September – 2 October, 2015, Program and Abstract Book, pp. 13. - [Open Risk Package – Towards the next generation of ELE software](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/open-risk-package-towards-the-next-generation-of-ele-software-1) > Molina, S., D. H. Lang, A. Meslem20157th International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (SEE7), Tehran, Iran, May 18-21, 2015. - [Seismic risk assessment in hilly areas: Case study of two cities in Indian Himalayas](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/seismic-risk-assessment-in-hilly-areas-case-study-of-two-cities-in-indian-himalayas) > Singh, Y., D. H. Lang, D. S. Narasimha2015SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK - [The SELENA-RISe Open Risk Package - Towards the next generation of ELE software](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-selena-rise-open-risk-package-towards-the-next-generation-of-ele-software) > Molina, S., D.H. Lang, A. Meslem20157th International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (SEE7), Tehran, Iran, May 18-21 2015 > SECED 2015 Conference: Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World, 9-10 July 2015, Cambridge UK - [Deriving Geomechanical Constraints from Microseismic Monitoring Demonstrated with Data from the Decatur CO2 Sequestration Site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/deriving-geomechanical-constraints-from-microseismic-monitoring-demonstrated-with-data-from-the-decatur-co2-sequestration-site) > Goertz-Allmann, B.P, Oye, V.20152015AGU fall Meeting, abstract #S12A-01, oral presentation - [The modernization of the seismic array ARCES/PS28](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-modernization-of-the-seismic-array-arces-ps28) > Roth, M., J. Fyen20152015Operation and Maintenance workshop organized by CTBTO, Vienna, Austria, October 2015 - [The Norway segment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-norway-segment) > Fyen, J., M. Roth20152015CTBTO-PTS Operation and Maintenance workshop, Vienna, Austria, October 2015 - [NORSAR field installations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/norsar-field-installations) > Roth, M.20152015Nordic seminar, Bornholm, Denmark, October 2015 - [The all-three component broadband seismic array ARCES/PS28](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-all-three-component-broadband-seismic-array-arces-ps28) > Roth, M., J. Fyen, T. Kværna, S. Gibbons20152015CTBTO-PTS Science and Technology workshop Vienna, Austria, June 2015 - [The DPEP Long-Period Detector for the NOA Broadband Array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/the-dpep-long-period-detector-for-the-noa-broadband-array-1) > Celli, N. L. / Schweitzer, J. / Fyen, J.2015doi: 10.21348/p.2015.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318503-1681728411/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5008_Celli_etal2015.pdf > Citation: > Celli, N. L., Schweitzer, J. and Fyen, J. (2015). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2015, 48-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2015.0001 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [3-D Crustal Model for Southern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/3-d-crustal-model-for-southern-norway) > Janutyte, I. / Kvaerna, T.2015doi: 10.21348/p.2015.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318506-1681728414/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5007_Janutyte%2BKvaerna2015.pdf > Citation: > Janutyte, I. and Kvaerna, T. (2015). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2015.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/semiannual-technical-summary) > Kvaerna, T.2015doi: 10.21348/p.2015.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318509-1681728417/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5006_Kvaerna2015.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2015). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2015.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Stratospheric and Thermospheric Infrasound Signals Recorded at IS37](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/stratospheric-and-thermospheric-infrasound-signals-recorded-at-is37) > Nasholm, S. P. / Kvaerna, T.2015doi: 10.21348/p.2015.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318512-1681728421/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5009_NAsholm%2BKvaerna2015.pdf > Citation: > Nasholm, S. P. and Kvaerna, T. (2015). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2015.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Year 2015 Facts and figures](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2015/year-2015-facts-and-figures) > NORSAR2015doi: 10.21348/p.2015.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/13855-1465297911/norsar.no/About/Facts_and_figures_2015.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2015). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2015.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2016](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/) > Publications from 2016 - [NORSAR and the seismic monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/norsar-and-the-seismic-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic-1) > J. Schweitzer20162016The Norwegian Scientific Academy for Polar Research (NVP), Newsletter, 19, May 2016, 7 pp - [The 11 October 2010 Novaya Zemlya Earthquake: Implications for Velocity Models and Regional Event Location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/the-11-october-2010-novaya-zemlya-earthquake-implications-for-velocity-models-and-regional-event-location) > S. J. Gibbons, G. Antonovskaya, V. Asming, Y. V. Konechnaya, E. Kremenetskaya, T. Kværna, J. Schweitzer, N. V. Vaganova20162016Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer., 106, (4), 1470-1481, 2016doi: 10.1785/0120150302 - [Tsunami in Central America](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/tsunami-in-central-america) > Lindholm C., W. Strauch and M. Fernandez2016Geological Society of London - [3-D velocity model for Norway on-shore and off-shore](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/3-d-velocity-model-for-norway-on-shore-and-off-shore) > Janutyte Ilma, Lars Ottemoller, Jan Michalek, Conrad Lindholm, Johannes Schweitzer, Steven J. Gibbons, and Tormod Kvaerna2016EGU- 2016 - [Usage of SH/P amplitude ratios for focal mechanism determination - case study from the Nordland region, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/usage-of-sh-p-amplitude-ratios-for-focal-mechanism-determination-case-study-from-the-nordland-region-norway) > Jan Michálek, Lars Ottemöller, Ilma Janutyte, Conrad Lindholm2016Geological Society of London - [Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the area of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Eastern Uzbekistan, Central Asia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/probabilistic-seismic-hazard-assessment-for-the-area-of-kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-and-eastern-uzbekistan-central-asia) > C. Lindholm, A. Ischuk, L.W. Bjerrum, M. Kamchybekov and K. Abdrakhmatov2016INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "CENTRAL ASIA EARTHQUAKE SAFETY“ 25-27 AUGUST 2016. DUSHANBE, TAJIKISTAN - [Synthetic seismic illumination of small-scale growth faults, paralic deposits and low-angle clinoforms: A case study of the Triassic successions on Edgeøya, NW Barents Shelf.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/synthetic-seismic-illumination-of-small-scale-growth-faults-paralic-deposits-and-low-angle-clinoforms-a-case-study-of-the-triassic-successions-on-edgeoya-nw-barents-shelf) > Anell, I., Lecomte, I., Braathen, A., and S. J. Buckley2016Marine and Petroleum Geology, 625-63910.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.07.005 > Fault activity and sandstone-body geometries and spread, all bear significant weight to understanding the potential hydrocarbon systems on the NW Barents Shelf. Synthetic seismic modelling of onshore sedimentary successions provides insight into the seismic resolution and expression of various sedimentological features on Edgeøya: (i) sandy growth basins in pro-delta mudstones (ii) paralic sedimentary deposits and (iii) low-angle tidally influenced progradational successions. > Synthetic modelling suggests that the lithological contrast associated with sand-infilled growth basins in pro-deltaic shales, even with offsets as small as 50–75 m, will create distinct geometries in seismic data. Modelling suggests that while optimal 90° illumination, low frequency bands and more typical sedimentary velocities around 2000 m/s will generate very clear discernible growth faults, the angular lithological contrast should generate discernible features even with the high velocities and typical 20–30 Hz frequency band of seismic sections on the NW Barents Shelf. Comparing to actual seismic data in which multiples, noise and in places overburden are influential, it is possible to identify growth-fault geometries more confidently, and to link them to larger planar fault activity. > Modelling other features identified in the paralic sedimentary system it is apparent that many of the massive channel or lenticular shaped sandstone bodies should be identifiable in the actual seismic, although their expression is less distinct and more easily misinterpreted than that of growth faults. It is apparent that features such as igneous intrusions, unless imaged in a “perfect” survey, can be difficult to properly identify, particularly near-vertical connections. The velocity contrast creates strong impedance along horizontal sections, but heavily fractured igneous intrusions with lower velocities could easily be assumed to be isolated sandstone bodies. While the modelling appreciates the overall wedging nature of the successions, the simplified lithological observations onshore cannot predict the probable erosion/condensation contrast associated with low-angle clinoforms which are visible in the seismic data, and hence not reproduce them easily in the models. - [Seismic characterisation of fault zones in 3D using mechanical and seismic modelling techniques](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/seismic-characterisation-of-fault-zones-in-3d-using-mechanical-and-seismic-modelling-techniques) > Botter, C., Cardozo, N., Hardy, S., Lecomte, I., Paton, G., and A. Escalona2016Marine and Petroleum Geology, 77, 973-99010.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.08.002 > Although typically interpreted as 2D surfaces, faults are 3D narrow zones of highly and heterogeneously deformed rocks with petrophysical properties differing from the host rock. Fault zones have been extensively studied in outcrop, but in the subsurface they are barely explored, mainly because they are at the limit of seismic resolution and are rarely drilled and cored. We present a 3D synthetic workflow to assess the potential of seismic data for imaging and characterising fault damage and properties. The workflow is based on forward modelling techniques. First, we run a 3D discrete element model to simulate faulting and associated deformation. Then, we use simple relationships to modify the initial elastic properties of the model based on its volumetric strain. From this reflectivity cube, we apply a ray-based, pre-stack depth migration simulator. Finally, from the resultant seismic image, we use seismic attributes to characterise the fault volume. We illustrate the workflow for a large displacement normal fault in a sandstone-shale sequence for two cases, one with constant fault displacement and another with linearly variable displacement along strike. Seismic cubes of these models for a homogeneous overburden and several wave frequencies are generated. High frequencies show the impact of the fault on the offset and folding of the reflectors. In the variable fault slip model, the fault has less impact as the displacement decreases, and the fault tipline can be interpreted. We extract the fault geobody using three combined seismic attributes: dip, semblance and tensor. The geobody for the constant fault displacement model corresponds to an inner high-deformation area within the fault zone, while in the variable fault slip model the geobody captures better the entire fault zone. Cross plotting of amplitudes and strains shows that the geobody contains all range of strains, but almost all high strain values are within the geobody. This allows a direct comparison between the fault zone identified on the seismic image and that in the mechanical model. - [2(3)D convolution modelling of complex geological targets – beyond 1D convolution](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/2-3-d-convolution-modelling-of-complex-geological-targets-beyond-1d-convolution) > Lecomte, I., Lubrano Lavadera, P., Anell, I., Buckley, S. J., Eide, C. H., Grippa, A., Mascolo, V., and S. Kjoberg2016First Break, 34, 99-107. > The authors claim that 1D convolution is too simplistic and discuss ray based methods, which allow for easier, faster and more flexible modelling for geologists and interpreters. - [2D and 3D Synthetic Seismic Modelling of Outcropping Carbonate System of the Maiella Mountain (Central Apennines-Italy).](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/2d-and-3d-synthetic-seismic-modelling-of-outcropping-carbonate-system-of-the-maiella-mountain-central-apennines-italy) > Mascolo, V., Rusciadelli, G., and I. Lecomte2016Extended Abstract, 2nd Conference on Forward Modelling of Sedimentary Systems, Th D01.10.3997/2214-4609.201600360 - [Three-dimensional Geological Modelling of a Slope-to-basin Carbonate Reservoir Analogue - The Case of the Maiella Mt.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/three-dimensional-geological-modelling-of-a-slope-to-basin-carbonate-reservoir-analogue-the-case-of-the-maiella-mt) > Mascolo, V., Rusciadelli, G., Ricci, C., and I. Lecomte2016Extended Abstract, 78th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Vienna10.3997/2214-4609.201600926 - [Prestack Simultaneous Inversion to Predict Lithology in the Realgrunnen Subgroup of the Goliat Field, SW Barents Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/prestack-simultaneous-inversion-to-predict-lithology-in-the-realgrunnen-subgroup-of-the-goliat-field-sw-barents-sea) > Yenwongfai, H. D., Mondol, N. H., Lecomte, I., and J. I. Faleide2016Extended Abstract, 78th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Vienna - [Prestack inversion for porosity, shale volume, and sand probability in the Havert Formation of the Goliat field, SW Barents Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/prestack-inversion-for-porosity-shale-volume-and-sand-probability-in-the-havert-formation-of-the-goliat-field-sw-barents-sea) > Yenwongfai, H. D., Mondol, N. H., Faleide, J. I., and I. Lecomte.2016Expanded Abstract, SEG annual meeting, October, Dallas - [Spatial dispersion of elastic waves in a bar characterized by tempered nonlocal elasticity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/spatial-dispersion-of-elastic-waves-in-a-bar-characterized-by-tempered-nonlocal-elasticity) > Vikash Pandey, Sven Peter Näsholm, Sverre Holm2016Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis. Volume 19, Issue 2, 2016. Pages 498–515ISSN: 1314-2224 / DOI: 10.1515/fca-2016-0026 > We apply the framework of tempered fractional calculus to investigate the spatial dispersion of elastic waves in a one-dimensional elastic bar characterized by range-dependent nonlocal interactions. The measure of the interaction is given by the attenuation kernel present in the constitutive stress-strain relation of the bar, which follows from the Kröner-Eringen’s model of nonlocal elasticity. We employ a fractional power-law attenuation kernel and spatially temper it, to make the model physically valid and mathematically consistent. The spatial dispersion relation is derived, but it turns out to be difficult to solve, both analytically and numerically. Consequently, we use numerical techniques to extract the real and imaginary parts of the complex wave number for a widerange of frequency values. From the dispersion plots, it is found that the phase velocity dispersion of elastic waves in the tempered nonlocal elastic bar is similar to that from the time-fractional Zener model. Further, we also examine the unusual attenuation pattern obtained for the elastic wave propagation in the bar. - [Iterative Strategies for Aftershock Classification in Automatic Seismic Processing Pipelines](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/iterative-strategies-for-aftershock-classification-in-automatic-seismic-processing-pipelines-1) > Steven J. Gibbons, Tormod Kværna, David B. Harris, Douglas A. Dodge2016Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 87, No. 4. (01 June 2016), pp. 919-929doi:10.1785/0220160047 > | > Aftershock sequences following very large earthquakes present enormous challenges to near‐real‐time generation of seismic bulletins. The increase in analyst resources needed to relocate an inflated number of events is compounded by failures of phase‐association algorithms and a significant deterioration in the quality of underlying, fully automatic event bulletins. Current processing pipelines were designed a generation ago, and, due to computational limitations of the time, are usually limited to single passes over the raw data. With current processing capability, multiple passes over the data are feasible. Processing the raw data at each station currently generates parametric data streams that are then scanned by a phase‐association algorithm to form event hypotheses. We consider the scenario in which a large earthquake has occurred and propose to define a region of likely aftershock activity in which events are detected and accurately located, using a separate specially targeted semiautomatic process. This effort may focus on so‐called pattern detectors, but here we demonstrate a more general grid‐search algorithm that may cover wider source regions without requiring waveform similarity. Given many well‐located aftershocks within our source region, we may remove all associated phases from the original detection lists prior to a new iteration of the phase‐association algorithm. We provide a proof‐of‐concept example for the 2015 Gorkha sequence, Nepal, recorded on seismic arrays of the International Monitoring System. Even with very conservative conditions for defining event hypotheses within the aftershock source region, we can automatically remove about half of the original detections that could have been generated by Nepal earthquakes and reduce the likelihood of false associations and spurious event hypotheses. Further reductions in the number of detections in the parametric data streams are likely, using correlation and subspace detectors and/or empirical matched field processing. | > | | | - [The October 11, 2010 Novaya Zemlya Earthquake: Implications for Velocity Models and Regional Event Location](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/the-october-11-2010-novaya-zemlya-earthquake-implications-for-velocity-models-and-regional-event-location) > S. J. Gibbons, G. Antonovskaya, V. Asming, Y. V. Konechnaya, E. Kremenetskaya, T. Kværna, J. Schweitzer, N. V. Vaganova2016Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 106, No. 4. (01 June 2016), pp. 1470-1481doi:10.1785/0120150302 > Characterizing the seismicity of Novaya Zemlya and the surrounding Arctic seas requires accurate event‐location estimates. Low‐magnitude events in this region are currently observed only by a small number of stations in the European Arctic, with a large azimuthal gap, making the accuracy of regional velocity models all the more important. Regional travel‐time calibration is difficult given the scarcity of sufficiently well‐constrained events. On 11 October 2010, a magnitude 4.5 event occurred close to the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya. This event is significant in that it is the first event in this region to have been recorded both on the relatively recent regional networks and arrays, and also teleseismically with good azimuthal coverage. We examine how well we can constrain the location and origin time using only teleseismic phases. Using only first teleseismic P arrivals, we constrain the epicenter to approximately 76.25° N and 64.75° E but with no depth resolution. Clear depth phases, notably on stations in the southern United States, indicate a depth between 9 and 15 km. This independent hypocenter and origin time estimate allow evaluation of regional phase travel‐time prediction using different models. The predicted Sn travel time appears to cause the greatest variability in regional location estimates. The 3D Regional Seismic Travel Times models provide excellent Pn travel‐time estimates for Barents Sea paths but may slightly overestimate Sn travel times from this source region. A modified regional 1D velocity model is defined, which best predicts Pn and Sn observations at multiple stations up to 15°. The significance of the regional travel‐time models for estimating location is demonstrated for a low‐magnitude event on or close to the northern island of Novaya Zemlya in March 2014, recorded with a satisfactory signal‐to‐noise ratio at only four stations. - [Iterative Strategies for Aftershock Classification in Automatic Seismic Processing Pipelines](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/iterative-strategies-for-aftershock-classification-in-automatic-seismic-processing-pipelines) > Steven J. Gibbons, Tormod Kværna, David B. Harris, Douglas A. Dodge2016Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 87, No. 4. (01 June 2016), pp. 919-929doi:10.1785/0220160047 > Aftershock sequences following very large earthquakes present enormous challenges to near‐real‐time generation of seismic bulletins. The increase in analyst resources needed to relocate an inflated number of events is compounded by failures of phase‐association algorithms and a significant deterioration in the quality of underlying, fully automatic event bulletins. Current processing pipelines were designed a generation ago, and, due to computational limitations of the time, are usually limited to single passes over the raw data. With current processing capability, multiple passes over the data are feasible. Processing the raw data at each station currently generates parametric data streams that are then scanned by a phase‐association algorithm to form event hypotheses. We consider the scenario in which a large earthquake has occurred and propose to define a region of likely aftershock activity in which events are detected and accurately located, using a separate specially targeted semiautomatic process. This effort may focus on so‐called pattern detectors, but here we demonstrate a more general grid‐search algorithm that may cover wider source regions without requiring waveform similarity. Given many well‐located aftershocks within our source region, we may remove all associated phases from the original detection lists prior to a new iteration of the phase‐association algorithm. We provide a proof‐of‐concept example for the 2015 Gorkha sequence, Nepal, recorded on seismic arrays of the International Monitoring System. Even with very conservative conditions for defining event hypotheses within the aftershock source region, we can automatically remove about half of the original detections that could have been generated by Nepal earthquakes and reduce the likelihood of false associations and spurious event hypotheses. Further reductions in the number of detections in the parametric data streams are likely, using correlation and subspace detectors and/or empirical matched field processing. - [Physical Vulnerability in Earthquake Risk Assessment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/physical-vulnerability-in-earthquake-risk-assessment-1) > Meslem, A., D.H. Lang20162016Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Sciencedoi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.71 - [A 15 year record of frontal glacier ablation rates estimated from seismic data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/a-15-year-record-of-frontal-glacier-ablation-rates-estimated-from-seismic-data) > Köhler, A., C. Nuth, C. Weidle, J. Kohler, E. Berthier, J. Schweitzer20162016Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, (23), 12,155–12,164, 2016Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, (23), 12,155–12,164, 2016 > We present a unique time series of continuous glacier frontal ablation rates with weekly resolution over 15 years estimated from seismic calving observations at Kronebreen, Svalbard. Using linear statistical models, we calibrate the seismic record with 7 years of satellite-derived frontal ablation measurements. The two basic input parameters required for our models are the cumulative duration of individual seismic calving events and the incompleteness of the seismic record to correct for the effect of seismic background noise. Frontal ablation follows the seasonal glacier speedup, peaking 1–2 months after the melt season maximum. Short-lived peaks are associated with melt and rain events. Cumulative frontal ablation of Kronebreen between 2001 and 2015 is about 4.0 km3 (3.7 Gt), with the greatest annual loss (0.45 km3) between 2013 and 2014 at the onset of the recent accelerated retreat of the glacier. Our approach provides a potential method for monitoring tidewater glaciers worldwide that have sufficiently close seismic instrumentation. - [Deconvolution enhanced direction of arrival estimation using one- and three-component seismic arrays applied to ocean induced microseisms](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/deconvolution-enhanced-direction-of-arrival-estimation-using-one-and-three-component-seismic-arrays-applied-to-ocean-induced-microseisms) > Gal,M., A. M. Reading, S. P. Ellingsen, K. D. Koper, R. Burlacu, S. J. Gibbons20162016Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 206, No. 1. (01 July 2016), pp. 345-35910.1093/gji/ggw150 > Microseisms in the period of 2–10 s are generated in deep oceans and near coastal regions. It is common for microseisms from multiple sources to arrive at the same time at a given seismometer. It is therefore desirable to be able to measure multiple slowness vectors accurately. Popular ways to estimate the direction of arrival of ocean induced microseisms are the conventional (fk) or adaptive (Capon) beamformer. These techniques give robust estimates, but are limited in their resolution capabilities and hence do not always detect all arrivals. One of the limiting factors in determining direction of arrival with seismic arrays is the array response, which can strongly influence the estimation of weaker sources. In this work, we aim to improve the resolution for weaker sources and evaluate the performance of two deconvolution algorithms, Richardson–Lucy deconvolution and a new implementation of CLEAN-PSF. The algorithms are tested with three arrays of different aperture (ASAR, WRA and NORSAR) using 1 month of real data each and compared with the conventional approaches. We find an improvement over conventional methods from both algorithms and the best performance with CLEAN-PSF. We then extend the CLEAN-PSF framework to three components (3C) and evaluate 1 yr of data from the Pilbara Seismic Array in northwest Australia. The 3C CLEAN-PSF analysis is capable in resolving a previously undetected Sn phase. - [Floor Spectra of Inelastic RC Frame Buildings Considering Ground Motion Characteristics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/floor-spectra-of-inelastic-rc-frame-buildings-considering-ground-motion-characteristics) > Surana, M., Singh, Y., Lang, D.H20162016Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Pages 1-32, Dec 201610.1080/13632469.2016.1244134 > A range of reinforced concrete frame buildings with different levels of inelasticity as well as periods of vibration is analyzed to study the floor response. The derived floor acceleration response spectra are normalized by peak ground acceleration, peak floor acceleration, and ground response spectrum. The normalization with respect to ground response spectrum leads to the lowest coefficients of variation. Based on this observation as well as previous studies, an amplification function is proposed that can be used to develop design floor spectra from the ground motion spectrum, considering the building’s dynamic characteristics and level of inelasticity. - [Physical Vulnerability in Earthquake Risk Assessment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/physical-vulnerability-in-earthquake-risk-assessment) > Meslem, A., D. H. Lang20162016Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard ScienceDOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.71. > *This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Please check back later for the full article.* > In the fields of earthquake engineering and seismic risk reduction, the term *physical vulnerability* defines the component that translates the relationship between seismic shaking intensity, dynamic structural response (physical damage), and cost of repair for a particular class of buildings or infrastructure facilities. The concept of physical vulnerability was started in the early 1980s, with the development of the earthquake damage and loss assessment discipline, which aimed at predicting the consequences of earthquake shaking to an individual building or a portfolio of buildings. Nowadays, physical vulnerability has become one of the key components used by agencies as model input data when developing prevention and mitigation actions, code provisions, and guidelines. The same may apply to the insurance and re-insurance industry in developing catastrophe models (also known as CAT models). > Over the past years, a blossoming of methodologies and procedures could be observed, ranging from empirical to basic and more advanced analytical, implemented for modeling and measuring physical vulnerability. These methods use approaches that differ in terms of level of complexity, calculation efforts (in evaluating the seismic demand-to-structural response and damage analysis), and modeling assumptions adopted in the development process. At this stage, one of the challenges often encountered is that some of these assumptions may highly affect the reliability and accuracy of the resultant physical vulnerability models in a negative way, hence introducing important uncertainties in estimating and predicting the inherent risk (i.e., estimated damage and losses). > Other challenges that are commonly encountered when developing physical vulnerability models are the non-availability of exposure information and the lack of knowledge due to technical or nontechnical problems, like, such as inventory data that would allow for an accurate building stock modeling, or economic data that would allow for a better conversion from damage to monetary losses. Hence, these physical vulnerability models carry different types of intrinsic uncertainties of both aleatory and epistemic character. To come up with appropriate predictions on expected damage and losses of an individual asset (e.g., a building) or a class of assets (e.g., a building typology class, a group of buildings), reliable physical vulnerability models have to be generated that consider all these peculiarities and the associated intrinsic uncertainties at each stage of the development process. - [Seismic performance of mid-rise RC frame and frame-shear wall buildings designed for Indian codes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/seismic-performance-of-mid-rise-rc-frame-and-frame-shear-wall-buildings-designed-for-indian-codes) > Surana, M., Singh, Y., and Lang, D.H.20162016SEC2014 Special Issue, Journal of Structural Engineering 43 (1): 43–50ISSN: 0970-0137 > The performance-based assessment procedure is utilized in order to study the seismic performance of mid-rise RC frame and frame-shear wall buildings designed for Indian codes. Three 15-storied buildings consisting of frame, frame-shear wall and frame-shear wall core are designed for the same base shear coefficient based on the empirically obtained period of the building as recommended in IS 1893. The RC frame buildings are modeled using the gross section properties, as well as cracked section properties as per ASCE41 guidelines. In the frame-shear wall and frame-shear wall core buildings, the RC members are modelled using cracked section properties, whereas the shear-wall and shear-wall core are modelled using nonlinear finite elements. It is observed that the buildings designed for the force criterion alone show ‘Immediate Occupancy’ and ‘Collapse Prevention’ performance for DBE and MCE levels of hazard, respectively. This performance improves significantly in case of the buildings designed for force as well as drift criterion of IS 1893, which demonstrate ‘Immediate Occupancy’ performance for DBE level of hazard and ‘Life Safety’ performance for MCE level of hazard. - [Seismic performance of concrete-shear-wall buildings in India](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/seismic-performance-of-concrete-shear-wall-buildings-in-india) > Surana, M., Singh, Y., and Lang, D.H20162016ICE Journal “Structures and Buildings” 169 (11): 809-824DOI: 10.1680/jstbu.15.00047 > The Indian seismic design code, like most of the other national codes worldwide, is based on a prescriptive-force-based design methodology. In the present study, seismic performance and fragility of reinforced-concrete frame shear-wall buildings designed for Indian codes are investigated using the displacement-based design methodology of ASCE 41 and capacity spectrum approach of HAZUS, respectively. Equivalent-frame and finite-element models for simulating the non-linear behaviour of reinforced concrete shear walls are validated using experimental results available in literature, and used to simulate the non-linear behaviour of two representative 15-storey concrete-frame buildings with concrete shear walls. The capacity curves, obtained using a non-linear static procedure, are used to estimate the seismic performance and fragility of the buildings. The derived damage probabilities are compared with those available for bare and masonry-infilled concrete-frame buildings designed using the same codes. It is observed that both equivalent-frame and finite-element models predict strength capacities in close agreement with the experimental results, but the equivalent-frame model produces slightly conservative estimates of the deformation capacity. Further, both concrete-shear-wall buildings exhibit similar probabilities of different damage grades, which are slightly lower compared to the frame buildings without concrete shear walls designed using the same codes. - [Earthquake Loss Evaluation (ELE) for the City of Khujand, Sughd Province (Tajikistan)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/earthquake-loss-evaluation-ele-for-the-city-of-khujand-sughd-province-tajikistan) > Niyazov, J., Lang, D.H., and Meslem, A.20162016GI Forum Symposium and Exhibit, Salzburg, July 5–8, 201610.1553/giscience2016_02_s74 > The main scope of the present article is to describe the different technical aspects and steps that were implemented towards a thorough earthquake risk estimation for the city of Khujand, the capital of Tajikistan’s northernmost province, Sughd. The development of the risk model involved both extensive fieldwork and computational work, including: soil amplification studies; defining ground shaking scenarios for earthquakes on local active faults that could cause damage, and for historical earthquakes that have caused damage to the city’s building stock; demarcation of the Khujand city area and its subdivision into geographical units; definition of building typology classes and generating corresponding vulnerability functions; collection of building inventory data as well as socio-economic information, and the computation of damage and loss scenarios. The earthquake risk model for the city of Khujand can be used as guidance for local authorities for future city planning and earthquake mitigation actions by helping to predict earthquake intensity in a given location, and the expected damage and socio-economic losses for any class of building. The procedure and many of the conclusions drawn can be applied in risk studies of other areas in Tajikistan and Central Asia. - [Offshore injection and overburden surveillance using real-time passive seismic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/offshore-injection-and-overburden-surveillance-using-real-time-passive-seismic) > Bussat, S., L.W. Bjerrum, B.D.E. Dando, E.V. Bergfjord, K. Iranpour, V. Oye20162016First Break, Vol 34, No 7, July 2016 pp. 51 - 59 > In 2013 a seismic caprock monitoring system with 172 nodes was installed on the Oseberg oil and gas field in the Norwegian North Sea. It was specifically designed for active and passive seismic monitoring of a disposal injection well. The aim of the monitoring is for a safer operation with avoidance of leakages to the sea, and increased injection. Despite installation and yearly maintenance costs but owing to benefits in the operation of the injector, the system provides yearly savings of around $1.2 million. Currently, the system does most of the passive seismic analysis – microseismic and interferometry – in real time, and we present data examples from the last two years. Typical noise in the data (seismic shooting, platform generated noise and marine traffic) are removed and the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved, resulting in better detections and event location, especially for small microseismic events. Seismic interferometry is used to observe/detect changes in the water column and the shallow subsurface down to several hundred metres. Several offshore hydrocarbon-bearing fields have experienced fractures in the overburden from injection into disposal wells, including leakage to the surface. Although injection procedures to avoid this are effective, they significantly limit the rates and pressures of the injection. To overcome this, a permanent offshore seismic monitoring system using both active and passive seismic methods has been developed. It was installed at the seabed of the North Sea Oseberg field in 2013 with the main aim to control caprock integrity and ensure safe injection, which makes the system unique. - [NORSAR and the seismic monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/norsar-and-the-seismic-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic) > Schweitzer, J.20162016The Norwegian Scientific Academy for Polar Research (NVP), Newsletter, 19, May 2016, 7 pp > On 29 March 2016, at 12:32 local time the Norwegian settlement Longyearbyen on Spitsbergen, Svalbard Archipelago was shaken by seismic waves caused by a magnitude 5.1 earthquake at a distance of about 130 km, east-southeast in the Storfjorden region close to the coast of Edgeøya. This time of the year is high season for winter tourism on Spitsbergen and beside the local inhabitants many visitors experienced this event in the middle of the day (see also Svalbardposten from 1 April 2016). - [Year 2016](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2016/year-2016) > NORSAR2016doi: 10.21348/p.2016.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135392-1497983927/norsar.no/About/Facts_and_figures_2016.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2016). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2016.0001 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2017](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/) - [Tsunami hazard in Central America; History and Future](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/tsunami-hazard-in-central-america-history-and-future) > Lindholm C., W. Strauch and M. Fernandez2017Geological Society of London - [A statistical sensitivity method for CSEM - implications for petroleum exploration in the Barents Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/a-statistical-sensitivity-method-for-csem-implications-for-petroleum-exploration-in-the-barents-sea-1) > First Author: Erik Mårten Blixt > Co-authors:Vidar Storvoll (INPEX Norge AS) and Richard Olstad (Pandion Energy)2017201710.3997/1365-2397.2017019 > This paper describes a statistical method for determining the probability for hydrocarbon detection by Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) data. The method can be used to quantitatively estimate the reliability and predictability of CSEM results and the validity of a CSEM interpretation over a specific target with given geological parameters (e.g. porosity and clay content). Wells and case studies from the Norwegian Barents Sea are used to highlight how the uncertainty of the geological model affects CSEM interpretation. > All types of geoscientific applications face challenges on how to handle uncertainties; CSEM sensitivity studies are no different. The proposed method constrains the uncertainties by first establishing a statistical resistivity model containing expected resistivity and other geological parameters, then running Monte Carlo simulations to generate target specific sensitivity plots. Finally, the reservoir properties, e.g. porosity and clay content, can be varied to quantitatively establish if CSEM can detect a potential hydrocarbon column. > The most important aspect of this method is that the CSEM integration and interpretation is now strongly controlled by the geoscientist, who must provide the expected reservoir parameters and their uncertainties for each target or case study under evaluation. - [Physical Vulnerability in Earthquake Risk Assessment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/physical-vulnerability-in-earthquake-risk-assessment) > Abelghani Meslem, Dominik H. Lang20172017Natural hazards and earth system sciences10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.71 - [Earthquake recurrence in NW and central Himalaya](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/earthquake-recurrence-in-nw-and-central-himalaya) > Bungum, Hilmar - NORSAR, Lindholm, Conrad - NORSAR, Mahajan, Ambrish K.- India20172017Journal: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences > Year: 2017 > Volume: 138 > Pages: 25-3710.1016/j.jseaes.2017.01.034 > http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/235/description#description - [BARENTS16: a 1-D velocity model for the western Barents Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/barents16-a-1-d-velocity-model-for-the-western-barents-sea) > Myrto Pirli - NORSAR, Johannes Schweitzer - NORSAR20172017Journal of Seismology > Year: 2017 > Volume: 22 > Number: 1 > Pages: 69-8110.1007/s10950-017-9692-y > http://www.springer.com/geosciences/geophysics/journal/10950 - [Illuminating the seismicity pattern of the October 8, 2005, M=7.6 Kashmir earthquake aftershocks](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/illuminating-the-seismicity-pattern-of-the-october-8-2005-m-7-6-kashmir-earthquake-aftershocks) > Steven John Gibbons - NORSAR, Tormod Kværna - NORSAR20172017Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, > Year: 2017 > Volume: 271 > Pages: 1-810.1016/j.pepi.2017.06.008 - [A statistical sensitivity method for CSEM - Implications for petroleum exploration in the Barents Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/a-statistical-sensitivity-method-for-csem-implications-for-petroleum-exploration-in-the-barents-sea) > Erik Mårten Blixt - NORSAR, Vidar Storvoll, Richard Olstad20172017First Break, > Year: 2017 > Volume: 35 > Number: 10 > Pages: 37-4410.3997/1365-2397.2017019 > http://fb.eage.org/ - [Accurate relative location estimates for the North Korean nuclear tests using empirical slowness corrections](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/accurate-relative-location-estimates-for-the-north-korean-nuclear-tests-using-empirical-slowness-corrections) > Gibbons, Steven John - NORSAR, > Pabian, F - Los Alamos National Laboratory > Näsholm, Sven Peter - NORSAR > Kværna, Tormod - NORSAR > Mykkeltveit, Svein - NORSAR20172017Geophysical Journal International, > Year: 2017 > Volume: 208 > Number: 1 > Pages: 101-11710.1093/gji/ggw379 > http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-540X - [Geomechanical Monitoring of CO2 Storage Reservoirs with Microseismicity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/geomechanical-monitoring-of-co2-storage-reservoirs-with-microseismicity) > Goertz-Allmann, Bettina - NORSAR, Oye, Volker - NORSAR, Gibbons, Steven John - NORSAR, Bauer, Robert - USA20172017Energy Procedia, > Year: 2017 > Volume: 114 > Pages: 3937-394710.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1525 > http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/718157/description - [Locating seismicity on the Arctic plate boundary using multiple-event techniques and empirical signal processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/locating-seismicity-on-the-arctic-plate-boundary-using-multiple-event-techniques-and-empirical-signal-processing) > Gibbons, Steven John - NORSAR, Harris, David B., Dahl-Jensen, T, Kværna, Tormod - NORSAR, Larsen, T.B., Paulsen, Berit - NORSAR20172017Geophysical Journal International > Year: 2017 > Volume: 211 > Pages: 1613-162710.1093/gji/ggx398 > http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-540X - [Seismological research related to geophysical processes in the European Arctic (project GEOPROC)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/seismological-research-related-to-geophysical-processes-in-the-european-arctic-project-geoproc) > Schweitzer, J., G. Antonovskaya, and the Joint Norwegian-Russian Project GEOPROC Consortium2017doi: 10.21348/p.2017.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311517-1614600101/norsar.no/R-D/Schweitzer_etal_GEOPROC_2017.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J., G. Antonovskaya, and the Joint Norwegian-Russian Project GEOPROC Consortium: (2017). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2016, 31-37, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2017.0001 - [Aarsrapport 2017](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2017/aarsrapport-2017) > Strandenes, S.2017doi: 10.21348/p.2017.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136488-1584611142/norsar.no/About/Facts_and_figures_2017.pdf > Citation: > Strandenes, S. (2017). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2017.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2018](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/) - [User Manual for HYPOSAT 6 and HYPOMOD 2](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/user-manual-for-hyposat-6-and-hypomod-2) > Johannes Schweitzer2018DOI: 10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-3_PD_11.1 - [Improving slowness estimate stability and visualization using limited sensor pair correlation on seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/improving-slowness-estimate-stability-and-visualization-using-limited-sensor-pair-correlation-on-seismic-arrays) > Steven John Gibbons-NORSAR, Sven Peter Näsholm-NORSAR, Elmer Ruikrok-Het Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut - Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Tormod Kværna-NORSAR20182018Geophysical Journal International > Year: 2018 > Volum: 213 > Page: 447-66010.1093/GJI/GGX550 > http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-540X - [Building typology classification and earthquake vulnerability scale of Central and South Asian building stock](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/building-typology-classification-and-earthquake-vulnerability-scale-of-central-and-south-asian-building-stock) > Lang, Dominik - NORSAR, Kumar, Amit - Tajikistan, Sulaymanov, Sulaymon - Tajikistan, Meslem, Abdelghani - NORSAR20182018Journal of Building Engineering > Year: 2018 > Volume: 15 > Pages: 261-27710.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.022 > https://www.journals.elsevier.com/leukemia-research-reports/ - [Probing the DPRK Nuclear Test Site down to Low‐Seismic Magnitude](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/probing-the-dprk-nuclear-test-site-down-to-low-seismic-magnitude) > Gibbons, Steven John - NORSAR, Kværna, Tormod - NORSAR, Näsholm, Sven Peter - NORSAR, Mykkeltveit, Svein - NORSAR20182018SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS > Year: 2018 > Volum: 89 > Pages:2034-204110.1785/0220180116 > http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/srl/ - [Enhanced detection and estimation of regional S-phases using the 3-component ARCES array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/enhanced-detection-and-estimation-of-regional-s-phases-using-the-3-component-arces-array) > Gibbons, Steven John - NORSAR, Schweitzer, Johannes - NORSAR, Kværna, Tormod - NORSAR, Roth, Michael D. - Uppsala universitet20182018Journal of Seismology > http://www.springer.com/geosciences/geophysics/journal/10950 - [Review of the public KNMI induced earthquake catalogue from the Groningen gas field (report project phase 1, WP1: Catalogue review](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/review-of-the-public-knmi-induced-earthquake-catalogue-from-the-groningen-gas-field-report-project-phase-1-wp1-catalogue-review) > B. Dando, B. Goertz-Allmann, D. Kühn, N. Langet, V. Oye, A. Wüstefeld20182018doi: 10.21348/p.2018.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312713-1634823410/norsar.no/R-D/NORSAR_SodM_Groningenreview_WP1.pdf - [Review of the public KNMI induced earthquake catalogue from the Groningen gas field (report project phase 1, WP2: Qualitative sensitivity analysis)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/review-of-the-public-knmi-induced-earthquake-catalogue-from-the-groningen-gas-field-report-project-phase-1-wp2-qualitative-sensitivity-analysis) > B. Goertz-Allmann, D. Kühn, N. Langet, C. Lindholm, A. Meslem, V. Oye20182018doi: 10.21348/p.2018.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312704-1636981455/norsar.no/R-D/NORSAR_SodM_Groningenreview_WP2.pdf - [Aarsrapport 2018](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2018/aarsrapport-2018) > Strandenes, S.2018doi: 10.21348/p.2018.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137570-1556737824/norsar.no/About/NORSAR_%C3%85rsrapport2018_Instikk.pdf > Citation: > Strandenes, S. (2018). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2018.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2019](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/) - [Estimating tropospheric and stratospheric winds using infrasound from explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/estimating-tropospheric-and-stratospheric-winds-using-infrasound-from-explosions) > Erik Mårten Blixt (NORSAR), Sven Peter Näsholm (NORSAR), Steven J. Gibbons (NORSAR), Läslo G. Evers (Delft University of Technology & KNMI, Netherlands), Andrew J. Charlton-Perez (University of Reading, United Kingdom), Yvan J. Orsolini (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), Tormod Kværna (NORSAR)20192019Publication: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. > Volume:146. > Issue: 2. > Pages: 973-982 > https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5120183 > https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5120183 > The receiver-to-source backazimuth of atmospheric infrasound signals is biased when cross-winds are present along the propagation path. Infrasound from 598 surface explosions from over 30 years in northern Finland is measured with high spatial resolution on an array 178 km almost due North. The array is situated in the classical shadow-zone distance from the explosions. However, strong infrasound is almost always observed, which is most plausibly due to partial reflections from stratospheric altitudes. The most probable propagation paths are subject to both tropospheric and stratospheric cross-winds, and the wave-propagation modelling in this study yields good correspondence between the observed backazimuth deviation and cross-winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA)-Interim reanalysis product. This study demonstrates that atmospheric cross-winds can be estimated directly from infrasound data using propagation time and backazimuth deviation observations. This study finds these cross-wind estimates to be in good agreement with the ERA-Interim reanalysis. > *Link to author-typeset preprint:* https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.05601 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.05601 - [The 2019 NORSAR Data Center Report](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/the-2019-norsar-data-center-report) > Johannes Schweitzer, Ulf Baadshaug & Jon Magnus Christensen20192019 > Biannual Report prepared for the FDSN Meeting during the IASPEI General Assembly in Montréal, 2019 - [Complexity in microseismic phase identification: full waveform modelling, traveltime computations and implications for event locations within the Groningen gas field](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/complexity-in-microseismic-phase-identification-full-waveform-modelling-traveltime-computations-and-implications-for-event-locations-within-the-groningen-gas-field) > B.D.E. Dando, V. Oye, S.P. Näsholm, L. Zühlsdorff, D. Kühn, A. Wuestefeld20192019Geophyshical Journal International > Year: 2019 > Number:217 > Page: 620-649doi: 10.1093/gji/ggz017 > SUMMARY > Determining accurate microseismic event locations at the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands has important implications for understanding the ongoing induced seismicity and its associated seismic hazard. To improve the depth constraint of the microseismicity, downholemonitoring arrays have been deployed in the central region of the Groningen field. The observed seismicity at these receivers is characterized by significant complexity in the waveforms, due to the high velocity contrasts that exist and the acquisition geometry. Reliably identifying and picking phases for use in earthquake location algorithms is therefore particularly challenging. > Using a well constrained and highly detailed 3-D velocity model, we show how full waveform modelling can be used to understand the causes of the observed phase complexity. By identifying the different modelled phase arrivals in detail, we look to identify any systematic changes in waveform complexity with source location, to aid phase identification of the recorded downhole data. > Theoretical traveltimes are often the foundation of earthquake location algorithms. We highlight the associated problems of their computation for the downhole monitoring setup for the Groningen model by complementing the full waveform simulations with traveltime computations and their associated ray paths from both an eikonal solver and using thewavefront construction method. We highlight large inconsistencies in the traveltimes, demonstrate the limitations and sensitivity of ray tracing in a layered velocity model, and show how the theoretical traveltimes do not equate with the dominant phase arrivals observed within the modelled waveforms. Finally, we propose an approach based on computing P- and S-wave traveltimes directly from the full waveform modelling, such that phase picking is based on an amplitude threshold rather than individual phase identification, which can also be adjusted for any given moment tensor. - [Characterization of the Infrasonic Wavefield from Repeating Seismo-Acoustic Events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/characterization-of-the-infrasonic-wavefield-from-repeating-seismo-acoustic-events) > Gibbons, Steven John - NORSAR, Kværna, Tormod - NORSAR, Näsholm, Sven Peter - NORSAR20192019Part of book, original title: Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies: Challenges in Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Societal Benefits - > Part: 10 > Pages: 387-407 > 978-3-319-75138-2 - [How to twist and turn a fiber: Performance modeling for optimal das acquisitions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/how-to-twist-and-turn-a-fiber-performance-modeling-for-optimal-das-acquisitions) > Wüstefeld, Andreas - NORSAR, Wilks, Matthew - NORSAR20192019The Leading Edge > Year: 2019 > Volume: 38 > Pages: 226-23110.1190/tle38030226.1 > http://www.segdl.org/tle/ - [A Heuristic-Learning Optimizer for Elastodynamic Waveform Inversion in Passive Seismics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/a-heuristic-learning-optimizer-for-elastodynamic-waveform-inversion-in-passive-seismics) > Rodriguez, Ismael A Vera - NORSAR20192019Publication: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing > Year: 2019 > Volume: 57 > Number: 4 > Pages: 2234-2248 > 10.1109/TGRS.2018.2872329 - [IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/iaspei-its-origins-and-the-promotion-of-global-seismology) > Johannes Schweitzer, NORSAR and CEED, University of Oslo > Thorne Lay, University of California Santa Cruz20192019https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-173-2019 > International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904 was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical properties of the Earth. > Through the last hundred years, the commissions and working groups of the association have played a major role in setting international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models. The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and international scientific cooperation. - [Aarsrapport 2019](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2019/aarsrapport-2019) > Strandenes, S.2019doi: 10.21348/p.2019.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139776-1589959895/norsar.no/About/NORSAR_A%CC%8Arsrapport%202019_Innstikk.pdf > Citation: > Strandenes, S. (2019). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2019.0001 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2020](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/) - [Strain microseismics: Radiation patterns, synthetics, and moment tensor resolvability with distributed acoustic sensing in isotropic media](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/strain-microseismics-radiation-patterns-synthetics-and-moment-tensor-resolvability-with-distributed-acoustic-sensing-in-isotropic-media) > Ismael Vera Rodriguez, NORSAR > Andreas Wuestefeld, NORSAR2020202010.1190/geo2019-0373.1 > We have derived analytical formulations for the strain field produced by a moment tensor source in homogeneous isotropic media. Such formulations are important for microseismic projects that increasingly are monitored with fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems. We find that the spatial derivative of displacement produces new terms in strain proportional to 1/rn1/rn with n≥2n≥2. In viscoelastic media, the derivative also produces an additional far-field term that is scaled by a frequency-dependent factor. When comparing with full wavefield synthetic data, we observe that the new terms proportional to 1/r21/r2 can be considered part of a near-field in strain, similar to the practice with the displacement formulation. Analyses of moment tensor resolvability show that full moment tensors are resolvable with P-wave information from two or more noncoplanar vertical DAS cable geometries if intermediate- and far-field terms are considered and that S-wave information alone cannot constrain full moment tensors using only vertical wells. These results mirror previous observations made with displacement measurements. Furthermore, the addition of the new terms proportional to 1/r21/r2 in strain improves the moment tensor resolvability but only in the case of a single vertical array. In the case of a single deviated/horizontal well, we can, in theory, resolve a full moment tensor but a case-by-case analysis is necessary to identify regions of full constraint around the well and the necessary noise conditions to guarantee reliable solutions. Real DAS measurements also are affected by the gauge length and interrogator details. In the case of the gauge length, we observe that this operator does not change the resolvability of the problem but it does affect inversion stability. The results derived here represent theoretical limits or in some cases specific examples. Practical implementations require analyses of conditioning, noise, coupling, and the effect of gauge length on a case-by-case basis. > http://pub/_PDFs/VERARODRIGUEZ/2020/4348_VeraRodriguez+Wuestefeld2020.pdf - [Design considerations for using Distributed Accoustic Sensing for cross-well seismics: A case study for CO2 storage](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/design-considerations-for-using-distributed-accoustic-sensing-for-cross-well-seismics-a-case-study-for-co2-storage) > Andreas Wuestefeld, NORSAR > Wolfgang Weinzierl, GFZ Potsdam20202020doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12965 > | > Downhole monitoring with fibre-optic Distributed Accoustic Sensing (DAS) systems offers unprecedented spatial resolution. At the same time, costs are reduced since repeated wireline surveys can be replaced by the permanent installation of comparatively cheap fibre cables. However, the single component nature of fibre data requires novel approaches when designing a monitoring project such as cross-well seismics. At the example of the shallow CO2 injection test site in Svelvik, Norway, we model the evolution of velocity changes during CO2 injection based on rock physics theory. Different cross-well seismic design scenarios are then considered to evaluate the best design and the limits of this method to detect containment breach. We present a series of evaluation tools to compare the effect of different well spacings for cross-well seismic tomography. In addition to travel-times, we also consider characteristic amplitude changes along the fibre unique to DAS strain measurements, which might add a constraint to the inversion. We also compare the effect of using helical fibres instead of classical straight fibres. We thus present a toolbox to evaluate and compare different monitoring design options for fibre optic downhole installations for cross-well monitoring. > http://pub/_PDFs/WUESTEFELD/2020/4344_Wuestefeld+Weinzierl2020.pdf > | - [The 30 June 2017 North Sea Earthquake: Location, Characteristics, and Context](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/the-30-june-2017-north-sea-earthquake-location-characteristics-and-context) > Annie Jerkins - NORSAR > Hasbi Ash Shiddigi - Institutt for geovitenskap - Universitetet i Bergen > Tormod Kværna - NORSAR > Steven J. Gibbons - NORSAR > Johannes Schweitzer - NORSAR > Lars Ottemöller - Institutt for geovitenskap - Universitetet i Bergen > Hilmar Bungum - NORSAR20202020 > http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/ > The Mw 4.5 southern Viking graben earthquake on 30 June 2017 was one of the largest seismic events in the Norwegian part of the North Sea during the last century. > It was well recorded on surrounding broadband seismic stations at regional distances, and it generated high signal-to noise ratio teleseismic P arrivals at up to 90° with good azimuthal coverage. Here, the teleseismic signals provide a unique opportunity to constrain the event hypocenter. Depth phases are visible globally and indicate a surface reflection in the P-wave coda some 4 s after the initial P arrival, giving a much better depth constraint than regional S-P time differences provide. > Moment tensor inversion results in a reverse thrust faulting mechanism. The fit between synthetic and observed surface waves at regional distances is improved by including a sedimentary layer. Synthetic teleseismic waveforms generated based on the moment tensor solution, and a near-source 1D velocity model indicates a depth of 7 km. Correlation detectors using the S-wave coda from the main event were run on almost 30 yr of continuous multichannel seismic data searching for repeating signals. In addition to a magnitude 1.9 aftershock 33 min later, and a few magnitude ∼1 events in the following days, a magnitude 2.5 earthquake on 13 November 2016 was the only event found to match the 30 June 2017 event well. Using double-difference techniques, we find that the two largest events are located within 1 km of the main event. > We present a Bayesloc probabilistic multiple event location including the 30 June event and all additional seismic events in the region well recorded on the regional networks. The Bayesloc relocation gave a more consistent seismicity pattern and moved several of the events more toward the west. The results of this study are also discussed within the regional seismotectonic frame of reference. - [Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity in the Devonian Orcadian Basin with implications for geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/fracture-attribute-scaling-and-connectivity-in-the-devonian-orcadian-basin-with-implications-for-geologically-equivalent-sub-surface-fractured-reservoirs) > Anna Maria Dichiarante - NORSAR > Ken McCaffrey - University of Durham > Robert E. Holdsworth - University of Durham > Tore Ingvald Bjørnarå - NGI > Edward D. Dempsey - University of Hull2020202010.5194/se-11-2221-2020 > https://www.solid-earth.net/home.html > Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity datasets from analogue systems are widely used to inform sub-surface fractured reservoir models in a range of geological settings. However, significant uncertainties are associated with the determination of reliable scaling parameters in surface outcrops. > This has limited our ability to upscale key parameters that control fluid flow at reservoir to basin scales. In this study, we present nine 1D-transect (scanline) fault and fracture attribute datasets from Middle Devonian sandstones in Caithness (Scotland) that are used as an onshore analogue for nearby sub-surface reservoirs such as the Clair field, west of Shetland. > By taking account of truncation and censoring effects in individual datasets, our multiscale analysis shows a preference for power-law scaling of fracture length over 8 orders of magnitude (104 to 104 m) and kinematic aperture over 4 orders of magnitude (106 to 102 m). > Our assessment of the spatial organization (clustering and topology) provides a new basis for up-scaling fracture attributes collected in outcrop- to regional-scale analogues. We show how these relationships may inform knowledge of geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs - [Outcrop-scale manifestations of reactivation during multiple superimposed rifting and basin inversion events: the Devonian Orcadian Basin, northern Scotland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/outcrop-scale-manifestations-of-reactivation-during-multiple-superimposed-rifting-and-basin-inversion-events-the-devonian-orcadian-basin-northern-scotland) > Anna Maria Dichiarante - NORSAR > Rbert E. Holdsworth > Edward D. Dempsey > Kenneth J.W McCaffrey > T.A.G Utley20202020http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-089 > http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=geohome > The Devonian Orcadian Basin in Scotland hosts extensional fault systems assumed to be related to the initial formation of the basin, with only limited post-Devonian inversion and reactivation. However, a recent detailed structural study across Caithness, underpinned by published Re–Os geochronology, shows that three phases of deformation are present. > North–south- and NW–SE-trending Group 1 faults are related to Devonian ENE–WSW transtension associated with sinistral shear along the Great Glen Fault during the formation of the Orcadian Basin. Metre- to kilometre-scale north–south-trending Group 2 folds and thrusts are developed close to earlier sub-basin-bounding faults and reflect late Carboniferous–early Permian east–west inversion associated with dextral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. The dominant Group 3 structures are dextral oblique NE–SW-trending and sinistral east–west-trending faults with widespread syndeformational carbonate mineralization (± pyrite and bitumen) and are dated using Re–Os geochronology as Permian (*c.* 267 Ma). > Regional Permian NW–SE extension related to the development of the offshore West Orkney Basin was superimposed over pre-existing fault networks, leading to local oblique reactivation of Group 1 faults in complex localized zones of transtensional folding, faulting and inversion. The structural complexity in surface outcrops onshore therefore reflects both the local reactivation of pre-existing faults and the superimposition of obliquely oriented rifting episodes during basin development in the adjacent offshore areas. - [Corkscrew Well Paths for Improved Microseismic Event Locations with DAS Recordings](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/corkscrew-well-paths-for-improved-microseismic-event-locations-with-das-recordings) > Andreas Wüstefeld - NORSAR > M. Wilks20202020 10.3997/2214-4609.201901248 > http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0016-8025&site=1 > We present a novel method to model microseismic event detection and location capabilities of a fiber optic cable. We show how different wrapping angles affect recorded amplitudes of P- and S-waves on fibers with different wrapping angle. We then introduce the Fiber Illumination as a proxy for how well events can be detected on sections of the fiber above a certain SNR. > Furthermore, we investigate the location capabilites of different well paths if instrumented with a fiber. - [Atmospheric wind and temperature profiles inversion using infrasound: An ensemble model context](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/atmospheric-wind-and-temperature-profiles-inversion-using-infrasound-an-ensemble-model-context) > Ismael Vera Rodriguez - NORSAR > Sven Peter Näsholm - NORSAR > A. Le Pichon10.1121/10.0002482 > http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa > This paper presents an inversion methodology where acoustic observations of infrasound waves are used to update an atmospheric model. > This paper sought a flexible parameterization that permits to incorporate physical and numerical constraints without the need to reformulate the inversion. On the other hand, the optimization conveys an explicit search over the solution space, making the solver computationally expensive. Nevertheless, through a parallel implementation and the use of tight constraints, this study demonstrates that the methodology is computationally tractable. > Constraints to the solution space are derived from the spread (variance) of ERA5 ensemble reanalysis members, which summarize the best current knowledge of the atmosphere from assimilated measurements and physical models. Similarly, the initial model temperature and winds for the inversion are chosen to be the average of these parameters in the ensemble members. The performance of the inversion is demonstrated with the application to infrasound observations from an explosion generated by the destruction of ammunition at Hukkakero, Finland. > The acoustic signals are recorded at an array station located at 178 km range, which is within the classical shadow zone distance. The observed returns are assumed to come from stratospheric reflections. Thus, the reflection altitude is also an inverted parameter. - [Probabilistic moment tensor Inversion for hydrocarbon-induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, The Netherlands, part 1: testing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/probabilistic-moment-tensor-inversion-for-hydrocarbon-induced-seismicity-in-the-groningen-gas-field-the-netherlands-part-1-testing) > Daniela Kühn - NORSAR > Sebastian Heimann - GFZ Potsdam > Marius Isken - GFZ Potsdam > Elmer Ruigrok - Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute > Bernard Dost - Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute20202020http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200099 > http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/ > Recent developments in the densification of the seismic network covering the Groningen > gas field allow a more detailed study of the connection between induced seismicity and > reactivated faults around the gas reservoir at 3 km depth. > With the reduction of the average > station distance from 20 km to 4–5 km, a probabilistic full-waveform moment tensor > inversion procedure could be applied, resulting in both improved hypocenter location > accuracy and full moment tensor solutions for events of M≥2:0 recorded in the period > 2016–2019. Hypocenter locations as output from the moment tensor inversion are compared > to locations from the application of other methods and are found similar within > 250 m distance. > Moment tensor results show that the double-couple (DC) solutions are > in accordance with the known structure, namely normal faulting along 50°–70° > dipping faults. Comparison with reprocessed 3D seismic sections, extended to a depth > of 6–7 km, demonstrate that (a) most events occur along faults with a small throw and > (b) reactivated faults in the reservoir often continue downward in the Carboniferous > underburden. From non-DC contributions, the isotropic (ISO) component is dominant and > shows consistent negative values, which is expected in a compacting medium. There is > some indication that events connected to faults with a large throw (> 70 m) exhibit the > largest ISO component (40%–50%). - [Joint Focal Mechanism Inversion Using Downhole and Surface Monitoring at the Decatur, Illinois, CO2 Injection Site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/joint-focal-mechanism-inversion-using-downhole-and-surface-monitoring-at-the-decatur-illinois-co2-injection-site) > Nadege Langet - NORSAR > Bettina Goertz-Allmann - NORSAR > Volker Oye - NORSAR > Robert Bayer > Sherilyn Williams-Stroud > Anna Maria Dichiarante - NORSAR > Sallie E- Greenberg20202020http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200075 > http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/ > The three‐year CO2CO2 injection period at the Illinois Basin ‐ Decatur Project site (Decatur, Illinois, United States) produced a number of microseismic events distributed in very distinct spatiotemporal clusters with different orientations. > Further characterization of the microseismicity encompasses the determination of the event source mechanisms. Initially, the microseismic monitoring network consisted solely of borehole sensors, but has been extended with surface sensors, thereby significantly improving the data coverage over the focal sphere. This article focuses on 23 events from the northernmost microseismic cluster (about 2 km from the injection point) and takes advantage of both, surface and downhole, recordings. The resulting strike‐slip east–west‐oriented focal planes are all consistent with the east–west orientation of the cluster in map view. > The injection‐related increase of pore pressure is far below the formation fracture pressure; however, small stress‐field changes associated with the pore‐pressure increase may reach as far as to the investigated cluster location. Monte Carlo modeling of the slip reactivation potential within this cluster showed that the observed maximum stress‐field orientation of N068° is the optimum orientation for fault reactivation of the east–west‐oriented cluster. > Our results suggest that the east–west orientation of the investigated cluster is the main reason for its activation, even though the cluster is about 2 km away from the low‐pressure injection point. - [Unsupervised learning of transient signals recorded during CO2 injection in a reef reservoir](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/unsupervised-learning-of-transient-signals-recorded-during-co2-injection-in-a-reef-reservoir) > Isamel Vera Rodriguez - NORSAR > Steffen Mæland - NORSAR > Volker Oye - NORSAR > M. Kelley > A. Modroo20202020http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.fb2020029 > http://fb.eage.org/ - [Aseismic deformations perturb the stress state and trigger induced seismicity during injection experiments](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/aseismic-deformations-perturb-the-stress-state-and-trigger-induced-seismicity-during-injection-experiments) > Laure Duboeuf - NORSAR > Lois De Barros > Maria Kakurina > Yves Guglielmi > Frederic Cappa > Benoit Valley20202020http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa515 > http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-540X > Fluid injections can trigger seismicity even on faults that are not optimally oriented for reactivation, suggesting either sufficiently large fluid pressure or local stress perturbations. Understanding how stress field may be perturbed during fluid injections is crucial in assessing the risk of induced seismicity and the efficiency of deep fluid stimulation projects. > Here, we focus on a series of *in situ* decametric experiments of fluid-induced seismicity, performed at 280 m depth in an underground gallery, while synchronously monitoring the fluid pressure and the activated fractures movements. During the injections, seismicity occurred on existing natural fractures and bedding planes that are misoriented to slip relative to the background stress state, which was determined from the joint inversion of downhole fluid pressure and mechanical displacements measured at the injection. We then compare this background stress with the one estimated from the inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms. We find significant differences in the orientation of the stress tensor components, thus highlighting local perturbations. > After discussing the influence of the gallery, the pore pressure variation and the geology, we show that the significant stress perturbations induced by the aseismic deformation (which represents more than 96 per cent of the total deformation) trigger the seismic reactivation of fractures with different orientations. - [Review of seismogenic source models for the Groningen gas reservoir (WP1: Review of the existing NAM seismogenic source model)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/review-of-seismogenic-source-models-for-the-groningen-gas-reservoir-wp1-review-of-the-existing-nam-seismogenic-source-model) > T. Dahm (GFZ), S. Hainzl (GFZ), D. Kühn (NORSAR), V. Oye (NORSAR), G. Richter (GFZ), I. Vera Rodriguez (NORSAR)20202020doi: 10.21348/p.2020.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312707-1634823402/norsar.no/R-D/SodM_seismicity_source_model_review_WP1_final-signed.pdf - [Review of seismogenic source models for the Groningen gas reservoir (WP2: Review of existing alternative approaches and possible knowledge gaps)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/review-of-seismogenic-source-models-for-the-groningen-gas-reservoir-wp2-review-of-existing-alternative-approaches-and-possible-knowledge-gaps) > T. Dahm (GFZ), S. Hainzl (GFZ), D. Kühn (NORSAR), V. Oye (NORSAR), G. Richter (GFZ), I. Vera Rodriguez (NORSAR)20202020doi: 10.21348/p.2020.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312710-1634823405/norsar.no/R-D/SodM_seismicity_source_model_review_WP2_final-signed.pdf - [Assessing data collection methods for the purpose of GMPE calculations at Groningen (KEM 11 Phase 2A)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2020/assessing-data-collection-methods-for-the-purpose-of-gmpe-calculations-at-groningen-kem-11-phase-2a) > J. M. Christensen, B. D. E. Dando, A. M. Dichiarante, F. Ghione, D. Kühn, N. Langet, V. Oye20202020doi: 10.21348/p.2020.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312716-1634823417/norsar.no/R-D/SodM_GMPE_Data_collection_Report_RevisedFinal_02Sep2020-signed.pdf #### [1999](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/) - [Recent developments in connection with the seismic station in Amderma, Russia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/recent-developments-in-connection-with-the-seismic-station-in-amderma-russia) > Asming, A., I. Kuzmin, and F. Ringdal1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311286-1612788138/norsar.no/R-D/4851_Asmin_etal1999.pdf > *Citation:* > Asming, A., I. Kuzmin, and F. Ringdal (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1999/2000, 102-107, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0001 - [The MASI–1999 field experiment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/the-masi-1999-field-experiment) > Schweitzer, J.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311289-1612788271/norsar.no/R-D/4850_Schweitzer1999.pdf > *Citation:* > Schweitzer, J. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1–1999/2000, 91-101, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0002 - [Earthquake location accuracies in Norway based on a comparison between local and regional networks](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/earthquake-location-accuracies-in-norway-based-on-a-comparison-between-local-and-regional-networks) > Hicks, E. / Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317981-1681727695/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4847_Hicks_etal1999.pdf > Citation: > Hicks, E., Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1999, 54-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Location Calibration for the Barents Region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/seismic-location-calibration-for-the-barents-region) > Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317984-1681727700/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4843_Kremenetskaya_etal1999.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V. and Ringdal, F. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1999, 65-77 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Monitoring of the European Arctic Using Regional Generalized Beamforming](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/monitoring-of-the-european-arctic-using-regional-generalized-beamforming) > Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J. / Taylor, L. / Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317987-1681727704/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4844_Kvaerna_etal1999.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Schweitzer, J., Taylor, L. and Ringdal, F. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1999, 78-94 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continuous assessment of upper limit Ms](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/continuous-assessment-of-upper-limit-ms) > Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J. / Taylor, L. / Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317990-1681727706/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4848_Kvaerna_etal1999.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Schweitzer, J., Taylor, L. and Ringdal, F. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1999, 68-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Threshold Monitoring processing parameters for IMS stations BRAR and NVAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/threshold-monitoring-processing-parameters-for-ims-stations-brar-and-nvar) > Kvaerna, T. / Taylor, L.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317993-1681727709/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4849_Kvaerna%2BTaylor1999.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Taylor, L. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1999, 79-90 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1999](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/aarsmelding-1999) > NORSAR1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317996-1681727712/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5174_NORSAR1999.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1999). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Newsletter June 1999](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/norsar-newsletter-june-1999) > NORSAR1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317999-1681727717/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5149_NORSAR1999.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1999). , NORSAR Newsletter -1999, 2 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Observed Characteristics of Regional Seismic Phases and Implications for P/S Discrimination in the Barents/Kara Sea Region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/observed-characteristics-of-regional-seismic-phases-and-implications-for-p-s-discrimination-in-the-barents-kara-sea-region) > Rindal, F. / Kremenetskaya, E.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318002-1681727720/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4846_Rindal%2BKremenetskaya1999.pdf > Citation: > Rindal, F. and Kremenetskaya, E. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1999, 107-121 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318005-1681727723/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4412_Ringdal1999.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1999). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318008-1681727731/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4413_Ringdal1999.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1999). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Recommendations for Seismic Event Location Calibration Development](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/recommendations-for-seismic-event-location-calibration-development) > Ringdal, F.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318011-1681727742/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4842_Ringdal1999.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1999, 54-64 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Global Seismic Threshold Monitoring: Internet Access and Examples of Results](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/global-seismic-threshold-monitoring-internet-access-and-examples-of-results) > Taylor, L. / Kvaerna, T.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318014-1681727744/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4845_Taylor%2BKvaerna1999.pdf > Citation: > Taylor, L. and Kvaerna, T. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1999, 95-106 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Eurobridge -- ground truth observations at the Fennoscandian arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1999/eurobridge-ground-truth-observations-at-the-fennoscandian-arrays) > Taylor, L. / Schweitzer, J. / Kvaerna, T.1999doi: 10.21348/p.1999.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318017-1681727750/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4852_Taylor_etal1999.pdf > Citation: > Taylor, L., Schweitzer, J. and Kvaerna, T. (1999). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1999, 108-121 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1999.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1980](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/) - [A microearthquake survey of the Svalbard region. Final Report, Phase I](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/a-microearthquake-survey-of-the-svalbard-region-final-report-phase-i) > Bungum, H., and Y. Kristoffersen1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311020-1611733824/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4583_Bungum%2BKristoffersen1980.pdf > *Citation:* > Bungum, H., and Y. Kristoffersen (1980). , NORSAR Technical Report, 1-80, 1-28, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0001 - [Automated Arrival Time Determination for Local and Regional P and S Waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/automated-arrival-time-determination-for-local-and-regional-p-and-s-waves) > Bungum, H.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317036-1681726219/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4580_Bungum1980.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 59-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Seismicity of the Stiegler's Gorge Area, Tanzania](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/the-seismicity-of-the-stiegler-s-gorge-area-tanzania) > Bungum, H.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317039-1681726222/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4584_Bungum1980.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1980). The Seismicity of the Stiegler{\textquoteright}s Gorge Area, Tanzania , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 88-92 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Earthquake Spectrum Scaling Law -- Source Parameters for the Meloey Earthquakes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/earthquake-spectrum-scaling-law-source-parameters-for-the-meloey-earthquakes) > Bungum, H. / Vaage, S. / Husebye, E. S.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317042-1681726224/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4585_Bungum_etal1980.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Vaage, S. and Husebye, E. S. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 93-98 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Effect of a Second-Order Velocity Discontinuity on Elastic Waves Near their Turning Point](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/the-effect-of-a-second-order-velocity-discontinuity-on-elastic-waves-near-their-turning-point) > Doornbos, D.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317045-1681726227/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4588_Doornbos1980.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1980, 43-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Mapping of Upper Mantle Heterogeneities](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/mapping-of-upper-mantle-heterogeneities) > Hovland, J. / Gubbins, D. / Husebye, E. S.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317048-1681726229/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4581_Hovland_etal1980.pdf > Citation: > Hovland, J., Gubbins, D. and Husebye, E. S. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 62-75 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A New Refraction Seismic Profile in the North Sea/Southern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/a-new-refraction-seismic-profile-in-the-north-sea-southern-norway) > Mykkeltveit, S.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317051-1681726232/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4587_Mykkeltveit1980.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1980, 37-42 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Structural Complexities in Ancient Mountain Ranges](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/structural-complexities-in-ancient-mountain-ranges) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Husebye, E. S.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317054-1681726235/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4582_Mykkeltveit%2BHusebye1980.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Husebye, E. S. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 76-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Further Development of the NORESS Small-Aperture Array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/further-development-of-the-noress-small-aperture-array) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317057-1681726239/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4586_Mykkeltveit%2BRingdal1980.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Ringdal, F. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1980, 33-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Experimental Small Subarray within the NORSAR array: Crustal Phase Velocities and Azimuths from Local and Regional Events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/an-experimental-small-subarray-within-the-norsar-array-crustal-phase-velocities-and-azimuths-from-local-and-regional-events) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F. / Bungum, H.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317060-1681726243/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4578_Mykkeltveit_etal1980.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Ringdal, F. and Bungum, H. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 34-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/semiannual-technical-summary) > Nilsen, A. K.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317063-1681726248/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4374_Nilsen1980.pdf > Citation: > Nilsen, A. K. (1980). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Nilsen, A. K.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317066-1681726262/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4375_Nilsen1980.pdf > Citation: > Nilsen, A. K. (1980). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Experimental Small Subarray within the NORSAR Array: Location of Local and Regional Events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1980/an-experimental-small-subarray-within-the-norsar-array-location-of-local-and-regional-events) > Ringdal, F. / Mykkeltveit, S.1980doi: 10.21348/p.1980.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317069-1681726269/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4579_Ringdal%2BMykkeltveit1980.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1980). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1980, 48-58 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1980.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2010](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/) - [Local seismicity on and near Bear Island (Norwegian Arctic) from a temporary small aperture array installation in 2008](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/local-seismicity-on-and-near-bear-island-norwegian-arctic-from-a-temporary-small-aperture-array-installation-in-2008) > Händel, H., J. Schweitzer, and F. Krüger2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311418-1613127961/norsar.no/R-D/4955_HAndel_etal2010.pdf > Citation: > Händel, H., J. Schweitzer, and F. Krüger (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2–2010, 55-64, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0001 - [A New Source of Seismo-Acoustic Events for the Study of Infrasound Propagation over Regional Distances](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/a-new-source-of-seismo-acoustic-events-for-the-study-of-infrasound-propagation-over-regional-distances) > Gibbons, S. J.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318371-1681728250/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4949_Gibbons2010.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2010, 44-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Monitoring of the North Korea Nuclear Test Site Using Multi-Channel Waveform Correlation on the Matsushiro Array (MJAR) in Japan](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/seismic-monitoring-of-the-north-korea-nuclear-test-site-using-multi-channel-waveform-correlation-on-the-matsushiro-array-mjar-in-japan) > Gibbons, S. J.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318374-1681728252/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4953_Gibbons2010.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2010, 37-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A probabilistic seismic model for the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/a-probabilistic-seismic-model-for-the-european-arctic) > Hauser, J. / Dyer, K. M. / Pasyanos, M. E. / Bungum, H. / Faleide, J. I. / Clark, S. A. / Schweitzer, J.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318377-1681728256/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4954_Hauser_etal2010.pdf > Citation: > Hauser, J., Dyer, K. M., Pasyanos, M. E., Bungum, H., Faleide, J. I., Clark, S. A. and Schweitzer, J. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2010, 49-54 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Infrasound signals from recent rocket launches in the White Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/infrasound-signals-from-recent-rocket-launches-in-the-white-sea) > Kvaerna, T.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318380-1681728260/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4948_Kvaerna2010.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2010, 35-43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic event in the eastern Barents Sea, 11 November 2009](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/seismic-event-in-the-eastern-barents-sea-11-november-2009) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318383-1681728262/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4947_Kvaerna%2BRingdal2010.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2010, 26-34 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 2010](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/aarsmelding-2010) > NORSAR2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318386-1681728264/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5139_NORSAR2010.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2010). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Location of the NDC Preparedness Exercise 2009 event with the use of near-regional data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/location-of-the-ndc-preparedness-exercise-2009-event-with-the-use-of-near-regional-data) > Pirli, M. / Schweitzer, J.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318389-1681728269/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4950_Pirli%2BSchweitzer2010.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. and Schweitzer, J. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2010, 52-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continued overview of array and station system responses contributing to NORSAR's Data Center](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/continued-overview-of-array-and-station-system-responses-contributing-to-norsar-s-data-center) > Pirli, M. / Schweitzer, J.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318392-1681728272/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4951_Pirli%2BSchweitzer2010.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. and Schweitzer, J. (2010). Continued overview of array and station system responses contributing to NORSAR{\textquoteright}s Data Center , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2010, 62-77 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318395-1681728276/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4433_Ringdal2010.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2010). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318398-1681728282/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4434_Ringdal2010.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2010). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Basic research on seismic and infrasonic monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2010/basic-research-on-seismic-and-infrasonic-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic) > Ringdal, F. / Tvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Gibbons, S. J. / Schweitzer, J.2010doi: 10.21348/p.2010.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318401-1681728292/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4952_Ringdal_etal2010.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Tvaerna, T., Mykkeltveit, S., Gibbons, S. J. and Schweitzer, J. (2010). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2010, 24-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2010.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2005](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/) - [Data from deployment of temporary seismic stations in northern Norway and Finland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/data-from-deployment-of-temporary-seismic-stations-in-northern-norway-and-finland) > Maercklin, N., S. Mykkeltveit, J. Schweitzer, D. Rock, and D. B. Harris2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311409-1613124892/norsar.no/R-D/4909_Maercklin_etal2005.pdf > Citation: > Maercklin, N., S. Mykkeltveit, J. Schweitzer, D. Rock, and D. B. Harris (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1–2005, 77-85, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0001 - [The detection of rockbursts at the Barentsburg coal mine, Spitsbergen, using waveform correlation on SPITS array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/the-detection-of-rockbursts-at-the-barentsburg-coal-mine-spitsbergen-using-waveform-correlation-on-spits-array-data) > Gibbons, S. J. / Ringdal, F.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318212-1681728031/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4906_Gibbons%2BRingdal2005.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. and Ringdal, F. (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2005, 35-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detecting the aftershock of the 16 August 1997 Kara Sea event by waveform correlation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/detecting-the-aftershock-of-the-16-august-1997-kara-sea-event-by-waveform-correlation) > Gibbons, S. J. / Ringdal, F.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318215-1681728034/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4911_Gibbons%2BRingdal2005.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. and Ringdal, F. (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2005, 24-31 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Automatic real-time detection and processing of regional seismic phases on the wide-aperture NORSAR array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/automatic-real-time-detection-and-processing-of-regional-seismic-phases-on-the-wide-aperture-norsar-array) > Gibbons, S. J. / Ringdal, F.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318218-1681728040/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4912_Gibbons%2BRingdal2005.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. and Ringdal, F. (2005). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Spectral characteristics of signals and noise at selected IMS stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/spectral-characteristics-of-signals-and-noise-at-selected-ims-stations) > Kvaerna, T. / Baadshaug, U.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318221-1681728044/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4907_Kvaerna%2BBaadshaug2005.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Baadshaug, U. (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2005, 49-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Surface Wave Tomography for the Barents Sea and Surrounding Regions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/surface-wave-tomography-for-the-barents-sea-and-surrounding-regions) > Levshin, A. / Weidle, C. / Schweitzer, J.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318224-1681728051/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4913_Levshin_etal2005.pdf > Citation: > Levshin, A., Weidle, C. and Schweitzer, J. (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2005, 37-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Sumatra Mw=9.0 earthquake as a high-end test of NORSAR's processing capability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/the-sumatra-mw-9-0-earthquake-as-a-high-end-test-of-norsar-s-processing-capability) > Lindholm, C. / Ringdal, F. / Fyen, J.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318227-1681728056/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4910_Lindholm_etal2005.pdf > Citation: > Lindholm, C., Ringdal, F. and Fyen, J. (2005). The Sumatra Mw=9.0 earthquake as a high-end test of NORSAR{\textquoteright}s processing capability , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2005, 86-93 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Aarsmelding 2005](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/norsar-aarsmelding-2005) > NORSAR2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318230-1681728062/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5180_NORSAR2005.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2005). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318233-1681728068/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4423_Ringdal2005.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2005). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318236-1681728074/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4424_Ringdal2005.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2005). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Combined seismic/infrasonic processing: A case study of explosions in NW Russia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/combined-seismic-infrasonic-processing-a-case-study-of-explosions-in-nw-russia) > Ringdal, F. / Schweitzer, J.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318239-1681728079/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4914_Ringdal%2BSchweitzer2005.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Schweitzer, J. (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2005, 49-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The 7 April 2004 Flisa, Southern Norway earthquake sequence -- eight hypocenter determinations and one focal mechanism](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2005/the-7-april-2004-flisa-southern-norway-earthquake-sequence-eight-hypocenter-determinations-and-one-focal-mechanism) > Schweitzer, J.2005doi: 10.21348/p.2005.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318242-1681728082/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4908_Schweitzer2005.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2005). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2005, 62-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2005.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1991](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/) - [Extensions of the Northern Europe Regional Array Network – a new three-component station at Apatity, USSR, and a planned array at Spitsbergen](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/extensions-of-the-northern-europe-regional-array-network-a-new-three-component-station-at-apatity-ussr-and-a-planned-array-at-spitsbergen) > Mykkeltveit, S., A. Dahle, J. Fyen, T. Kværna, P. W. Larsen, R. Paulsen, F. Ringdal, and E. O. Kremenetskaya1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311274-1612786686/norsar.no/R-D/4745_Mykkeltveit_etal1991.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., A. Dahle, J. Fyen, T. Kværna, P. W. Larsen, R. Paulsen, F. Ringdal, and E. O. Kremenetskaya (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-91/92, 100-111, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0001 - [A 2-dimensional finite difference approach to modeling seismic wave propagation in the crust](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/a-2-dimensional-finite-difference-approach-to-modeling-seismic-wave-propagation-in-the-crust) > Hestholm, S. / Rosland, B. / Ruud, B. O. / Husebye, E. S.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317606-1681727096/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4738_Hestholm_etal1991.pdf > Citation: > Hestholm, S., Rosl,, B., Ruud, B. O. and Husebye, E. S. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 104-115 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Crustal thicknesses in Fennoscandia -- An overview](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/crustal-thicknesses-in-fennoscandia-an-overview) > Husebye, E. S. / Kinck, J. J. / Larsson, F. R.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317609-1681727100/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4739_Husebye_etal1991.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Kinck, J. J. and Larsson, F. R. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 116-130 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A new ML scheme for 3-component slowness estimation which incorporates the crustal transfer function](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/a-new-ml-scheme-for-3-component-slowness-estimation-which-incorporates-the-crustal-transfer-function) > Husebye, E. S. / Ruud, B. O. / Lokshtanov, D. E.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317612-1681727104/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4743_Husebye_etal1991.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Ruud, B. O. and Lokshtanov, D. E. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1991, 74-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Contemporary seismicity of the NW part of the USSR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/contemporary-seismicity-of-the-nw-part-of-the-ussr) > Kremenetskaya, E. O.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317615-1681727107/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4748_Kremenetskaya1991.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E. O. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1991, 134-145 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Multichannel statistical data processing algorithms in the framework of the NORSAR event processing program package](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/multichannel-statistical-data-processing-algorithms-in-the-framework-of-the-norsar-event-processing-program-package) > Kushnir, A. F. / Fyen, J. / Kvaerna, T.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317618-1681727110/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4737_Kushnir_etal1991.pdf > Citation: > Kushnir, A. F., Fyen, J. and Kvaerna, T. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 82-93 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Statistical optimization of seismic holography algorithms for array data processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/statistical-optimization-of-seismic-holography-algorithms-for-array-data-processing) > Kushnir, A. F. / Gulko, E. A.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317621-1681727113/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4742_Kushnir%2BGulko1991.pdf > Citation: > Kushnir, A. F. and Gulko, E. A. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1991, 62-73 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial development of generic relations for regional threshold monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/initial-development-of-generic-relations-for-regional-threshold-monitoring) > Kvaerna, T.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317624-1681727116/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4740_Kvaerna1991.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 131-158 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial testing of mixed event separation using a statistically optimal adaptive algorithm.](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/initial-testing-of-mixed-event-separation-using-a-statistically-optimal-adaptive-algorithm) > Kvaerna, T. / Kushnir, A.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317627-1681727121/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4746_Kvaerna%2BKushnir1991.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Kushnir, A. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1991, Kjeller > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Threshold monitoring of Novaya Zemlya: A scaling experiment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/threshold-monitoring-of-novaya-zemlya-a-scaling-experiment) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317630-1681727124/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4735_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1991.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 68-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Current status of development of the regional network associated with the NORSAR Data Processing Center](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/current-status-of-development-of-the-regional-network-associated-with-the-norsar-data-processing-center) > Mykkeltveit, S.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317633-1681727128/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4736_Mykkeltveit1991.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 77-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317636-1681727133/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4396_1991.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1991). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > NORSAR1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317639-1681727145/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4397_1991.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1991). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On-line detection using adaptive statistically optimal algorithms](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/on-line-detection-using-adaptive-statistically-optimal-algorithms) > Pinsky, V. / Tsang, S. / Fyen, J.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317642-1681727163/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4744_Pinsky_etal1991.pdf > Citation: > Pinsky, V., Tsang, S. and Fyen, J. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1991, 82-99 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Regional detection performance during GSETT-2: Initial results for the Fennoscandian array network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/regional-detection-performance-during-gsett-2-initial-results-for-the-fennoscandian-array-network) > Ringdal, F.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317645-1681727166/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4747_Ringdal1991.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1991, 127-133 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [RMS Lg analysis of Novaya Zemlya explosion recordings](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/rms-lg-analysis-of-novaya-zemlya-explosion-recordings) > Ringdal, F. / Fyen, J.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317648-1681727169/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4734_Ringdal%2BFyen1991.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Fyen, J. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 53-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continuous threshold monitoring using regional threshold displays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1991/continuous-threshold-monitoring-using-regional-threshold-displays) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.1991doi: 10.21348/p.1991.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317651-1681727172/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4741_Ringdal%2BKvaerna1991.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (1991). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1991, 159-164 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1991.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1992](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/) - [Extensions of the Northern Europe Regional Array Network – New small-aperture arrays at Apatity, Russia, and on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/extensions-of-the-northern-europe-regional-array-network-new-small-aperture-arrays-at-apatity-russia-and-on-the-arctic-island-of-spitsbergen) > Mykkeltveit, S., A. Dahle, J. Fyen, T. Kværna, P. W. Larsen, R. Paulsen, F. Ringdal, and I. Kuzmin1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311277-1612787394/norsar.no/R-D/4758_Mykkeltveit_etal1992.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., A. Dahle, J. Fyen, T. Kværna, P. W. Larsen, R. Paulsen, F. Ringdal, and I. Kuzmin (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-92/93, 58-71, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0001 - [Distribution in slowness space of regional array detections](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/distribution-in-slowness-space-of-regional-array-detections) > Fyen, J.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317654-1681727175/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4754_Fyen1992.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 122-128 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Correlation between temperature and number of detections](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/correlation-between-temperature-and-number-of-detections) > Fyen, J. / Hansvold, K.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317657-1681727177/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4757_Fyen%2BHansvold1992.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Hansvold, K. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 148-152 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Induced seismicity in the Khibiny Massif (Kola Peninsula)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/induced-seismicity-in-the-khibiny-massif-kola-peninsula) > Kremenetskaya, E. O. / Trjapitsin, V. M.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317660-1681727180/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4764_Kremenetskaya%2BTrjapitsin1992.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E. O. and Trjapitsin, V. M. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1992, 125-132 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Automatic phase association and event location using data from a network of seismic microarrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/automatic-phase-association-and-event-location-using-data-from-a-network-of-seismic-microarrays) > Kvaerna, T.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317663-1681727182/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4753_Kvaerna1992.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 96-121 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continuous seismic threshold monitoring of the northern Novaya Zemlya test site; long-term operational characteristics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/continuous-seismic-threshold-monitoring-of-the-northern-novaya-zemlya-test-site-long-term-operational-characteristics) > Kvaerna, T.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317666-1681727187/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4756_Kvaerna1992.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 134-147 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Two techniques for constructing a uniform grid system covering the Earth's surface](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/two-techniques-for-constructing-a-uniform-grid-system-covering-the-earth-s-surface) > Kvaerna, T.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317669-1681727190/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4761_Kvaerna1992.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1992). Two techniques for constructing a uniform grid system covering the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1992, 97-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results from global Generalized Beamforming](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/initial-results-from-global-generalized-beamforming) > Kvaerna, T.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317672-1681727194/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4762_Kvaerna1992.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1992, 103-119 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On the use of regionalized wave propagation characteristics in automatic global phase association](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/on-the-use-of-regionalized-wave-propagation-characteristics-in-automatic-global-phase-association) > Kvaerna, T. / Baadshaug, U.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317675-1681727198/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4760_Kvaerna%2BBaadshaug1992.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Baadshaug, U. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1992, 86-96 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Regional detection and location performance during GSETT-2: Initial results for the Fennoscandian array network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/regional-detection-and-location-performance-during-gsett-2-initial-results-for-the-fennoscandian-array-network) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Uski, M.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317678-1681727202/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4750_Mykkeltveit%2BUski1992.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Uski, M. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 67-79 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317681-1681727207/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4398_1992.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1992). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > NORSAR1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317684-1681727228/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4399_1992.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1992). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Travel time corrections for a 3-D velocity model beneath the NORSAR array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/travel-time-corrections-for-a-3-d-velocity-model-beneath-the-norsar-array) > Odegaard, E.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317687-1681727238/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4752_Odegaard1992.pdf > Citation: > Odegaard, E. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 87-95 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORAC: A new array controller](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/norac-a-new-array-controller) > Paulsen, R.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317690-1681727241/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4755_Paulsen1992.pdf > Citation: > Paulsen, R. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 129-133 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial processing results from the Apatity small-aperture array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/initial-processing-results-from-the-apatity-small-aperture-array) > Ringal, F. / Fyen, J.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317693-1681727243/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4759_Ringal%2BFyen1992.pdf > Citation: > Ringal, F. and Fyen, J. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1992, 72-85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [GSETT-2 Evaluation: Detection of aftershocks from the W. Caucasus earthquake of 29 April 1991](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/gsett-2-evaluation-detection-of-aftershocks-from-the-w-caucasus-earthquake-of-29-april-1991) > Ringdal, F.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317696-1681727247/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4751_Ringdal1992.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 80-86 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Global event detection performance during GSETT-2](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/global-event-detection-performance-during-gsett-2) > Ringdal, F. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Baadshaug, U.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317699-1681727250/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4749_Ringdal_etal1992.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Mykkeltveit, S. and Baadshaug, U. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1992, 37-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Ukrainian event of 16 September 1979](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1992/the-ukrainian-event-of-16-september-1979) > Ringdal, F. / Richards, P. G.1992doi: 10.21348/p.1992.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317702-1681727252/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4763_Ringdal%2BRichards1992.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Richards, P. G. (1992). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1992, 120-124 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1992.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2013](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/) - [NORSAR System Responses Manual, NORSAR, Kjeller, 3rd ed., 304 pp. + V Appendices](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/norsar-system-responses-manual-norsar-kjeller-3rd-ed-304-pp-v-appendices) > Pirli, M.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311433-1613128949/norsar.no/R-D/NORSAR_Responses_Manual_Ed3_301013.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. (2013). , https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0001 - [Seismological Research Related to Geophysical Processes in the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/seismological-research-related-to-geophysical-processes-in-the-european-arctic) > Antonovskaya, D. / Konechnaya, Y. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J. / Pirli, M. / Ringdal, F.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318443-1681728347/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4981_Antonovskaya_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Antonovskaya, D., Konechnaya, Y., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaerna, T., Schweitzer, J., Pirli, M. and Ringdal, F. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2013, 75-85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave Polarization and FK Analysis of NORSAR Array Data to Investigate Local Anisotropy and Lateral Heterogeneity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/p-wave-polarization-and-fk-analysis-of-norsar-array-data-to-investigate-local-anisotropy-and-lateral-heterogeneity) > Cristiano, L. / Schweitzer, J. / Meier, T.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318446-1681728350/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4979_Cristiano_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Cristiano, L., Schweitzer, J. and Meier, T. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2013, 57-63 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detection and Location of the February 12, 2013, Announced Nuclear Test in North Korea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/detection-and-location-of-the-february-12-2013-announced-nuclear-test-in-north-korea) > Gibbons, S. J.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318449-1681728352/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4971_Gibbons2013.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2013, 26-35 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Examination of the Storfjorden Aftershock Sequence Using an Autonomous Event Detection and Grouping Framework: Preliminary Results](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/examination-of-the-storfjorden-aftershock-sequence-using-an-autonomous-event-detection-and-grouping-framework-preliminary-results) > Junek, W. N. / Kvaerna, T. / Pirli, M. / Harris, D. B. / Schweitzer, J. / Woods, M. T.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318452-1681728356/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4978_Junek_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Junek, W. N., Kvaerna, T., Pirli, M., Harris, D. B., Schweitzer, J. and Woods, M. T. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2013, 49-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/semiannual-technical-summary) > Kvaerna, T.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318455-1681728359/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4970_Kvaerna2013.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2013). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Kvaerna, T.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318458-1681728364/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4976_Kvaerna2013.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2013). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Ural Mountains Event on 24 December 2012](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/the-ural-mountains-event-on-24-december-2012) > Kvaerna, T. / Antonovskaya, G. / Konechnaya, Y. / Asming, V.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318461-1681728368/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4973_Kvaerna_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Y. and Asming, V. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2013, 50-58 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detection Capability of the Seismic Station TROLL in Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/detection-capability-of-the-seismic-station-troll-in-antarctica) > Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J. / Pirli, M. / Roth, M.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318464-1681728371/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4980_Kvaerna_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Schweitzer, J., Pirli, M. and Roth, M. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2013, 64-74 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Application of Coda Envelopes for Estimation of Stable Event Magnitudes in Southern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/an-application-of-coda-envelopes-for-estimation-of-stable-event-magnitudes-in-southern-norway) > Labonne, C. / Kvaerna, T. / Roth, M.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318467-1681728373/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4977_Labonne_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Labonne, C., Kvaerna, T. and Roth, M. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2013, 29-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Classifying Seismic Signals at Small-Aperture Arrays via Stochastic Modeling of F-K Image Sequences](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/classifying-seismic-signals-at-small-aperture-arrays-via-stochastic-modeling-of-f-k-image-sequences) > Ohrnberger, M. / Hammer, C. / Giannotis, N. / Schweitzer, J.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318470-1681728376/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4975_Ohrnberger_etal2013.pdf > Citation: > Ohrnberger, M., Hammer, C., Giannotis, N. and Schweitzer, J. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2013, 67-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Responses of the Infrasound Channels of ARCES and NORES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/responses-of-the-infrasound-channels-of-arces-and-nores) > Roth, M. / Pirli, M.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318473-1681728378/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4974_Roth%2BPirli2013.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M. and Pirli, M. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2013, 59-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Automatic Parameter Extraction for Three-Component Observations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2013/automatic-parameter-extraction-for-three-component-observations) > Schweitzer, J.2013doi: 10.21348/p.2013.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318476-1681728380/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4972_Schweitzer2013.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2013). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2013, 36-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2013.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2011](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/) - [The International Polar Year (IPY) broadband ocean-bottom seismograph deployment: observations, limitations and integration with the IPY land network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/the-international-polar-year-ipy-broadband-ocean-bottom-seismograph-deployment-observations-limitations-and-integration-with-the-ipy-land-network) > Pirli, M., J. Schweitzer, and the IPY Project Consortium2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311421-1613128201/norsar.no/R-D/4964_Pirli%2BSchweitzer2011.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M., J. Schweitzer, and the IPY Project Consortium (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2011, 51–64. https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0001 - [Test of new hybrid seismometers at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/test-of-new-hybrid-seismometers-at-norsar) > Roth, M., J. Fyen, P. W. Larsen, and J. Schweitzer2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311424-1613128427/norsar.no/R-D/4959_Roth_etal2011.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M., J. Fyen, P. W. Larsen, and J. Schweitzer (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1–2011, 61-71, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0002 - [Installation of the seismic broadband station in Barentsburg, Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/installation-of-the-seismic-broadband-station-in-barentsburg-svalbard) > Roth, M., M. Pirli, J. Schweitzer, and E. Kremenetskaya2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311427-1613128637/norsar.no/R-D/4958_Roth_etal2011.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M., M. Pirli, J. Schweitzer, and E. Kremenetskaya (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report, 1–2011, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0003 - [The Novaya Zemlya event on 11 October 2010](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/the-novaya-zemlya-event-on-11-october-2010) > Kvaerna, T. / Gibbons, S. J.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318404-1681728297/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4962_Kvaerna%2BGibbons2011.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Gibbons, S. J. (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2011, 36-43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of body-wave magnitudes calculated at the IDC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/study-of-body-wave-magnitudes-calculated-at-the-idc) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318407-1681728302/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4956_Kvaerna%2BRingdal2011.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2011, 25-42 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Application of detection probabilities in the IDC global phase association process](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/application-of-detection-probabilities-in-the-idc-global-phase-association-process) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Given, J.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318410-1681728305/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4961_Kvaerna_etal2011.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F. and Given, J. (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2011, 24-35 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Arsmelding 2011](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/arsmelding-2011) > NORSAR2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318413-1681728308/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5140_NORSAR2011.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2011). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Late stages of the Storfjorden, Svalbard, aftershock sequence](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/late-stages-of-the-storfjorden-svalbard-aftershock-sequence) > Pirli, M. / Paulsen, B. / Schweitzer, J.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318416-1681728312/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4957_Pirli_etal2011.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M., Paulsen, B. and Schweitzer, J. (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2011, 43-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318419-1681728314/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4435_Ringdal2011.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2011). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318422-1681728317/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4960_Ringdal2011.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2011). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The 21 July 2011 earthquake in Hedmark, Southern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2011/the-21-july-2011-earthquake-in-hedmark-southern-norway) > Schweitzer, J.2011doi: 10.21348/p.2011.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318425-1681728321/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4963_Schweitzer2011.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2011). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2011, 44-50 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2011.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2003](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/) - [Upgrading the ARCES (PS 28) on-line data processing system](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/upgrading-the-arces-ps-28-on-line-data-processing-system) > Schweitzer, J.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311400-1613123973/norsar.no/R-D/4884_Schweitzer2003.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report, 1-2003, 33-44, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0001 - [Seismic events associated with the Barentsburg mining accident on 7 June 2003](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/seismic-events-associated-with-the-barentsburg-mining-accident-on-7-june-2003) > Kværna, T., J. Schweitzer, F. Ringdal, V. Asming, and E. Kremenetskaya2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311403-1613124193/norsar.no/R-D/4893_Kvaerna_etal2003.pdf > Citation: > Kværna, T., J. Schweitzer, F. Ringdal, V. Asming, and E. Kremenetskaya (2003): , NORSAR Sci. Rep. 2-2003, 77-86, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0002 - [Energy partitioning for seismic events in Fennoscandia and NW Russia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/energy-partitioning-for-seismic-events-in-fennoscandia-and-nw-russia) > Bungum, H. / Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Roth, M. / Astebol, K. / Harris, D. B. / Larsen, S.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318134-1681727921/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4891_Bungum_etal2003.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Kvaerna, T., Mykkeltveit, S., Roth, M., Astebol, K., Harris, D. B. and Larsen, S. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2003, 50-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Single array analysis and processing of events from the Kovdor mine, Kola, NW Russia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/single-array-analysis-and-processing-of-events-from-the-kovdor-mine-kola-nw-russia) > Gibbons, S. J. / Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318137-1681727925/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4885_Gibbons_etal2003.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J., Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2003, 44-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Processing of regional phases using the large aperture NOA array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/processing-of-regional-phases-using-the-large-aperture-noa-array) > Gibbons, S. J. / Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318140-1681727930/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4892_Gibbons_etal2003.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J., Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2003, 62-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Threshold Monitoring of the Mines in the Kola Region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/threshold-monitoring-of-the-mines-in-the-kola-region) > Kvaerna, T.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318143-1681727935/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4888_Kvaerna2003.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2003, 78-88 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Site-specific GBF monitoring of the Novaya Zemlya test site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/site-specific-gbf-monitoring-of-the-novaya-zemlya-test-site) > Kvaerna, T. / Hicks, E. Ringdal2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318146-1681727939/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4886_Kvaerna%2BHicks2003.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Hicks, E. Ringdal (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2003, 56-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Aarsmelding 2003](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/norsar-aarsmelding-2003) > Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318149-1681727941/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5178_Ringdal2003.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2003). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318152-1681727948/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4419_Ringdal2003.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2003). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318155-1681727953/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4420_Ringdal2003.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2003). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Event Location Calibration](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/seismic-event-location-calibration) > Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318158-1681727960/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4889_Ringdal2003.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2003, 30-37 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Research in regional seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/research-in-regional-seismic-monitoring) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Gibbons, S. J. / Schweitzer, J.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318161-1681727963/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4890_Ringdal_etal2003.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Mykkeltveit, S., Gibbons, S. J. and Schweitzer, J. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2003, 38-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Body-Wave Magnitude Residuals of IMS Stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/body-wave-magnitude-residuals-of-ims-stations) > Schweitzer, J.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318164-1681727965/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4894_Schweitzer2003.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2003, 87-96 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR's event warning system (NEWS)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/norsar-s-event-warning-system-news) > Schweitzer, Johannes2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318167-1681727969/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5500_Schweitzer2003.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, Johannes (2003). NORSAR{\textquoteright}s event warning system (NEWS) , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2003, 33-43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of infrasound data recorded at the Apatity array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2003/analysis-of-infrasound-data-recorded-at-the-apatity-array) > Vinogradov, Y. / Ringdal, F.2003doi: 10.21348/p.2003.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318170-1681727972/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4887_Vinogradov%2BRingdal2003.pdf > Citation: > Vinogradov, Y. and Ringdal, F. (2003). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2003, 68-77 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2003.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2006](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/) - [Improvements to SPITS regional S-phase detection; coherent beamforming of rotated horizontal components](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/improvements-to-spits-regional-s-phase-detection-coherent-beamforming-of-rotated-horizontal-components) > Schweitzer, J., and T. Kværna2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311412-1613125339/norsar.no/R-D/4922_Schweitzer%2BKvaerna2006.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J., and T. Kværna (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2–2006, 47-58, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0001 - [The exploitation of repeating seismic events to measure and correct erroneous timing at the KBS station, Spitsbergen, during February and March 2006](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/the-exploitation-of-repeating-seismic-events-to-measure-and-correct-erroneous-timing-at-the-kbs-station-spitsbergen-during-february-and-march-2006) > Gibbons, S. J.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318245-1681728084/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4923_Gibbons2006.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2006, 59-74 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Moment tensor (MT) inversion for regional events in Fennoscandia and adjacent areas](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/moment-tensor-mt-inversion-for-regional-events-in-fennoscandia-and-adjacent-areas) > Kuhn, D. / Schweitzer, J.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318248-1681728087/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4919_Kuhn%2BSchweitzer2006.pdf > Citation: > Kuhn, D. and Schweitzer, J. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2006, 69-85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Surface Wave Tomography for the Barents Sea and Surrounding Regions -- Part II](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/surface-wave-tomography-for-the-barents-sea-and-surrounding-regions-part-ii) > Levshin, A. / Schweitzer, J. / Weidle, C. / Shapiro, N. / Maercklin, N. / Ritzwoller, M.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318251-1681728090/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4916_Levshin_etal2006.pdf > Citation: > Levshin, A., Schweitzer, J., Weidle, C., Shapiro, N., Maercklin, N. and Ritzwoller, M. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2006, 36-41 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Aarsmelding 2006](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/norsar-aarsmelding-2006) > NORSAR2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318254-1681728093/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5181_NORSAR2006.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2006). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318257-1681728099/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4425_Ringdal2006.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2006). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318260-1681728105/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4426_Ringdal2006.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2006). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Research in regional seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/research-in-regional-seismic-monitoring) > Ringdal, F. / Gibbons, S. J. / Kvaerna, T. / Asming, V. / Vinogradov, Y. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Schweitzer, J.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318263-1681728111/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4915_Ringdal_etal2006.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Gibbons, S. J., Kvaerna, T., Asming, V., Vinogradov, Y., Mykkeltveit, S. and Schweitzer, J. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2006, 25-35 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Processing of low-magnitude seismic events near Novaya Zemlya](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/processing-of-low-magnitude-seismic-events-near-novaya-zemlya) > Ringdal, F. / Gibbons, S. J.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318266-1681728116/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4920_Ringdal%2BGibbons2006.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Gibbons, S. J. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2006, 24-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic/Infrasonic Processing: Case Study of explosions in north Finland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/seismic-infrasonic-processing-case-study-of-explosions-in-north-finland) > Ringdal, F. / Gobbins, S. J.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318269-1681728120/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4918_Ringdal%2BGobbins2006.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Gobbins, S. J. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2006, 54-68 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Infrasound observations of two recent meteor impacts in Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/infrasound-observations-of-two-recent-meteor-impacts-in-norway) > Schweitzer, J. / Kvaerna, T.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318272-1681728124/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4921_Schweitzer%2BKvaerna2006.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. and Kvaerna, T. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2006, 37-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Infrasound data processing using Apatity and ARCES array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2006/infrasound-data-processing-using-apatity-and-arces-array-data) > Schweitzer, J. / Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Asming, V. / Vinogradov, Y.2006doi: 10.21348/p.2006.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318275-1681728126/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4917_Schweitzer_etal2006.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T., Asming, V. and Vinogradov, Y. (2006). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2006, 42-53 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2006.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1998](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/) - [The Indian nuclear explosions of 11 and 13 May 1998](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/the-indian-nuclear-explosions-of-11-and-13-may-1998) > Schweitzer, J., F. Ringdal, and J. Fyen1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311283-1612787922/norsar.no/R-D/4832_Schweitzer_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J., F. Ringdal, and J. Fyen (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2–97/98, 121–130, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0001 - [Tuning the automatic data processing for the Spitsbergen array (SPITS)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/tuning-the-automatic-data-processing-for-the-spitsbergen-array-spits) > Schweitzer, J.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311436-1613129540/norsar.no/R-D/4839_Schweitzer1998.pdf > Citation: > , NORSAR Sci. Rep. 1–1998/1999, 110-125, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0002 - [Monitoring seismic events in the Barents/Kara Sea region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/monitoring-seismic-events-in-the-barents-kara-sea-region) > Asming, V. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Ringdal, F.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317936-1681727628/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4831_Asming_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Asming, V., Kremenetskaya, E. and Ringdal, F. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1998, 106-120 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Status Report: Norway's participation in GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/status-report-norway-s-participation-in-gsett-3) > Baadshaug, U. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Fyen, J.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317939-1681727631/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4834_Baadshaug_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Baadshaug, U., Mykkeltveit, S. and Fyen, J. (1998). Status Report: Norway{\textquoteright}s participation in GSETT-3 , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1998, 140-147 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Status Report: Norway's participation in GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/status-report-norway-s-participation-in-gsett-3-1) > Baadshaug, U. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Fyen, J.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317942-1681727636/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4841_Baadshaug_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Baadshaug, U., Mykkeltveit, S. and Fyen, J. (1998). Status Report: Norway{\textquoteright}s participation in GSETT-3 , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1998, 133-140 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Accurate location of seismic events in northern Norway using a local network, and implications for regional calibration of IMS stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/accurate-location-of-seismic-events-in-northern-norway-using-a-local-network-and-implications-for-regional-calibration-of-ims-stations) > Hicks, E.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317945-1681727641/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4833_Hicks1998.pdf > Citation: > Hicks, E. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1998, 131-139 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of surface waves and MS:mb using Apatity LP recordings](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/study-of-surface-waves-and-ms-mb-using-apatity-lp-recordings) > Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Jevtjugina, Z. / Ringdal, F.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317948-1681727645/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4838_Kremenetskaya_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Jevtjugina, Z. and Ringdal, F. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1998, 103-109 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Threshold Monitoring for continuous assessment of Global detection capability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/seismic-threshold-monitoring-for-continuous-assessment-of-global-detection-capability) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317951-1681727648/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4828_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1998.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1998, 72-91 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Optimized Threshold Monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/optimized-threshold-monitoring) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Schweitzer, J. / Taylor, L.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317954-1681727651/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4836_Kvaerna_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F., Schweitzer, J. and Taylor, L. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1998, 84-91 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Monitoring of the Indian underground nuclear tests of May 1998](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/monitoring-of-the-indian-underground-nuclear-tests-of-may-1998) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Schweitzer, J. / Taylor, L.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317957-1681727653/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4840_Kvaerna_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F., Schweitzer, J. and Taylor, L. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1998, 126-132 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Development of a regional database for seismic event screening](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/development-of-a-regional-database-for-seismic-event-screening) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Hokland, B. K. / Paulsen, B.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317960-1681727655/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4830_Mykkeltveit_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Hokl,, B. K. and Paulsen, B. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1998, 102-105 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1998](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/aarsmelding-1998) > NORSAR1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317963-1681727658/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5173_NORSAR1998.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1998). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317966-1681727663/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4411_1998.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1998). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317969-1681727672/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4410_Ringdal1998.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1998). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Norwegian Experience with IDC Metrics During GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/norwegian-experience-with-idc-metrics-during-gsett-3) > Ringdal, F.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317972-1681727683/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4837_Ringdal1998.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1998, 92-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic monitoring of the Barents/Kara sea region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/seismic-monitoring-of-the-barents-kara-sea-region) > Ringdal, F. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Fyen, J. / Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317975-1681727686/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4835_Ringdal_etal1998.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Fyen, J., Kvaerna, T. and Schweitzer, J. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1998, 71-83 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Threshold Monitoring: Summary of pipeline processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1998/threshold-monitoring-summary-of-pipeline-processing) > Taylor, L.1998doi: 10.21348/p.1998.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317978-1681727691/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4829_Taylor1998.pdf > Citation: > Taylor, L. (1998). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1998, 92-101 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1998.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2012](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/) - [The new three-component very broadband seismic station TROLL, Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/the-new-three-component-very-broadband-seismic-station-troll-antarctica) > Schweitzer, J., M. Roth, and M. Pirli2012doi: 10.21348/p.2012.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311430-1613128802/norsar.no/R-D/4967_Schweitzer_etal2012.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J., M. Roth, and M. Pirli (2012). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1–2012, 39-46, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2012.0001 - [Adapting Pipeline Architectures to Track Developing Aftershock Sequences and Recurrent Explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/adapting-pipeline-architectures-to-track-developing-aftershock-sequences-and-recurrent-explosions) > Kvaerna, T. / Gibbons, S. J. / Harris, D. B. / Dodge, D. A.2012doi: 10.21348/p.2012.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318428-1681728324/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4966_Kvaerna_etal2012.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Gibbons, S. J., Harris, D. B. and Dodge, D. A. (2012). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2012, 26-38 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2012.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/semiannual-technical-summary) > Mykkeltveit, S.2012doi: 10.21348/p.2012.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318431-1681728328/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4965_Mykkeltveit2012.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (2012). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2012.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Research into Nuclear Disarmament: The UK-Norway Initiative on Nuclear Warhead Dismantlement Verification (UKNI)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/research-into-nuclear-disarmament-the-uk-norway-initiative-on-nuclear-warhead-dismantlement-verification-ukni) > Mykkeltveit, S.2012doi: 10.21348/p.2012.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318434-1681728334/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4969_Mykkeltveit2012.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (2012). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2012, 56-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2012.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 2012](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/aarsmelding-2012) > NORSAR2012doi: 10.21348/p.2012.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318437-1681728339/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5141_NORSAR2012.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2012). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2012.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [First Data and Analysis Results from the New, Permanent Seismic Station TROLL, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2012/first-data-and-analysis-results-from-the-new-permanent-seismic-station-troll-dronning-maud-land-antarctica) > Pirli, M.2012doi: 10.21348/p.2012.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318440-1681728344/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4968_Pirli2012.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. (2012). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2012, 47-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2012.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2008](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/) - [The International Polar Year 2007-2008 Project “The Dynamic Continental Margin between the Mid-Atlantic-Ridge System (Mohn’s Ridge, Knipovich Ridge) and the Bear Island Region”](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/the-international-polar-year-2007-2008-project-the-dynamic-continental-margin-between-the-mid-atlantic-ridge-system-mohn-s-ridge-knipovich-ridge-and-the-bear-island-region) > Schweitzer, J., and the IPY Project Consortium Members2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311415-1613125508/norsar.no/R-D/4933_Schweitzer2008.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J., and the IPY Project Consortium Members (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1–2008, 53-63, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0001 - [Investigation of infrasound signals from rocket launches at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Northwest Russia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/investigation-of-infrasound-signals-from-rocket-launches-at-the-plesetsk-cosmodrome-northwest-russia) > Kvaerna, T.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318308-1681728167/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4932_Kvaerna2008.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2008, 41-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 2008](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/aarsmelding-2008) > NORSAR2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318311-1681728170/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5148_NORSAR2008.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2008). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Basic research on seismic and infrasonic monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/basic-research-on-seismic-and-infrasonic-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic) > NORSAR2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318314-1681728177/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4931_2008.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2008, 28-40 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Overview of NORSAR system response](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/overview-of-norsar-system-response) > Pirli, M. / Schweitzer, J.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318317-1681728180/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4934_Pirli%2BSchweitzer2008.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. and Schweitzer, J. (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2008, 64-77 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continued overview of NORSAR system responses: the NORES and ARCES arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/continued-overview-of-norsar-system-responses-the-nores-and-arces-arrays) > Pirli, M. / Schweitzer, J.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318320-1681728184/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4938_Pirli%2BSchweitzer2008.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. and Schweitzer, J. (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2008, 86-93 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318323-1681728187/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4429_Ringdal2008.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2008). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318326-1681728191/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4430_Ringdal2008.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2008). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial studies of high-frequency signals recorded at ARCES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/initial-studies-of-high-frequency-signals-recorded-at-arces) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Gibbons, S. J.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318329-1681728195/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4935_Ringdal_etal2008.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Gibbons, S. J. (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2008, 27-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial studies of signals recorded by ARCES infrasound sensors](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/initial-studies-of-signals-recorded-by-arces-infrasound-sensors) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Gibbons, S. J.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318332-1681728197/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4937_Ringdal_etal2008.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Gibbons, S. J. (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2008, 60-85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Setup of an experimental infrasound deployment within the ARCES array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2008/setup-of-an-experimental-infrasound-deployment-within-the-arces-array) > Roth, M. / Fyen, J. / Larsen, P. W.2008doi: 10.21348/p.2008.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318335-1681728200/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4936_Roth_etal2008.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M., Fyen, J. and Larsen, P. W. (2008). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2008, 52-59 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2008.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2004](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/) - [Source depths at regional distances: an example from the western Barents Sea/Svalbard region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/source-depths-at-regional-distances-an-example-from-the-western-barents-sea-svalbard-region) > Stange, S., and J. Schweitzer2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311406-1613124690/norsar.no/R-D/4896_SourcedepthsatregionaldistancesanexamplefromtheWesternBarentsSeaSvalbardRegion2004.pdf > Citation: > Stange, S., and J. Schweitzer (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1–2004, 45–50. https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0001 - [Locating seismic events near the Spitsbergen archipelago](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/locating-seismic-events-near-the-spitsbergen-archipelago) > Asming, V. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Ringdal, F.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318173-1681727975/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4897_Asming_etal2004.pdf > Citation: > Asming, V., Kremenetskaya, E. and Ringdal, F. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2004, 51-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Comparison of the Love-Rayleigh discrepancy in central Europe (GRSN) and southern Scandinavia (NORSAR)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/comparison-of-the-love-rayleigh-discrepancy-in-central-europe-grsn-and-southern-scandinavia-norsar) > Bischoff, M. / Schweitzer, J. / Meier, T.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318176-1681727978/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4905_Bischoff_etal2004.pdf > Citation: > Bischoff, M., Schweitzer, J. and Meier, T. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2004, 70-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Observed and predicted travel times of Pn and P phases recorded at NORSAR from regional events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/observed-and-predicted-travel-times-of-pn-and-p-phases-recorded-at-norsar-from-regional-events) > Engdahl, E. R. / Schweitzer, J.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318179-1681727982/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4903_Engdahl%2BSchweitzer2004.pdf > Citation: > Engdahl, E. R. and Schweitzer, J. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2004, 51-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A waveform correlation procedure for detecting decoupled chemical explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/a-waveform-correlation-procedure-for-detecting-decoupled-chemical-explosions) > Gibbons, S. J. / Ringdal, F.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318182-1681727984/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4902_Gibbons%2BRingdal2004.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. and Ringdal, F. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2004, 41-50 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Ground Truth information from Khibiny mining explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/ground-truth-information-from-khibiny-mining-explosions) > Kozyrev, S. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318185-1681727988/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4898_Kozyrev_etal2004.pdf > Citation: > Kozyrev, S., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2004, 61-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ARCES recordings of events from the Khibiny and Olenegorsk mines](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/arces-recordings-of-events-from-the-khibiny-and-olenegorsk-mines) > Kvaerna, T.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318188-1681727994/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4900_Kvaerna2004.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2004, 82-97 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Discriminants for seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/discriminants-for-seismic-monitoring) > Oberg, D. / Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318191-1681728000/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4904_Oberg_etal2004.pdf > Citation: > Oberg, D., Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2004, 57-70 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Aarsmelding 2004](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/norsar-aarsmelding-2004) > Ringdal, F.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318194-1681728004/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5179_Ringdal2004.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2004). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318197-1681728009/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4421_Ringdal2004.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2004). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318200-1681728017/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4422_Ringdal2004.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2004). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Research in regional seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/research-in-regional-seismic-monitoring) > Ringdal, F. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Kvaerna, T. / Asming, V. / Kozyrev, S. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Gibbins, S. J. / Schweitzer, J.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318203-1681728022/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4901_Ringdal_etal2004.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kremenetskaya, E., Kvaerna, T., Asming, V., Kozyrev, S., Mykkeltveit, S., Gibbins, S. J. and Schweitzer, J. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2004, 28-40 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Some aspects of regional array processing at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/some-aspects-of-regional-array-processing-at-norsar) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318206-1681728025/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4895_Ringdal%2BKvaerna2004.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2004, 34-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of regional variations of the coda characteristics in the Barents Sea using small-aperture arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2004/study-of-regional-variations-of-the-coda-characteristics-in-the-barents-sea-using-small-aperture-arrays) > Schissele, E. / Schweitzer, J.2004doi: 10.21348/p.2004.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318209-1681728028/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4899_Schissele%2BSchweitzer2004.pdf > Citation: > Schissele, E. and Schweitzer, J. (2004). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2004, 70-80 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2004.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2001](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/) - [Study of seismic activity near the Barentsburg mine (Spitsbergen)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/study-of-seismic-activity-near-the-barentsburg-mine-spitsbergen) > Kremenetskaya, E., S. Baranov, Y. Filatov, V. E. Asming, and F. Ringdal2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311397-1613123742/norsar.no/R-D/4871_Kremenetskaya_etal2001.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E., S. Baranov, Y. Filatov, V. E. Asming, and F. Ringdal (2001). , NORSAR Sci. Rep. 1-2001, 114-121, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0001 - [S-Velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle of northern Fennoscandia deduced from dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/s-velocities-in-the-crust-and-uppermost-mantle-of-northern-fennoscandia-deduced-from-dispersion-analysis-of-rayleigh-waves) > Dietrich, K. / Schweitzer, J. / Meier, T.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318068-1681727834/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4868_Dietrich%2BMeier2001.pdf > Citation: > Dietrich, K., Schweitzer, J. and Meier, T. (2001). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2001, 71-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Experimental threshold monitoring of the area surrounding the site of the Kursk submarine accident](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/experimental-threshold-monitoring-of-the-area-surrounding-the-site-of-the-kursk-submarine-accident) > Kvaerna, T.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318071-1681727838/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4867_Kvaerna2001.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2001). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2001, 63-70 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Online databases for the European Arctic -- New developments of the NORSAR web site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/online-databases-for-the-european-arctic-new-developments-of-the-norsar-web-site) > Kvaerna, T. / Hicks, E. / Schweitzer, J.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318074-1681727841/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4870_Kvaerna_etal2001.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Hicks, E. and Schweitzer, J. (2001). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2001, 105-113 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Aarsmelding 2001](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/norsar-aarsmelding-2001) > Ringdal, F.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318077-1681727843/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5176_Ringdal2001.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2001). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318080-1681727850/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4416_Ringdal2001.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2001). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Event Location Calibration](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/seismic-event-location-calibration) > Ringdal, F.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318083-1681727856/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4866_Ringdal2000.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2001). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2001, 48-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Automatic reprocessing of events from the Khibiny Massif](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2001/automatic-reprocessing-of-events-from-the-khibiny-massif) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J. / Hafslund, A.2001doi: 10.21348/p.2001.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318086-1681727860/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4869_Ringdal_etal2001.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T., Schweitzer, J. and Hafslund, A. (2001). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2001, 82-104 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2001.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1996](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/) - [The seismic event on Novaya Zemlya 13 June 1995](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/the-seismic-event-on-novaya-zemlya-13-june-1995) > Ringdal, F.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311280-1612787710/norsar.no/R-D/4808_Ringdal1996.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1996). , NORSAR Sci. Rep. 2-95/96, 113-130, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0001 - [Status and plans for implementing algorithms at the GSETT-3 IDC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/status-and-plans-for-implementing-algorithms-at-the-gsett-3-idc) > Fyen, J. / Kvaerna, T.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317846-1681727487/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4812_Fyen%2BKvaerna1996.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Kvaerna, T. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1996, 80-83 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Status and plans for implementing algorithms at the GSETT-3 JDC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/status-and-plans-for-implementing-algorithms-at-the-gsett-3-jdc) > Fyen, J. / Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317849-1681727490/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4804_Fyen_etal1996.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J., Kvaerna, T. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 97-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Quality assessment of automatic onset times estimated by an autoregressive method](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/quality-assessment-of-automatic-onset-times-estimated-by-an-autoregressive-method) > Kvaerna, T.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317852-1681727494/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4805_Kvaerna1996.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 103-109 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Time shifts of phase onsets caused by SNR variations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/time-shifts-of-phase-onsets-caused-by-snr-variations) > Kvaerna, T.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317855-1681727498/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4810_Kvaerna1996.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 143-152 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Tuning of processing parameters for Global Threshold Monitoring at the IDC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/tuning-of-processing-parameters-for-global-threshold-monitoring-at-the-idc) > Kvaerna, T.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317858-1681727503/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4813_Kvaerna1996.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1996, 84-109 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR's contributions to increased participation in GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/norsar-s-contributions-to-increased-participation-in-gsett-3) > Mykkeltveit, S.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317861-1681727509/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4807_Mykkeltveit1996.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1996). NORSAR{\textquoteright}s contributions to increased participation in GSETT-3 , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 116-117 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Norway's NDC: Experience from the first eighteen months of the full-scale phase of GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/norway-s-ndc-experience-from-the-first-eighteen-months-of-the-full-scale-phase-of-gsett-3) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Baadshaug, U.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317864-1681727513/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4803_Mykkeltveit%2BBaadshaug1996.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Baadshaug, U. (1996). Norway{\textquoteright}s NDC: Experience from the first eighteen months of the full-scale phase of GSETT-3 , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 79-96 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Status Report: Norway's participation in GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/status-report-norway-s-participation-in-gsett-3) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Baadshaug, U.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317867-1681727519/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4811_Mykkeltveit%2BBaadshaug1996.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Baadshaug, U. (1996). Status Report: Norway{\textquoteright}s participation in GSETT-3 , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1996, 72-79 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1996](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/aarsmelding-1996) > NORSAR1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317870-1681727523/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5171_NORSAR1996.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1996). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317873-1681727528/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4406_1996.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1996). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317876-1681727538/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4407_1996.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1996). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Monitoring a CTBT: Lessons learned from the GSETT-3 experiment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/monitoring-a-ctbt-lessons-learned-from-the-gsett-3-experiment) > Ringdal, F.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317879-1681727552/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4806_Ringdal1996.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 110-115 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of low-magnitude seismic events near the Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/study-of-low-magnitude-seismic-events-near-the-novaya-zemlya-nuclear-test-site) > Ringdal, F.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317882-1681727554/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4814_Ringdal1996.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1996, 110-134 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of the calibration explosion on 29 September 1996 in the Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/study-of-the-calibration-explosion-on-29-september-1996-in-the-khibiny-massif-kola-peninsula) > Ringdal, F. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Kuzmin, I. / Evtuhin, S. / Kovalenko, V.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317885-1681727557/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4815_Ringdal_etal1996.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kuzmin, I., Evtuhin, S. and Kovalenko, V. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1996, 135-153 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Double-couple radiation and mb residuals](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1996/double-couple-radiation-and-mb-residuals) > Schweitzer, J. / Kvaerna, T.1996doi: 10.21348/p.1996.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317888-1681727560/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4809_Schweitzer%2BKvaerna1996.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. and Kvaerna, T. (1996). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1996, 131-142 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1996.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1986](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/) - [Stability of various f-k estimation techniques](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/stability-of-various-f-k-estimation-techniques) > Kværna, T. and F. Ringdal1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0001 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311451-1613999070/norsar.no/R-D/4674_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1986.pdf > Citation: > Kværna, T. and F. Ringdal (1986) . NORSAR Scientific Report 1-86/87, 29-40, https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0001 - [NORESS noise spectral studies, preliminary report](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/noress-noise-spectral-studies-preliminary-report) > Fyen, J.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317360-1681726731/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4669_Fyen1986.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 48-59 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS noise spectral studies -- system description](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/noress-noise-spectral-studies-system-description) > Fyen, J.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317363-1681726734/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4678_Fyen1986.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1986, 77-83 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS noise spectral studies -- beam suppression](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/noress-noise-spectral-studies-beam-suppression) > Fyen, J.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317366-1681726737/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4679_Fyen1986.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1986, 84-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS noise spectral studies -- noise level characteristics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/noress-noise-spectral-studies-noise-level-characteristics) > Fyen, J.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317369-1681726740/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4680_Fyen1986.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1986, 103-117 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [3-D ray tracing and structural heterogeneities in Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/3-d-ray-tracing-and-structural-heterogeneities-in-fennoscandia) > Husebye, E. S. / Hovland, J. / Christoffersson, A. / Astrom, K. / Slunga, R. / Lund, C.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317372-1681726743/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4673_Husebye_etal1986.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Hovl,, J., Christoffersson, A., Astrom, K., Slunga, R. and Lund, C. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 90-93 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Wavefield decomposition using ML-probabilities in modelling single-site 3-component records](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/wavefield-decomposition-using-ml-probabilities-in-modelling-single-site-3-component-records) > Husebye, E. S. / Ruud, B. / Christoffersson, A.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317375-1681726746/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4671_Husebye_etal1986.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Ruud, B. and Christoffersson, A. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 70-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Applicability of horizontal components for detection and phase discrimination](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/applicability-of-horizontal-components-for-detection-and-phase-discrimination) > Kvaerna, T.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317378-1681726750/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4676_Kvaerna1986.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1986, 51-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An integrated approach to slowness analysis with arrays and three-component stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/an-integrated-approach-to-slowness-analysis-with-arrays-and-three-component-stations) > Kvaerna, T. / Doornbos, D.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317381-1681726753/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4670_Kvaerna%2BDoornbos1986.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Doornbos, D. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 60-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On three-component analysis of secondary phases](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/on-three-component-analysis-of-secondary-phases) > Kvaerna, T. / Doornbos, D.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317384-1681726756/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4675_Kvaerna%2BDoornbos1986.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Doornbos, D. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1986, 41-50 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Optimum beam deployment for NORESS P-wave detection](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/optimum-beam-deployment-for-noress-p-wave-detection) > Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317387-1681726759/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4677_Kvaerna%2BMykkeltveit1986.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1986, 61-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317390-1681726762/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4386_Loughran1986.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1986). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Loughran, L. B.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317393-1681726771/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4387_Loughran1986.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1986). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS real time processing performance for events in Western Norway and the North Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/noress-real-time-processing-performance-for-events-in-western-norway-and-the-north-sea) > Mykkeltveit, S.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317396-1681726782/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4668_Mykkeltveit1986.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 40-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Noress online system](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/noress-online-system) > Paulsen, R.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317399-1681726786/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5070_Paulsen1986.pdf > Citation: > Paulsen, R. (1986). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Regional event detection using the NORESS array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/regional-event-detection-using-the-noress-array) > Ringdal, F.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317402-1681726791/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4666_Ringdal1986.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 21-30 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results from the NORESS High Frequency Seismic Element (HFSE)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/initial-results-from-the-noress-high-frequency-seismic-element-hfse) > Ringdal, F. / Hokland, B. K. / Kvaerna, T.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317405-1681726794/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4667_Ringdal_etal1986.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Hokl,, B. K. and Kvaerna, T. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 31-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Event locations using small arrays and single-site 3-component records](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1986/event-locations-using-small-arrays-and-single-site-3-component-records) > Ruud, B. O. / Husebye, E. S.1986doi: 10.21348/p.1986.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317408-1681726797/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4672_Ruud%2BHusebye1986.pdf > Citation: > Ruud, B. O. and Husebye, E. S. (1986). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1986, 82-89 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1986.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2021](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/) - [A computational platform to assess liquefaction-induced loss at critical infrastructures scale](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/a-computational-platform-to-assess-liquefaction-induced-loss-at-critical-infrastructures-scale) > Abdelghani Meslem - NORSAR > Håvard Iversen - NORSAR > Kamran Iranour - NORSAR > Dominik Lang - NGI2021202110.1007/s10518-020-01021-9 > https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-020-01021-9 > In the framework of the multi-disciplinary LIQUEFACT project, funded under the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 program, the LIQUEFACT Reference Guide software has been developed, incorporating both data and methodologies collected and elaborated in the project’s various work packages. Specifically, this refers to liquefaction hazard maps, methodologies and results of liquefaction vulnerability analysis for both building typologies and critical infrastructures, liquefaction mitigation measures as well as cost-benefit considerations. > The software is targeting a wider range of user groups with different levels of technical background as well as requirements (urban planners, facility managers, structural and geotechnical engineers, or risk modelers). In doing so, the LIQUEFACT software shall allow the user assessing the liquefaction-related risk as well as assisting them in liquefaction mitigation planning. Dependent on the user’s requirements, the LIQUEFACT software can be used to separately conduct the liquefaction hazard analysis, the risk analysis, and the mitigation analysis. At the stage of liquefaction hazard, the users can geo-locate their assets (buildings or infrastructures) against the pre-defined macrozonation and microzonation maps in the software and identify those assets/sites that are potentially susceptible to an earthquake-induced liquefaction damage hazard. For potentially susceptible sites the user is able to commission a detailed ground investigation (e.g. CPT, SPT or VS30 profile) and this data can be used by the software to customise the level of susceptibility to specific site conditions. > The users can either use inbuilt earthquake scenarios or enter their own earthquake scenario data. In the Risk Analysis, the user can estimate the level of impact of the potential liquefaction threat on the asset and evaluate the performance. For the Mitigation Analysis, the user can develop a customized mitigation framework based on the outcome of the risk and cost-benefit analysis. - [A 24-Yr-Long Seismic Bulletin for the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/a-24-yr-long-seismic-bulletin-for-the-european-arctic) > Schweitzer, Johannes - NORSAR > Paulsen, Berit - NORSAR > Antonovskaya, Galina > Fedorov, Andrey > Konechnaya, Yana > Asming, Vladimir Ernest > Pirli, Myrto2021202110.1785/0220200469 > http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/srl/ - [Two Decades of Seismicity in Storfjorden, Svalbard Archipelago, from Regional Data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/two-decades-of-seismicity-in-storfjorden-svalbard-archipelago-from-regional-data) > Pirli, Myrto > Schweitzer, Johannes - NORSAR > Paulsen, Berit - NORSAR > Konechnaya, Yana > Antonovskaya, Galina20212021 10.1785/0220200469 > http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/srl/ - [An aggregated template methodology: Novel automatic phase-onset identification by template matching](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/an-aggregated-template-methodology-novel-automatic-phase-onset-identification-by-template-matching) > Duboeuf, Laure - NORSAR > Oye, Volker - NORSAR > Dando, Benjamin - NORSAR20212021 10.1111/1365-2478.13103 > http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0016-8025&site=1 - [Benchmarking microbarom radiation and propagation model against infrasound recordings: a vespagram-based approach](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/benchmarking-microbarom-radiation-and-propagation-model-against-infrasound-recordings-a-vespagram-based-approach) > Vorobeva, Ekaterina - NORSAR, NTNU > De Carlo, Marine - French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission > Le Pichon, Alexis - French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission > Espy, Patrick Joseph, NTNU > Näsholm, Sven Peter - NORSAR, UiO2021202110.5194/angeo-39-515-2021 > http://hdl.handle.net/10852/86385 - [A hybrid probabilistic seismic hazard model for Northeast India and Bhutan combining distributed seismicity and finite faults](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/a-hybrid-probabilistic-seismic-hazard-model-for-northeast-india-and-bhutan-combining-distributed-seismicity-and-finite-faults) > Federica Ghione - NORSAR > Valerio Poggi - Seismological Research Center, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) > Conrad Lindhom - SeismoConsult, Fjellhamar2021202110.1016/j.pce.2021.103029 > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14747065 > In Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA), a widely used approach to model earthquake sources consists of using homogenous source zones. This approach suffers the limitation of assuming that the observed seismicity can occur anywhere with same probability over a specific area, which might lead to the potential undervaluation of the predicted ground motion level due to an effect of smearing of seismic potential. To compensate that, a hybrid model is used, accounting both for distributed seismicity and localized seismogenic structures. > In this study, we perform PSHA for Northeast India and Bhutan, that are the most seismically hazardous regions on the planet. The region was partitioned into seismogenic source zones of supposedly homogeneous seismic potential and seismotectonic characteristics. Earthquake recurrence parameters for each zone were obtained from direct magnitude-frequency analysis on a precompiled global catalogue. Seismogenic faults are added to the model by converting slip rates from GPS velocity data to seismic activity. Complementary information was derived from the analysis of moment tensor solutions of large events and from a detailed literature review. > Using this hybrid model, seismic hazard was calculated for a region bounded by lat/long 24.0◦-28.8◦N/88.0◦- 94.5◦E. Calculations were performed for Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and several Spectral Acceleration (SA) periods for a Probability of Exceedance (POE) of 10% in 50 years, corresponding to 475 years return period, and for a reference rock condition with Vs = 800 m/s. The results highlight significant acceleration levels (about 0.77g at PGA) in the Arunachal Pradesh region (Northeast India), due to the presence of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). - [CTBT seismic monitoring using coherent and incoherent array processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/ctbt-seismic-monitoring-using-coherent-and-incoherent-array-processing) > Tormod Kværna - NORSAR > Steven John Gibbons - NGI > Sven Peter Näsholm - NORSAR20212021 > https://10.1007/s10950-021-10026-z > The detection and location capability of the International Monitoring System for small seismic events in the continental and oceanic regions surrounding the Sea of Japan is determined mainly by three primary seismic arrays: USRK, KSRS, and MJAR. > Body wave arrivals are coherent on USRK and KSRS up to frequencies of around 4 Hz and classical array processing methods can detect and extract features for most regional signals on these stations. We demonstrate how empirical matched field processing (EMFP), a generalization of frequency-wavenumber or f-k analysis, can contribute to calibrated direction estimates which mitigate bias resulting from near-station geological structure. It does this by comparing the narrowband phase shifts between the signals on different sensors, observed at a given time, with corresponding measurements on signals from historical seismic events. > The EMFP detection statistic is usually evaluated as a function of source location rather than slowness space and the size of the geographical footprint valid for EMFP templates is affected by array geometry, the available signal bandwidth, and Earth structure over the propagation path. The MJAR array has similar dimensions to KSRS but is sited in far more complex geology which results in poor parameter estimates with classical f-k analysis for all signals lacking energy at 1 Hz or below. EMFP mitigates the signal incoherence to some degree but the geographical footprint valid for a given matched field template on MJAR is very small. Spectrogram beamforming provides a robust detection algorithm for high-frequency signals at MJAR. > The array aperture is large enough that f-k analysis performed on continuous AR-AIC functions, calculated from optimally bandpass-filtered signals at the different sites, can provide robust slowness estimates for regional P-waves. Given a significantly higher SNR for regional S-phases on the horizontal components of the 3-component site of MJAR, we would expect incoherent detection and estimation of S-phases to improve with 3-component sensors at all sites. Given the diversity of the IMS stations, and the diversity of the methods which provide optimal results for a given station, we advocate the development of seismic processing pipelines which can process highly heterogeneous inputs to help associate characteristics of the incoming signals with physical events. - [UiB-NORSAR EIDA Node: Integration of Seismological Data in Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/uib-norsar-eida-node-integration-of-seismological-data-in-norway) > Lars Ottemöller - UiB > Jan Michalek - UiB > Jon Magnus Christensen - NORSAR > Ulf Baadshaug - NORSAR20212021 > http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/srl/ - [Paleokarst reservoirs: Efficient and flexible characterization using point-spread-function-based convolution modeling](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2021/paleokarst-reservoirs-efficient-and-flexible-characterization-using-point-spread-function-based-convolution-modeling) > Kristian Jensen - UiB > Martin Kyrkjebø Johansen - UiB > Isabelle Lecomte - UiB > Xavier Janson, University of Texas at Austin > Jan Tveranger - NORCE > Tina Kaschwich - NORSAR20212021 > http://www.aapg.org/publications/journals/interpretation #### [1970](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/) - [THE NORSAR ARRAY AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/the-norsar-array-and-preliminary-results-of-data-analysis) > Bungum, H. / Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316307-1681725003/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5082_Bungum_etal1970.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1970). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE NORWEGIAN SEISMIC ARRAY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/the-norwegian-seismic-array) > Husebye, E. S.1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316310-1681725009/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5085_Husebye1970.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1970). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEISMIC ARPAYS AND DATA HANDLING PROBLEMS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/seismic-arpays-and-data-handling-problems) > Husebye, E. S. / Bungum, H.1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316313-1681725012/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5086_Husebye%2BBungum1970.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Bungum, H. (1970). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [VERTICAL AND LATERAL INHOMOGENEITIES IN THE EARTH'S DEEP MANTLE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/vertical-and-lateral-inhomogeneities-in-the-earth-s-deep-mantle) > Husebye, E. S. / Kanestrom, R. / Rud, R.1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316316-1681725017/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5083_Husebye_etal1970.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Kanestrom, R. and Rud, R. (1970). VERTICAL AND LATERAL INHOMOGENEITIES IN THE EARTH{\textquoteright}S DEEP MANTLE > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [DATA CENTER OBSERVATIONS OF VERTICAL AND LATERAL P-VELOCITY ANOMALIES IN THE EARTH'S MANTLE USING THE FENNOSCANDINAVIAN CONTINENTAL ARRAY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/data-center-observations-of-vertical-and-lateral-p-velocity-anomalies-in-the-earth-s-mantle-using-the-fennoscandinavian-continental-array) > Husebye, E. S. / Kanestrom, R. / Rud, R.1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316319-1681725021/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5084_Husebye_etal1970.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Kanestrom, R. and Rud, R. (1970). DATA CENTER OBSERVATIONS OF VERTICAL AND LATERAL P-VELOCITY ANOMALIES IN THE EARTH{\textquoteright}S MANTLE USING THE FENNOSCANDINAVIAN CONTINENTAL ARRAY > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT FOR NORSAR PHASE 3 COVERING 3rd QUARTER 1970* STATUS PER 30 SEPTEMBER 1970](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/progress-report-for-norsar-phase-3-covering-3rd-quarter-1970-status-per-30-september-1970) > NORSAR1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316322-1681725027/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5080_NORSAR1970.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1970). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT NORSAR Phase 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/progress-report-norsar-phase-3) > NORSAR1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316325-1681725030/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5088_NORSAR1970.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1970). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TECHNICAL REPORT 1 July -- 31 Dec 1970](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1970/technical-report-1-july-31-dec-1970) > NORSAR1970doi: 10.21348/p.1970.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316328-1681725035/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5092_NORSAR1970.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1970). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1970.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/) - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-1) > Baath, M.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316334-1681725045/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5026_Baath1971.pdf > Citation: > Baath, M. (1971). 253-257 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-2) > BOSSOLASCO, M. / CICCONI, G. / EVA, C.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316337-1681725048/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5023_BOSSOLASCO_etal1971.pdf > Citation: > BOSSOLASCO, M., CICCONI, G. and EVA, C. (1971). 221-226 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-3) > Bungum, H.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316340-1681725051/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5019_Bungum1971.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1971). 131-141 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays, part 1](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-part-1) > 1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316343-1681725055/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5032_Bungum%2BHusebye1971.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. S. (1971). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays, part 2](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-part-2) > 1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316346-1681725062/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5033_Bungum%2BHusebye1971.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. S. (1971). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR EVENT PROCESSOR COMPUTER TIME REQUIREMENT](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/norsar-event-processor-computer-time-requirement) > Bungum, H. / Berteussen, K. A.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316349-1681725068/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5098_Bungum%2BBerteussen1971.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Berteussen, K. A. (1971). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-4) > Dahlman, O.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316352-1681725072/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5015_Dahlman1971.pdf > Citation: > Dahlman, O. (1971). 81-84 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-5) > Doornbos, D. J. / Huesbye, E. S.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316355-1681725076/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5017_Doornbos%2BHuesbye1971.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. and Huesbye, E. S. (1971). 103-111 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-6) > Ericsson, U.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316358-1681725079/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5011_Ericsson1971.pdf > Citation: > Ericsson, U. (1971). 35-41 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-7) > Ericsson, U.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316361-1681725082/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5030_Ericsson1971.pdf > Citation: > Ericsson, U. (1971). 281-289 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-8) > Felix, C. P. / Gilbert, W. L. / Wheeler, S. G.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316364-1681725087/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5020_Felix_etal1971.pdf > Citation: > Felix, C. P., Gilbert, W. L. and Wheeler, S. G. (1971). 143-163 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-9) > Filson, J. / Bungum, H.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316367-1681725093/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5018_Filson%2BBungum1971.pdf > Citation: > Filson, J. and Bungum, H. (1971). 113-130 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-10) > Gjoystdal, H. / Husebye, E. S. / Rieber-Mohn, D.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316370-1681725099/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5029_Gjoystdal_etal1971.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H., Husebye, E. S. and Rieber-Mohn, D. (1971). 271-280 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-11) > Harley, T. W.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316373-1681725103/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5021_Harley1971.pdf > Citation: > Harley, T. W. (1971). 165-192 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-12) > Hjelme, J.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316376-1681725110/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5027_Hjelme1971.pdf > Citation: > Hjelme, J. (1971). 259-261 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3 4th Quarter 1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/progress-report-norsar-phase-3-4th-quarter-1971) > Husebye, E. S.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316379-1681725113/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5097_Husebye1971.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1971). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 1 July 1970 -- 20 June 1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/norsar-research-and-development-1-july-1970-20-june-1971) > Husebye, E. S.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316382-1681725120/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5100_Husebye1971.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1971). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-13) > Israelsson, H.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316385-1681725132/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5014_Israelsson1971.pdf > Citation: > Israelsson, H. (1971). 61-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-14) > Lacoss, R. T.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316388-1681725136/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5031_Lacoss1971.pdf > Citation: > Lacoss, R. T. (1971). 291-305 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-15) > Melcher, P.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316391-1681725140/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5024_Melcher1971.pdf > Citation: > Melcher, P. (1971). 227-233 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-16) > Noponen, I.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316394-1681725143/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5025_Noponen1971.pdf > Citation: > Noponen, I. (1971). 235-249 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-17) > Noponen, I. / Husebye, E. S. / Rieber-Mohn, D.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316397-1681725149/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5016_Noponen_etal1971.pdf > Citation: > Noponen, I., Husebye, E. S. and Rieber-Mohn, D. 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This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT FOR NORSAR PHASE 3 COVERING 3rd QUARTER 1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/progress-report-for-norsar-phase-3-covering-3rd-quarter-1971) > NORSAR1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0026 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316406-1681725162/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5095_NORSAR1971.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1971). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0026 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-18) > PASSECHNIK, I. P.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0027 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316409-1681725166/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5022_PASSECHNIK1971.pdf > Citation: > PASSECHNIK, I. P. (1971). 195-220 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0027 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-19) > Rygg, E.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0028 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316412-1681725171/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5028_Rygg1971.pdf > Citation: > Rygg, E. (1971). 263-270 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0028 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-20) > WHITHAM, K.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0029 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316415-1681725175/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5010_WHITHAM1971.pdf > Citation: > WHITHAM, K. (1971). 13-33 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0029 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Proceedings from the seminar on seismology and seismic arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1971/proceedings-from-the-seminar-on-seismology-and-seismic-arrays-21) > Willmore, P. L.1971doi: 10.21348/p.1971.0030 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316418-1681725180/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5012_Willmore1971.pdf > Citation: > Willmore, P. L. (1971). 43-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1971.0030 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1972](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/) - [NORSAR beretning for perioden 1.7.1970 -- 30.6.1972](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/norsar-beretning-for-perioden-1-7-1970-30-6-1972) > Bungum, H.1972doi: 10.21348/p.1972.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316424-1681725190/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5158_Bungum1972.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. 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This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TECHNICAL REPORT Field Maintenance Report 1 July -- 31 December 1970](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/technical-report-field-maintenance-report-1-july-31-december-1970) > NORSAR1972doi: 10.21348/p.1972.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316457-1681725246/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5108_NORSAR1972.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1972). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1972.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SYSTEM OPERATION REPORT 1 January -- 30 June 1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/system-operation-report-1-january-30-june-1971) > NORSAR1972doi: 10.21348/p.1972.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316460-1681725250/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5112_NORSAR1972.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1972). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1972.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TECHNICAL REPORT Field Maintenance Report 1 January -- 30 September 1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/technical-report-field-maintenance-report-1-january-30-september-1971) > Norsar1972doi: 10.21348/p.1972.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316463-1681725255/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5121_Norsar1972.pdf > Citation: > Norsar (1972). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1972.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EVENT DETECTION PROBLEMS USING A PARTIALLY COHERENT SEISMIC ARRAY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/event-detection-problems-using-a-partially-coherent-seismic-array) > Ringdal, F. / Husebye, E. S. / Dahle, A.1972doi: 10.21348/p.1972.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316466-1681725260/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5119_Ringdal_etal1972.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Husebye, E. S. and Dahle, A. (1972). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1972.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [INTRODUCTION TO NORSAR SP ANALOG STATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1972/introduction-to-norsar-sp-analog-station) > Steinert, O.1972doi: 10.21348/p.1972.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316469-1681725269/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5118_Steinert1972.pdf > Citation: > Steinert, O. (1972). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1972.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1973](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/) - [ARRAY MONITORING AND FIELD MAINTENANCE REPORT 1 July -- 31 December 1972](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/array-monitoring-and-field-maintenance-report-1-july-31-december-1972) > Steinert, O. / Nilsen, A.1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316475-1681725277/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5126_Dteinert%2BNilsen1973.pdf > Citation: > Steinert, O. and Nilsen, A. (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3 4th Quarter 1972](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/progress-report-norsar-phase-3-4th-quarter-1972) > Husebye, E. S.1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316478-1681725281/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5128_Husebye1973.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/progress-report-norsar-phase-3) > Husebye, E. S.1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316481-1681725287/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5133_Husebye1973.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRESS REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3 2nd Quarter 1973](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/progress-report-norsar-phase-3-2nd-quarter-1973) > Husebye, E. S.1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316484-1681725294/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5135_Husebye1973.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Research and Development (1 July 1972 -- 30 Jnne 1973)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/norsar-research-and-development-1-july-1972-30-jnne-1973) > Husebye, E. S.1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316487-1681725302/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5137_Husebye1973.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SYSTEM OPERATIONS REPORT 1 July -- 31 December 1971](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/system-operations-report-1-july-31-december-1971) > NORSAR1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316490-1681725312/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5122_NORSAR1973.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SYSTEM OPERATIONS REPORT 1 January -- 30 June 1972](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/system-operations-report-1-january-30-june-1972) > NORSAR1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316493-1681725323/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5129_NORSAR1973.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SYSTEM OPERATIONS REPORT 1 July -- 31 December 1972](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/system-operations-report-1-july-31-december-1972) > NORSAR1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316496-1681725334/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5131_NORSAR1973.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SYSTEM OPERATION REPORT 1 January -- 30 June 1973](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1973/system-operation-report-1-january-30-june-1973) > Tveitane, P.1973doi: 10.21348/p.1973.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316499-1681725344/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5136_Tveitane1973.pdf > Citation: > Tveitane, P. (1973). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1973.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1974](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/) - [MECHANISM STUDY OF NORTH ATLANTIC EARTHQUAKES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/mechanism-study-of-north-atlantic-earthquakes) > Aki, K. / Husebye, E. S. / Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316505-1681725366/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4460_Aki_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Aki, K., Husebye, E. S. and Bungum, H. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 35-38 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A CHERNOV RANDOM MEDIUM MODEL](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/a-chernov-random-medium-model) > Berteussen, K. A. / Christoffersson, A. / Husebye, E. S. / Dahle, A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316508-1681725368/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4454_Berteussen_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A., Christoffersson, A., Husebye, E. S. and Dahle, A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 9-13 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-WAVE AMPLITUDE VARIATIONS ACROSS NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/p-wave-amplitude-variations-across-norsar) > Berteussen, K. A. / Husebye, E. S. / Berteussen, V.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316511-1681725371/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4457_Berteussen_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A., Husebye, E. S. and Berteussen, V. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 21-29 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE EFFECT OF THE SLOWNESS AND TRAVEL TIME ANOMALIES ON ARRAY PERFORMANCE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/the-effect-of-the-slowness-and-travel-time-anomalies-on-array-performance) > Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316514-1681725374/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4437_Berteussen1974.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 8-11 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TRAVEL TIME ANOMALIES AND CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/travel-time-anomalies-and-crustal-structure-beneath-norsar) > Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316517-1681725377/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4439_Berteussen1974.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 15-19 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR LOCATION CALIBRATIONS AND TIME DELAY CORRECTIONS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/norsar-location-calibrations-and-time-delay-corrections) > Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316520-1681725380/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4990_Berteussen1974.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [MELDING FOR PERIODEN 1.7.1972 -- 30.6.1974](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/melding-for-perioden-1-7-1972-30-6-1974) > Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316523-1681725390/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5159_Bungum1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/semiannual-technical-report-norsar-phase-3) > Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316526-1681725396/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4363_Bungum1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [MULTIPATHING AND GROUP VELOCITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/multipathing-and-group-velocity) > Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316529-1681725411/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4463_Bungum1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 46-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [CODA CONTENTS AND MULTIPATHING OF RAYLEIGH WAVES AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/coda-contents-and-multipathing-of-rayleigh-waves-at-norsar) > Bungum, H. / Capon, J.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316532-1681725415/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4444_Bungum%2BCapon1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Capon, J. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 32-37 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ANALYSIS OF CODA AND MULTIPATH PROPAGATION OF RAYLEIGH WAVES AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/analysis-of-coda-and-multipath-propagation-of-rayleigh-waves-at-norsar) > Bungum, H. / Capon, J.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316535-1681725420/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5001_Bungum%2BCapon1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Capon, J. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EVENT DETECTION AND LOCATION CAPABILITIES AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/event-detection-and-location-capabilities-at-norsar) > Bungum, H. / Husebye, E.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316538-1681725430/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4436_Bungum%2BHusebye1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 4-7 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EXPERIMENTAL ANALOG STATIONS AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/experimental-analog-stations-at-norsar) > Bungum, H. / Nilsen, A. K. / Steinert, O.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316541-1681725433/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4451_Bungum_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Nilsen, A. K. and Steinert, O. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 60-65 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EXPERIMENTAL ANALOG STATIONS AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/experimental-analog-stations-at-norsar-1) > Bungum, H. / Nilsen, A. K.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316544-1681725436/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4472_Bungum%2BNilsen1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Nilsen, A. K. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 82-86 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [mb:Ms AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/mb-ms-at-norsar) > Bungum, H. / Noponen, I.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316547-1681725438/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4462_Bungum%2BNoponen1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Noponen, I. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 41-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EVENT PROCESSOR (EP) OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/event-processor-ep-operation) > Bungum, H. / Rieber-Mohn, D. / Engebretsen, P.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316550-1681725442/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4447_Bungum_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Rieber-Mohn, D. and Engebretsen, P. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 47-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [DIURNAL VARIATION OF SEISMIC NOISE AND ITS EFFECT ON DETECTABILITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/diurnal-variation-of-seismic-noise-and-its-effect-on-detectability) > Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316553-1681725444/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4991_Bungum%2BRingdal1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/semiannual-technical-report-norsar-phase-3-1) > Bungum, Hilmar1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316556-1681725448/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4362_Bungum1974.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, Hilmar (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A CHERNOV MEDIUM ANALYSIS AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/a-chernov-medium-analysis-at-norsar) > Capon, J. / Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316559-1681725454/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4440_Capon%2BBerteussen1974.pdf > Citation: > Capon, J. and Berteussen, K. A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 20 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ESTIMATION OF SIGNALS IN MULTIPLE NOISE A UNIFIED APPROACH](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/estimation-of-signals-in-multiple-noise-a-unified-approach) > Christoffersson, A. / Jansson, B.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316562-1681725459/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4987_Christoffersson%2BJansson1974.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A. and Jansson, B. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ESTIMATION OF SIGNALS IN MULTIPLE NOISE A UNIFIED APPROACH](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/estimation-of-signals-in-multiple-noise-a-unified-approach-1) > Christoffersson, A. / Johansson, B.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316565-1681725470/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4988_Christoffersson%2BJohansson1974.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A. and Johansson, B. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ESTIMATION OF SIGNALS IN MULTIPLE NOISE A UNIFIED APPROACH](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/estimation-of-signals-in-multiple-noise-a-unified-approach-2) > Christoffersson, A. / Jonsson, B.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316568-1681725482/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4989_Christoffersson%2BJonsson1974.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A. and Jonsson, B. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0023 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A KIRNOS SEISMOGRAPH IN THE NORSAR SEISMIC ARRAY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/a-kirnos-seismograph-in-the-norsar-seismic-array) > Dahle, A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0024 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316571-1681725489/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5000_Dahle1974.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0024 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SCATTERING OF P WAVES AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/scattering-of-p-waves-at-norsar) > Dahle, A. / Berteussen, K. A. / Husebye, E. S. / Christoffersson, A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0025 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316574-1681725494/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4441_Dahle_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A., Berteussen, K. A., Husebye, E. S. and Christoffersson, A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 21-24 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0025 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [WAVE SCATTERING EFFECTS IN TRAVEL TIME AND AMPLITUDE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/wave-scattering-effects-in-travel-time-and-amplitude) > Dahle, A. / Husebye, E. S. / Christoffersson, A. / Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0026 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316577-1681725496/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4455_Dahle_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A., Husebye, E. S., Christoffersson, A. and Berteussen, K. A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 14-17 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0026 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEISMIC WAVE SCATTERING NEAR CAUSTICS AND PKKP PRECURSORS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/seismic-wave-scattering-near-caustics-and-pkkp-precursors) > Doornbos, D.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0027 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316580-1681725499/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4443_Doornbos1974.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 27-31 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0027 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE ANELASTICITY OF THE INNER CORE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/the-anelasticity-of-the-inner-core) > Doornbos, D. J.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0028 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316583-1681725504/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4453_Doornbos1974.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 3-8 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0028 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SCATTERING SOURCES IN THE DEEP MANTLE AND P'P' AND PKP PRECURSOR WAVES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/scattering-sources-in-the-deep-mantle-and-p-p-and-pkp-precursor-waves) > Haddon, R. A. W. / Husebye, E. S.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0029 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316586-1681725509/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4442_Haddon%2BHusebye1974.pdf > Citation: > Haddon, R. A. W. and Husebye, E. S. (1974). SCATTERING SOURCES IN THE DEEP MANTLE AND P{\textquoteright}P{\textquoteright} AND PKP PRECURSOR WAVES , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 25-26 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0029 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEISMICITY OF THE GREENLAND AND NORWEGIAN SEAS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/seismicity-of-the-greenland-and-norwegian-seas) > Husebye, E. / Gjoystdal, H. / Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0030 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316589-1681725511/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4445_Husebye_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E., Gjoystdal, H. and Bungum, H. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 38-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0030 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PRINCIPAL COMPONENT TECHNIQUES IN ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC WAVES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/principal-component-techniques-in-analysis-of-seismic-waves) > Husebye, E. S. / Christoffersson, A. / Fraiser, C.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0031 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316592-1681725516/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4456_Husebye_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Christoffersson, A. and Fraiser, C. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 18-20 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0031 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [INVESTIGATIONS OF POSSIBLE BIAS IN mb MAGNITUDE MEASUREMENTS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/investigations-of-possible-bias-in-mb-magnitude-measurements) > Husebye, E. S. / Dahle, A. / Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0032 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316595-1681725520/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4438_Husebye_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Dahle, A. and Berteussen, K. A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 12-14 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0032 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [LONG PERIOD P FROM NOVAYA ZEMLYA EXPLOSIONS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/long-period-p-from-novaya-zemlya-explosions) > King, D. W. / Berteussen, K. A.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0033 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316598-1681725523/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4461_King%2BBerteussen1974.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W. and Berteussen, K. A. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 39-40 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0033 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [S WAVE STUDIES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/s-wave-studies) > King, D. W. / Berteussen, K. A. / Husebye, E. S.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0034 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316601-1681725526/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4459_King_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W., Berteussen, K. A. and Husebye, E. S. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 33-34 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0034 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P CODA STUDIES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/p-coda-studies) > King, D. W. / Husebye, E. S.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0035 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316604-1681725531/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4458_King%2BHusebye1974.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W. and Husebye, E. S. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 30-32 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0035 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ARRAY MONITORING AND FIELD MAINTENANCE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/array-monitoring-and-field-maintenance) > NORSAR1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0036 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316607-1681725536/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4473_1974.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 87-94 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0036 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [INSTALLATION AND CALIBRATION OF KIRNOS INSTRUMENTATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/installation-and-calibration-of-kirnos-instrumentation) > Petterse, R. / Larsen, P. W.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0037 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316610-1681725540/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5049_Petterse%2BLarsen1974.pdf > Citation: > Petterse, R. and Larsen, P. W. (1974). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0037 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [QUASI- AND SUPERCYCLICITY OF EARTHQUAKES AND TIME MAGNITUDE GAPS IN EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/quasi-and-supercyclicity-of-earthquakes-and-time-magnitude-gaps-in-earthquake-prediction) > Purcaru, G.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0038 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316613-1681725547/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4465_Purcaru1974.pdf > Citation: > Purcaru, G. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 53-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0038 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A NEW QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF SEISMICITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/a-new-quantitative-measurement-of-seismicity) > Purcaru, G.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0039 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316616-1681725549/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4466_Purcaru1974.pdf > Citation: > Purcaru, G. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 56-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0039 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [DETECTION PROCESSOR OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/detection-processor-operation) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0040 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316619-1681725551/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4467_Rieber-Mohn1974.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 58-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0040 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [DETECTION PROCESSOR OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/detection-processor-operation-1) > Rieber-Mohn, D. / Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0041 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316622-1681725554/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4446_Rieber-Mohn%2BBungum1974.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. and Bungum, H. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 40-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0041 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EVENT PROCESSOR OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/event-processor-operation) > Rieber-Mohn, D. / Bungum, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0042 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316625-1681725556/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4468_Rieber-Mohn%2BBungum1974.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. and Bungum, H. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 67-72 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0042 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRAMMING ACTIVITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/programming-activity) > Rieber-Mohn, D. / Rud, R. / Fyen, J. / Skribeland, S. / Berteussen, V.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0043 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316628-1681725559/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4469_Rieber-Mohn_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D., Rud, R., Fyen, J., Skribel,, S. and Berteussen, V. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 73-75 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0043 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRAMMING ACTIVITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/programming-activity-1) > Rieber-Mohn, D. / Rud, R. / Skribeland, S.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0044 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316631-1681725562/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4448_Rieber-Mohn_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D., Rud, R. and Skribel and, S. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 53-54 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0044 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE NORSAR ARPANET CONNECTION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/the-norsar-arpanet-connection) > Rieber-Mohn, D. / Tveitane, P.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0045 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316634-1681725565/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4470_Rieber-Mohn%2BTveitane1974.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. and Tveitane, P. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 76-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0045 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FALSE ALARM AND NOISE STABILITY AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/false-alarm-and-noise-stability-at-norsar) > Steinert, O. / Husebye, E. S. / Gjoystdal, H.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0046 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316637-1681725567/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4464_Steinert_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Steinert, O., Husebye, E. S. and Gjoystdal, H. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 49-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0046 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ARRAY MONITORING AND FIELD MAINTENANCE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/array-monitoring-and-field-maintenance-1) > Steinert, O. / Nilsen, A. K.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0047 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316640-1681725569/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4452_Steinert%2BNilsen1974.pdf > Citation: > Steinert, O. and Nilsen, A. K. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 66-73 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0047 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE NORSAR ARPANET CONNECTION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/the-norsar-arpanet-connection-1) > Tveitane, P. / Rieber-Mohn, D.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0048 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316643-1681725572/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4449_Tveitane%2BRieber-Mohn1974.pdf > Citation: > Tveitane, P. and Rieber-Mohn, D. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 55-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0048 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR DATA PROCESSING CENTER (NDPC) OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/norsar-data-processing-center-ndpc-operation) > Tveitane, P.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0049 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316646-1681725575/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4450_Tveitane1974.pdf > Citation: > Tveitane, P. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1974, 57-59 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0049 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR DATA PROCESSING CENTER (NDPC) OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1974/norsar-data-processing-center-ndpc-operation-1) > Tveitane, P.1974doi: 10.21348/p.1974.0050 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316649-1681725580/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4471_Tveitane1974.pdf > Citation: > Tveitane, P. (1974). , NORSAR Scientific Report 6-1974, 79-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1974.0050 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1975](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/) - [ON THE ORIGIN OF SLOWNESS AND AZIMUTH ANOMALIES OF TELESEISMIC SIGNALS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/on-the-origin-of-slowness-and-azimuth-anomalies-of-teleseismic-signals) > Berteussen, K. A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316655-1681725588/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4481_Berteussen1975.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 17-19 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE EFFECT OF ARRAY CONFIGURATION ON SLOWNESS AND AZIMUTH ANOMALIES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/the-effect-of-array-configuration-on-slowness-and-azimuth-anomalies) > Berteussen, K. A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316658-1681725591/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4482_Berteussen1975.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 20-25 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [WAVE SCATTERING THEORY IN ANALYSIS OF P-WAVE ANOMALIES AT NORSAR AND LASA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/wave-scattering-theory-in-analysis-of-p-wave-anomalies-at-norsar-and-lasa) > Berteussen, K. A. / Christoffersson, A. / Husebye, E. S. / Dahle, A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316508-1681725368/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4454_Berteussen_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A., Christoffersson, A., Husebye, E. S. and Dahle, A. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 9-13 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/final-technical-report-norsar-phase-3) > Berteussen, K. A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316661-1681725596/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4364_Berteussen1975.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1975). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SOURCE-SPECTRAL SCALING AND CORNER FREQUENCIES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/source-spectral-scaling-and-corner-frequencies) > Brown, R. J.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316664-1681725610/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4494_Brown1975.pdf > Citation: > Brown, R. J. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 63-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FURTHER mb:Ms STUDIES AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/further-mb-ms-studies-at-norsar) > Bungum, H.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316667-1681725613/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4488_Bungum1975.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 40-43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [IN SITU STRESS MONITORING](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/in-situ-stress-monitoring) > Bungum, H. / Aki, K. / Risbo, T.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316670-1681725615/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4495_ungum_etal1975.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Aki, K. and Risbo, T. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 70-72 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [IMPROVED IDENTIFICATION USING COMBINED CRITERIA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/improved-identification-using-combined-criteria) > Bungum, H. / Tjostheim, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316673-1681725618/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4489_Bungum%2BTjostheim1975.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Tjostheim, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 44-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PRELIMINARY RAYLEIGH WAVE STUDIES NORTH OF SCANDINAVIA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/preliminary-rayleigh-wave-studies-north-of-scandinavia) > Calcagnile, G.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316676-1681725620/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4492_Calcagnile1975.pdf > Citation: > Calcagnile, G. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 56-59 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [UPPER MANTLE P-WAVE VELOCITIES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/upper-mantle-p-wave-velocities) > Calcagnile, G. / King, D. W.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316679-1681725623/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4484_Calcagnile%2BKing1975.pdf > Citation: > Calcagnile, G. and King, D. W. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 29-31 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ESTIMATION OF SIGNALS IN MULTIPLE NOISE A UNIFIED APPROACH](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/estimation-of-signals-in-multiple-noise-a-unified-approach) > Christoffersson, A. / Jansson, B.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316682-1681725626/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4986_Christoffersson%2BJansson1975.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A. and Jansson, B. (1975). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TIME AND AMPLITUDE FLUCTUATIONS OF TELESEISMIC P-SIGNALS AT NORSAR IN VIEW OF WAVE SCATTERING THEORY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/time-and-amplitude-fluctuations-of-teleseismic-p-signals-at-norsar-in-view-of-wave-scattering-theory) > Dahle, A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316577-1681725496/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4455_Dahle_etal1974.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 14-16 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A KIRNOS SEISMOGRAPH IN THE NORSAR SEISMIC ARRAY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/a-kirnos-seismograph-in-the-norsar-seismic-array) > Dahle, A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316685-1681725637/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4490_Dahle1975.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 47-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TIME AND AMPLITUDE FLUCTUATIONS OF TELESEISMIC P-SIGNALS AT NORSAR IN VIEW OF WAVE SCATTERING THEORY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/time-and-amplitude-fluctuations-of-teleseismic-p-signals-at-norsar-in-view-of-wave-scattering-theory-1) > Dahle, A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316688-1681725643/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4995_Dahle1975.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A. (1975). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic modelling of an anisotropic boundary layer](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/seismic-modelling-of-an-anisotropic-boundary-layer) > Doornbos, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316691-1681725658/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4649_Doornbos1975.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1975, 43-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SIGNAL-NOISE CLASSIFICATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/signal-noise-classification) > Fyen, J.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316694-1681725662/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4491_Fyen1975.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 52-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN FENNOSCANDIA, 1497-1973](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/earthquake-activity-in-fennoscandia-1497-1973) > Husebye, E. S. / Gjoystdal, H. / Bungum, H.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316697-1681725665/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4496_Husebye_etal1975.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Gjoystdal, H. and Bungum, H. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 73-74 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [IMPLICATIONS OF CRUSTAL SCATTERING ON SEISMIC PROFILING](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/implications-of-crustal-scattering-on-seismic-profiling) > King, D. W. / Berteussen, K. A.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316700-1681725668/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4485_King%2BBerteussen1975.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W. and Berteussen, K. A. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 32-34 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [HIGHER MODE SURFACE WAVES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/higher-mode-surface-waves) > King, D. W. / Crampin, S.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316703-1681725670/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4493_King%2BCrampin1975.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W. and Crampin, S. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 60-62 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PRECURSORS TO PP](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/precursors-to-pp) > King, D. W. / Haddon, R. A. W. / Husebye, E. S.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316706-1681725673/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4994_Kong_etal1975.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W., Haddon, R. A. W. and Husebye, E. S. (1975). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [STUDIES OF PRECURSORS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/studies-of-precursors) > King, D. W. / Husebye, E. S. / Haddon, R. A. W.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316583-1681725504/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4453_Doornbos1974.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W., Husebye, E. S. and Haddon, R. A. W. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 3-8 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [REINSTALLATION OF NORSAR SP ANALOG STATION (NAS)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/reinstallation-of-norsar-sp-analog-station-nas) > Larsen, P. W.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316709-1681725685/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5045_Larsen1975.pdf > Citation: > Larsen, P. W. (1975). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0023 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ARRAY MONITORING AND FIELD MAINTENANCE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/array-monitoring-and-field-maintenance) > Nilsen, A. K.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0024 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316712-1681725690/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4502_Nilsen1975.pdf > Citation: > Nilsen, A. K. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 99-108 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0024 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EVENT PROCESSOR OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/event-processor-operation) > NORSAR1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0025 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316715-1681725695/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4498_1975.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 83-89 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0025 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR DATA PROCESSING CENTER (NDPC) OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/norsar-data-processing-center-ndpc-operation) > NORSAR1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0026 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316718-1681725699/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4501_1975.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 95-98 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0026 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [DETECTION PROCESSOR OPERATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/detection-processor-operation) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0027 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316721-1681725702/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4497_Rieber-Mohn1975.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 75-82 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0027 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [PROGRAMMING ACTIVITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/programming-activity) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0028 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316724-1681725705/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4499_Rieber-Mohn1975.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 90-92 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0028 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE NORSAR ARPANET CONNECTION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/the-norsar-arpanet-connection) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0029 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316727-1681725708/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4500_Rieber-Mohn1975.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 93-94 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0029 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [AUTOREGRESSIVE REPRESENTATION OF SEISMIC P-WAVE SIGNALS AND SHORT-PERIOD DISCRIMINATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/autoregressive-representation-of-seismic-p-wave-signals-and-short-period-discrimination) > Tjostheim, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0030 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316730-1681725712/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4486_Tjostheim1975.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 35-37 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0030 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SOME AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS FOR SHORT-PERIOD SEISMIC NOISE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1975/some-autoregressive-models-for-short-period-seismic-noise) > Tjostheim, D.1975doi: 10.21348/p.1975.0031 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316733-1681725715/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4487_Tjostheim1975.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1975). , NORSAR Scientific Report 5-1975, 38-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1975.0031 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1976](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/) - [AMPLITUDE PATTERN EFFECTS ON NORSAR P-WAVE DETECTABILITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/amplitude-pattern-effects-on-norsar-p-wave-detectability) > Berteussen, A. K. / Husebye, E. S.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316739-1681725726/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4992_Berteussen%2BHusebye1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, A. K. and Husebye, E. S. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Direct Measurements of Crustal P-velocities in the NORSAR Area](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/direct-measurements-of-crustal-p-velocities-in-the-norsar-area) > Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316742-1681725735/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4516_Berteussen1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 47-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/semiannual-technical-report-norsar-phase-3) > Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316745-1681725737/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4365_Berteussen1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/semiannual-technical-summary) > Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316748-1681725746/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4366_Berteussen1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FINAL REPORT NORSAR PHASE 3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/final-report-norsar-phase-3) > Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316751-1681725755/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4367_Berteussen1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Long Period P-Wave Spectra as a Tool for Studies of Local Structure](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/long-period-p-wave-spectra-as-a-tool-for-studies-of-local-structure) > Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316754-1681725765/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4523_Berteussen1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 35-41 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Operational Capabilities](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/norsar-operational-capabilities) > Berteussen, K. A. / Bungum, H.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316757-1681725770/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4507_Berteussen%2BBungum1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A. and Bungum, H. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 50-54 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [RE-EVALUATION OF THE NORSAR DETECTION AND LOCATION CAPABILITIES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/re-evaluation-of-the-norsar-detection-and-location-capabilities) > Berteussen, K. A. / Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316760-1681725774/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4996_Berteusse_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Berteussen, K. A., Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [ScS Precursor Waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/scs-precursor-waves) > Brown, J. S. / Bungum, H. / Husebye, E. S.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316763-1681725780/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4517_Brown_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Brown, J. S., Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. S. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 50 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR beretning for perioden 1.7.1974 -- 30.6.1976](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/norsar-beretning-for-perioden-1-7-1974-30-6-1976) > Bungum, H.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316766-1681725784/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5160_Bungum1976.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismicity of the Norwegian Sea: The Jan Mayen Fracture Zone](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/seismicity-of-the-norwegian-sea-the-jan-mayen-fracture-zone) > Bungum, H. / Husebye, E. S.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316769-1681725789/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4518_Bungum%2BHusebye1976.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. S. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 51-54 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Precise Monitoring of Seismic Velocities](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/precise-monitoring-of-seismic-velocities) > Bungum, H. / Risbo, T. / Hjortenberg, E.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316772-1681725791/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4512_Bungum_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Risbo, T. and Hjortenberg, E. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Velocity Variations and Solid Earth Tides](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/seismic-velocity-variations-and-solid-earth-tides) > Bungum, H. / Risbo, T. / Hjortenberg, E.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316775-1681725793/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4521_Bungum_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Risbo, T. and Hjortenberg, E. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 29-32 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Lateral Variation in the Structure of the Upper Mantle beneath Eurasia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/lateral-variation-in-the-structure-of-the-upper-mantle-beneath-eurasia) > England, P. / King, D. W. / Worthington, M.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316778-1681725796/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4515_England_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > England, P., King, D. W. and Worthington, M. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 44-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Weighted Beamforming using Non-negative Weights](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/weighted-beamforming-using-non-negative-weights) > Fyen, J. / Christoffersson, A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316781-1681725799/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4522_Fyen%2BChristoffersson1976.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Christoffersson, A. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 33-34 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Origins of Precursors to P'P'](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/origins-of-precursors-to-p-p) > Haddon, R. A. W. / Husebye, E. S. / King, D. W.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316784-1681725802/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4505_Haddon_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Haddon, R. A. W., Husebye, E. S. and King, D. W. (1976). Origins of Precursors to P{\textquoteright}P{\textquoteright} , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 43-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Seismicity of Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/the-seismicity-of-fennoscandia) > Husebye, E. S. / Bungum, H.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316787-1681725804/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4511_Busebye%2BBungum1976.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Bungum, H. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 69-72 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Inversion of Large Aperture Array Travel Time Data for Mapping of Seismic Anomalies in the Lithosphere Asthenosphere](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/inversion-of-large-aperture-array-travel-time-data-for-mapping-of-seismic-anomalies-in-the-lithosphere-asthenosphere) > Husebye, E. S. / Christoffersson, A. / Baer, M.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316790-1681725807/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4514_Husebye_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Christoffersson, A. and Baer, M. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 42-43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic risk analysis for a nuclear power plant at Forsmark, Sweden](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/seismic-risk-analysis-for-a-nuclear-power-plant-at-forsmark-sweden) > Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316793-1681725809/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4519_Husebye%2BRingdal1976.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 55-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave Velocities in the Upper Mantle beneath Fennoscandia and Western Russia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/p-wave-velocities-in-the-upper-mantle-beneath-fennoscandia-and-western-russia) > King, D. W. / Calganile, G.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316796-1681725812/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4503_King%2BCalganile1976.pdf > Citation: > King, D. W. and Calganile, G. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 28-30 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SPECTRAL PROPERTIES AND SOURCE AREAS OF STORM MICROSEISMS AT NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/spectral-properties-and-source-areas-of-storm-microseisms-at-norsar) > Korhonen, H. / Pirhonen, S. E.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316799-1681725815/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4997_Korhonen%2BPirhonen1976.pdf > Citation: > Korhonen, H. and Pirhonen, S. E. (1976). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Analysis of Rayleigh Waves from Novaya-Zemlya Explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/an-analysis-of-rayleigh-waves-from-novaya-zemlya-explosions) > Levshin, A. L. / Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316802-1681725823/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4506_Levshin%2BBerteussen1976.pdf > Citation: > Levshin, A. L. and Berteussen, K. A. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 48-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0023 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Event Detectability of Seismograph Stations in Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/event-detectability-of-seismograph-stations-in-fennoscandia) > Pirhonen, S. / Ringdal, F. / Berteussen, K. A.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0024 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316805-1681725827/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4508_Pirhonen_etal1976.pdf > Citation: > Pirhonen, S., Ringdal, F. and Berteussen, K. A. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 55-58 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0024 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Variance of Teleseismic P-wave Amplitudes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/variance-of-teleseismic-p-wave-amplitudes) > Ringdal, F.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0025 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316808-1681725831/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4524_Ringdal1976.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 42-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0025 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Noise level variation at NORSAR and its effect on detectability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/noise-level-variation-at-norsar-and-its-effect-on-detectability) > Ringdal, F. / Bungum, H.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0026 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316811-1681725835/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4520_Ringdal%2BBungum1976.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Bungum, H. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 61-68 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0026 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On the Ms-mb Relationship of Earthquakes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/on-the-ms-mb-relationship-of-earthquakes) > Ringdal, F. / Turnbull, L. S.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0027 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316814-1681725839/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4509_Ringdal%2BTurnbull1976.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Turnbull, L. S. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 59-63 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0027 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Pattern Recognition Approach to Seismic Discrimination](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/a-pattern-recognition-approach-to-seismic-discrimination) > Tjostheim, D.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0028 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316817-1681725843/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4513_Tjostheim1976.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 4-1976, 36-41 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0028 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Improved Discriminant using Spectral Estimates for Surface Waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1976/an-improved-discriminant-using-spectral-estimates-for-surface-waves) > Tjostheim, D. / Husebye, E. S.1976doi: 10.21348/p.1976.0029 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316820-1681725846/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4510_Tjostheim%2BHusebye1976.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. and Husebye, E. S. (1976). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1976, 64-68 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1976.0029 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1977](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/) - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/semiannual-technical-summary) > Bungum, H.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316826-1681725851/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4368_Bungum1977.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1977). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Two New Earthquake Focal Mechanism Solutions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/two-new-earthquake-focal-mechanism-solutions) > Bungum, H.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316829-1681725858/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4528_Bungum1977.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 44-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [STIEGLER'S GORGE SEISMIC NETWORK](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/stiegler-s-gorge-seismic-network) > Bungum, H.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316832-1681725863/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5058_Bungum1977.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1977). STIEGLER{\textquoteright}S GORGE SEISMIC NETWORK > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismicity and Crustal Structure in the Svalbard Area](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/seismicity-and-crustal-structure-in-the-svalbard-area) > Bungum, H. / Husebye, E. S. / Berteussen, K. A.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316835-1681725868/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4529_Bungum_etal1977.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Husebye, E. S. and Berteussen, K. A. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 47-50 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Interference of Surface Waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/interference-of-surface-waves) > Bungum, H. / Levshin, A.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316838-1681725871/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4536_Bungum%2BLevshin1977.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Levshin, A. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 25-29 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Lateral P-velocity Distribution in the Upper Mantle Derived from NORSAR Data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/lateral-p-velocity-distribution-in-the-upper-mantle-derived-from-norsar-data) > England, P. C. / Kennett, B. L. N. / Worthington, M.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316841-1681725873/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4539_England_etal1977.pdf > Citation: > England, P. C., Kennett, B. L. N. and Worthington, M. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 49-53 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/final-technical-summary) > Gjoystdal, H.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316844-1681725876/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4369_GjAystdal1977.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1977). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Modelling of P-wave Amplitude Anomalies in Terms of Heterogeneities in the Lithosphere](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/modelling-of-p-wave-amplitude-anomalies-in-terms-of-heterogeneities-in-the-lithosphere) > Haddon, R. A. W. / Husebye, E. S.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316847-1681725887/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4526_Haddon%2BHusebye1977.pdf > Citation: > Haddon, R. A. W. and Husebye, E. S. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 41-42 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave Amplitude Observations Across NORSAR -- Observational and Theoretical Results](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/p-wave-amplitude-observations-across-norsar-observational-and-theoretical-results) > Haddon, R. A. W. / Husebye, E. S.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316850-1681725892/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4538_Haddon%2BHusebye1977.pdf > Citation: > Haddon, R. A. W. and Husebye, E. S. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 36-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Case Study of Plates in Collision, the Lithosphere in the Hindu-Kush and Pamir Region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/a-case-study-of-plates-in-collision-the-lithosphere-in-the-hindu-kush-and-pamir-region) > Husebye, E. S. / England, P. C. / Lukk, A. A. / Vinnik, L. P.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316853-1681725897/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4530_Husebye_etal1977.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Engl,, P. C., Lukk, A. A. and Vinnik, L. P. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave Travel Time Studies using a Continental Array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/p-wave-travel-time-studies-using-a-continental-array) > Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316856-1681725900/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4537_Husebye%2BRingdal1977.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 30-35 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Long Period Noise Level variations at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/long-period-noise-level-variations-at-norsar) > Ringdal, F.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316859-1681725904/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4541_Ringdal1977.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 58-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave Detectability Study of Existing World-Wide Seismograph Stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/p-wave-detectability-study-of-existing-world-wide-seismograph-stations) > Ringdal, F. / Husebye, E. S. / Fyen, J.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316862-1681725907/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4531_Ringdal_etal1977.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Husebye, E. S. and Fyen, J. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 52-57 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Autoregressive Modelling of Seismic Storms](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/autoregressive-modelling-of-seismic-storms) > Sandvin, O. A. / Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316865-1681725909/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4532_Sandvin%2BTjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Sandvin, O. A. and Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 58-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Criterion for Determining the Order of an AR Model](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/a-criterion-for-determining-the-order-of-an-ar-model) > Sandvin, O. A. / Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316868-1681725912/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4544_Sandvin%2BTjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Sandvin, O. A. and Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 68-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Short-period Discrimination Using Multivariate Autoregressive Representation of P-waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/short-period-discrimination-using-multivariate-autoregressive-representation-of-p-waves) > Sandvin, O. A. / Tjosthein, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316871-1681725914/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4542_Sandvin%2BTjosthein1977.pdf > Citation: > Sandvin, O. A. and Tjosthein, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 62-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Use of Converted Phases to Infer the Depth of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary beneath the Baltic Shield](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/the-use-of-converted-phases-to-infer-the-depth-of-the-lithosphere-asthenosphere-boundary-beneath-the-baltic-shield) > Snoke, J. A. / Sacks, I. S. / Husebye, E. S.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316874-1681725917/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4527_Snoke_etal1977.pdf > Citation: > Snoke, J. A., Sacks, I. S. and Husebye, E. S. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Pattern Recognition Approach to Seismic Discrimination. Part II: Classification](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/a-pattern-recognition-approach-to-seismic-discrimination-part-ii-classification) > Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316877-1681725920/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4533_Tjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 61-63 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A New Method of Spectral Estimation for Spatial Data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/a-new-method-of-spectral-estimation-for-spatial-data) > Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316880-1681725924/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4534_Tjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 64-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Estimating the Autocorrelation Function of Spatio-Temporal variables](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/estimating-the-autocorrelation-function-of-spatio-temporal-variables) > Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316883-1681725927/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4535_Tjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1977, 67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Measure of Association for Spatial Variables](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/a-measure-of-association-for-spatial-variables) > Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316886-1681725930/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4543_Tjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A New Method of Spectral Estimation for Spatial Data. Part II](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/a-new-method-of-spectral-estimation-for-spatial-data-part-ii) > Tjostheim, D.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316889-1681725934/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4545_Tjostheim1977.pdf > Citation: > Tjostheim, D. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 70-73 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0023 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detection of Waves Converted from P to SV in the Mantle](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1977/detection-of-waves-converted-from-p-to-sv-in-the-mantle) > Vinnik, L. P.1977doi: 10.21348/p.1977.0024 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316892-1681725939/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4540_Vinnik1977.pdf > Citation: > Vinnik, L. P. (1977). , NORSAR Scientific Report 3-1977, 54-57 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1977.0024 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1978](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/) - [Evaluation of the Current NORSAR Location Capabilities](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/evaluation-of-the-current-norsar-location-capabilities) > Bungum, H.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316898-1681725948/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4558_Bungum1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 40-42 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Description of and Preliminary Results from a Seismic Network for Hicroearthquake Studies in Tanzania](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/description-of-and-preliminary-results-from-a-seismic-network-for-hicroearthquake-studies-in-tanzania) > Bungum, H. / Fyen, J.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316901-1681725952/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4564_Bungum%2BFyen1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Fyen, J. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 61-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEISMICITY OF THE SVALBARD REGION: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MICROEARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/seismicity-of-the-svalbard-region-a-preliminary-report-on-the-microearthquake-activity) > Bungum, H. / Gjoystdal, H. / Hokland, B. / Kristoffersen, Y.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316904-1681725957/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5054_Bungum_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Gjoystdal, H., Hokl,, B. and Kristoffersen, Y. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Microearthquake Surveillance of Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/microearthquake-surveillance-of-svalbard) > Bungum, H. / Gjoystdal, H. / Hokland, B. K. / Kristoffersen, Y.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316907-1681725964/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4550_Bungum_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Gjoystdal, H., Hokl,, B. K. and Kristoffersen, Y. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 40-43 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Macroseismic Data Collection Using Newspaper Ads](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/macroseismic-data-collection-using-newspaper-ads) > Bungum, H. / Husebye, E. S.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316910-1681725967/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4554_Bungum%2BHusebye1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. S. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 53-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Seismicity of Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/the-seismicity-of-svalbard) > Bungum, H. / Kristoffersen, Y. / Hokland, B. K.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316913-1681725969/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4565_Bungum_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Kristoffersen, Y. and Hokl and, B. K. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 67-73 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Evaluation of the Current NORSAR Detection Capabilities](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/evaluation-of-the-current-norsar-detection-capabilities) > Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316916-1681725973/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4557_Bungum%2BRingdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 33-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Magnitude Studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/magnitude-studies) > Christofferson, A. / Ringdal, F. / Bjorck, C. / Husebye, E. S.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316919-1681725976/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4559_Christofferson_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Christofferson, A., Ringdal, F., Bjorck, C. and Husebye, E. S. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 43-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [STATISTICAL MODELS FOR SEISMIC MAGNITUDE](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/statistical-models-for-seismic-magnitude) > Christoffersson, A.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316922-1681725979/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4998_Christoffersson1978.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Do Geological Surface Features Have a Counterpart in the Deeper Part of the Lithosphere](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/do-geological-surface-features-have-a-counterpart-in-the-deeper-part-of-the-lithosphere) > Christoffersson, A. / Husebye, E. S.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316925-1681725990/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4563_Christoffersson%2BHusebye1978.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A. and Husebye, E. S. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 57-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Statistical Models for Seismic Magnitude](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/statistical-models-for-seismic-magnitude-1) > Christoffersson, A. / Ringdal, F. / Husebye, E. S.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316928-1681725994/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4547_Christoffersson_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A., Ringdal, F. and Husebye, E. S. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 30-33 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Near-Field Wave Propagation Problems](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/near-field-wave-propagation-problems) > Fyen, J. / Husebye, E. S.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316931-1681725998/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4561_Fyen%2BHusebye1978.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Husebye, E. S. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 50-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Event Discrimination Based on Near-Field Observations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/seismic-event-discrimination-based-on-near-field-observations) > Fyen, J. / Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316934-1681726002/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4560_Fyen_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J., Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 48-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/semiannual-technical-summary) > Gjoystdal, H.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316937-1681726005/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4370_Gjoystdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Maximum Likelihood Procedure for Local Event Location Based on Observed S-P Time Differences at Two or More Stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/a-maximum-likelihood-procedure-for-local-event-location-based-on-observed-s-p-time-differences-at-two-or-more-stations) > Gjoystdal, H.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316940-1681726018/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4552_Gjoystdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 47-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A GENERAL COMPUTER ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING ZERO-VALUE CONTOURS OF A BIVARIATE SCALAR FUNCTION, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO SEISMIC RAY-TRACING IN COMPLEX 3-DIMENSIONAL MODELS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/a-general-computer-algorithm-for-calculating-zero-value-contours-of-a-bivariate-scalar-function-with-special-application-to-seismic-ray-tracing-in-complex-3-dimensional-models) > Gjoystdal, H.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316943-1681726022/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5075_Gjoystdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [COMPUTATION OF SEISMIC RAY PATHS BETWEEN GIVEN SOURCE AND RECIEVER LINE IN A COMPLEX 3-D MODEL](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/computation-of-seismic-ray-paths-between-given-source-and-reciever-line-in-a-complex-3-d-model) > Gjoystdal, H.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316946-1681726028/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5076_Gjoystdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SCATTERING OF SEISMIC BODY WAVES BY SMALL RANDOM INHOMOGENEITIES IN THE EARTH](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/scattering-of-seismic-body-waves-by-small-random-inhomogeneities-in-the-earth) > Haddon, R. A. W.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316949-1681726036/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4999_Haddon1978.pdf > Citation: > Haddon, R. A. W. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Inversion of Travel Time Data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/inversion-of-travel-time-data) > Husebye, E. S. / Christoffersson, A.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316952-1681726048/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4549_Husebye%2BChristoffersson1978.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Christoffersson, A. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 37-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Short Period P-wave Amplitude Variability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/short-period-p-wave-amplitude-variability) > Husebye, E. S. / Haddon, R. A. W.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316955-1681726054/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4548_Husebye%2BHaddon1978.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Haddon, R. A. W. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 34-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Work of the Seismological Expert Group Established by the United Nations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/work-of-the-seismological-expert-group-established-by-the-united-nations) > Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316958-1681726058/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4546_Husebye%2BRingdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 27-29 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SITE SELECTION FOR INTERMEDIATE STORAGE OF NUCLEAR WASTES IN SWEDEN SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/site-selection-for-intermediate-storage-of-nuclear-wastes-in-sweden-seismic-considerations) > Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316961-1681726063/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5055_Husebye%2BRingdal1978.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0023 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE INTERACTIVE NORSAR BULLETIN EDITING SYSTEM USER GUIDE AND DOCUMENTATION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/the-interactive-norsar-bulletin-editing-system-user-guide-and-documentation) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0024 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316964-1681726084/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5036_Rieber-Mohn1978.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0024 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [THE USE OF ARPANET FOR TRANSMISSION OF REAL TIME SEISMIC DATA](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/the-use-of-arpanet-for-transmission-of-real-time-seismic-data) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0025 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316967-1681726100/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5040_Rieber-Mohn1978.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0025 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [DOCUMENTATION OF THE NCP TASK](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/documentation-of-the-ncp-task) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0026 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316970-1681726111/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5041_Rieber-Mohn1978.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0026 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/final-technical-summary) > Rieber-Mohn, D.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0027 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316973-1681726123/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4371_Rieber-Mohn1978.pdf > Citation: > Rieber-Mohn, D. (1978). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0027 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismicity of East Africa](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/seismicity-of-east-africa) > Ringdal, F. / Bungum, H.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0028 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316976-1681726136/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4555_Ringdal%2BBungum1978.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Bungum, H. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 57-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0028 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Teleseismic Detectability of the Svalbard Microearthquake Network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/teleseismic-detectability-of-the-svalbard-microearthquake-network) > Ringdal, F. / Bungum, H. / Hokland, B. K.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0029 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316979-1681726140/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4551_Ringdal_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Bungum, H. and Hokl and, B. K. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 44-46 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0029 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Lithospheric Thicknesses in the General NORSAR Siting Area](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/lithospheric-thicknesses-in-the-general-norsar-siting-area) > Sacks, I. S. / Husebye, E. S. / Snoke, J. A.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0030 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316982-1681726145/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4556_Sacks_etal1978.pdf > Citation: > Sacks, I. S., Husebye, E. S. and Snoke, J. A. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1978, 61-65 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0030 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [General Purpose Program for Seismic Discrimination](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1978/general-purpose-program-for-seismic-discrimination) > Sandvin, O. A.1978doi: 10.21348/p.1978.0031 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316985-1681726148/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4562_Sandvin1978.pdf > Citation: > Sandvin, O. A. (1978). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1978, 53-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1978.0031 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1979](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/) - [Microearthquake Results from Tanzania](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/microearthquake-results-from-tanzania) > Bungum, H. / Hokland, B. K.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316991-1681726155/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4570_Bungum%2BHokland1979.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Hokland, B. K. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1979, 38-41 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Earthquake Sequence in Meloey, Northern Norway -- A Unique Intraplate Phenomenon](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/an-earthquake-sequence-in-meloey-northern-norway-a-unique-intraplate-phenomenon) > Bungum, H. / Hokland, B. K. / Husebye, E. S. / Ringdal, F.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316994-1681726157/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4568_Bungum_etal1979.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Hokl,, B. K., Husebye, E. S. and Ringdal, F. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1979, 29-34 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A Digital Microearthquake Network in Southern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/a-digital-microearthquake-network-in-southern-norway) > Bungum, H. / Larsen, P. W. / Ringdal, F.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316997-1681726161/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4569_Bungum_etal1979.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Larsen, P. W. and Ringdal, F. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1979, 35-37 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An Experimental Small Subarray within the NORSAR Array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/an-experimental-small-subarray-within-the-norsar-array) > Bungum, H. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Sandvin, O. A.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317000-1681726164/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4576_Bungum_etal1979.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Mykkeltveit, S. and S andvin, O. A. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1979, 43-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/semiannual-technical-summary) > Gjoystdal, H.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317003-1681726167/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4372_Gjoystdal1979.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1979). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Gjoystdal, H.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317006-1681726175/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4373_Gjoystdal1979.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1979). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEISMIC METHODS IN METAMORPHIC ROCK](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/seismic-methods-in-metamorphic-rock) > Gjoystdal, H.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317009-1681726187/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5057_Gjoystdal1979.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. (1979). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Lg, Li and Sn Propagation Characteristics Across Eurasia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/lg-li-and-sn-propagation-characteristics-across-eurasia) > Husebye, E. S. / Mykkeltveit, S.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317012-1681726192/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4572_Husebye%2BMykkeltveit1979.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1979, 49-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Short Period Recording of Explosions during the 'Fennoscandia Long Range Profile 1979' ('Fennolora') Seismic Experiment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/norsar-short-period-recording-of-explosions-during-the-fennoscandia-long-range-profile-1979-fennolora-seismic-experiment) > Mykkeltveit, S.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317015-1681726196/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4577_Mykkeltveit1979.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1979). NORSAR Short Period Recording of Explosions during the {\textquoteright}Fennoscandia Long Range Profile 1979{\textquoteright} ({\textquoteright}Fennolora{\textquoteright}) Seismic Experiment , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1979, 50-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P and Lg Wave Attenuation within 15 Degrees in Selected Frequency Bands in the 1-5 Hz Range using NORSAR Short Period Records](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/p-and-lg-wave-attenuation-within-15-degrees-in-selected-frequency-bands-in-the-1-5-hz-range-using-norsar-short-period-records) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317018-1681726200/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4573_Mykkeltveit%2BRingdal1979.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Ringdal, F. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1979, 29-32 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR beretning for perioden 1.7.1976 -- 31.12.1979](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/norsar-beretning-for-perioden-1-7-1976-31-12-1979) > NORSAR1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317021-1681726204/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5161_NORSAR1979.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1979). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR -- NORWEGIAN SEISMIC ARRAY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/norsar-norwegian-seismic-array) > NORSAR1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317024-1681726209/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5164_NORSAR.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1979). , NORSAR Flyer -1979, 7 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Crustal Thicknesses of Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/crustal-thicknesses-of-fennoscandia) > Pirhonen, S. / Bungum, H. / Husebye, E. S.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317027-1681726211/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4571_Pirhonen_etal1979.pdf > Citation: > Pirhonen, S., Bungum, H. and Husebye, E. S. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1979, 42-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of Global P-wave Attenuation Characteristics using ISC Data Files](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/analysis-of-global-p-wave-attenuation-characteristics-using-isc-data-files) > Ringdal, F. / Fyen, J.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317030-1681726214/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4574_Ringdal%2BFyen1979.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Fyen, J. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1979, 33-37 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Classification of Regional Events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1979/classification-of-regional-events) > Sandvin, O. A.1979doi: 10.21348/p.1979.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317033-1681726217/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4575_Sandvin1979.pdf > Citation: > Sandvin, O. A. (1979). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1979, 38-42 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1979.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1981](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/) - [Automatic Determination of Arrival Time, Amplitude and Period for Teleseismic Events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/automatic-determination-of-arrival-time-amplitude-and-period-for-teleseismic-events) > Bungum, H.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317075-1681726274/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4592_Bungum1981.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 48-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Concentrated Earthquake Zones in Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/concentrated-earthquake-zones-in-svalbard) > Bungum, H. / Mitchell, B. J. / Kristoffersen, T.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317078-1681726277/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4590_Bungum_etal1981.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H., Mitchell, B. J. and Kristoffersen, T. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 40-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Moment Tensors and Kinematic Source Parameters](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/seismic-moment-tensors-and-kinematic-source-parameters) > Doornbos, D. J.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317081-1681726280/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4593_Doornbos1981.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 53-59 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Constrained inversion for sources of finite extent](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/constrained-inversion-for-sources-of-finite-extent) > Doornbos, D. J.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317084-1681726283/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4598_Doornbos1981.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 25-29 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Dynamic ray-tracing in complex three-dimensional models](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/dynamic-ray-tracing-in-complex-three-dimensional-models) > Gjoystdal, H. / Reinhardsen, J. E.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317087-1681726285/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4605_Gjoystdal%2BReinhardsen1981.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H. and Reinhardsen, J. E. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 71-77 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [TRAVEL TIME AND WAVEFRONT CURVATURE CALCULATIONS IN INHOMOGENEOUS LAYERED MEDIA WITH CURVED INTERFACES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/travel-time-and-wavefront-curvature-calculations-in-inhomogeneous-layered-media-with-curved-interfaces) > Gjoystdal, H. / Reinhardsen, J. E. / Ursin, B.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317090-1681726290/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5063_Gjoystdal_etal1981.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H., Reinhardsen, J. E. and Ursin, B. (1981). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Upper mantle heterogeneities beneath Eastern Europe](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/upper-mantle-heterogeneities-beneath-eastern-europe) > Hovland, J. / Husebye, E.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317093-1681726302/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4602_Hovland%2BHusebye1981.pdf > Citation: > Hovland, J. and Husebye, E. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 56-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Three-Dimensional Seismic Velocity Image of the Upper Mantle beneath Southeastern Europe](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/three-dimensional-seismic-velocity-image-of-the-upper-mantle-beneath-southeastern-europe) > Hovland, J. / Husebye, E. S.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317096-1681726305/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4596_Hovland%2BHusebye1981.pdf > Citation: > Hovland, J. and Husebye, E. S. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 79-84 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Mantel heterogenities beneath Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/mantel-heterogenities-beneath-fennoscandia) > Husebye, E. S. / Hovland, J.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317099-1681726310/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4601_Husebye%2BHovland1981.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Hovland, J. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 50-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Lithospheric Studies Based on the Principles of Holography](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/lithospheric-studies-based-on-the-principles-of-holography) > Husebye, E. S. / Troitskiy, P.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317102-1681726315/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4597_Husebye%2BTroitskiy1981.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Troitskiy, P. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 85-91 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Microearthquake Monitoring of the Nansen Ridge during the FRAM I Experiment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/microearthquake-monitoring-of-the-nansen-ridge-during-the-fram-i-experiment) > Kristoffersen, Y. / Husebye, E. S. / Bungum, H.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317105-1681726319/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4591_Kristoffersen_etal1981.pdf > Citation: > Kristoffersen, Y., Husebye, E. S. and Bungum, H. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 45-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Signal and noise correlations and seismic array configuration optimalization](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/signal-and-noise-correlations-and-seismic-array-configuration-optimalization) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Astebol, K. / Doornbos, D. / Husebye, E. S.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317108-1681726324/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4599_Mykkeltveit_etal1981.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Astebol, K., Doornbos, D. and Husebye, E. S. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 30-40 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Lg Wave Propagation in Eurasia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/lg-wave-propagation-in-eurasia) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Husebye, E. S.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317111-1681726327/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4595_Mykkeltveit%2BHusebye1981.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Husebye, E. S. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 70-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS Data Analysis](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/noress-data-analysis) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Husebye, E. S. / Bungum, H. / Astebol, K.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317114-1681726330/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4589_Mykkeltveit_etal1980.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Husebye, E. S., Bungum, H. and Astebol, K. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 31-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/semiannual-technical-summary) > Nilsen, A. K.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317117-1681726333/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4376_Nilsen1981.pdf > Citation: > Nilsen, A. K. (1981). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Signal detection using P-wave envelope representation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/signal-detection-using-p-wave-envelope-representation) > Nysaeter, A.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317120-1681726343/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4603_Nysaeter1981.pdf > Citation: > Nysaeter, A. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 62-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [QUADRATIC VERSUS LINEAR ENVELOPE BEAMFORMING FOR SEISMIC EVENT DETECTION](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/quadratic-versus-linear-envelope-beamforming-for-seismic-event-detection) > Nysaeter, A.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317123-1681726348/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5062_Nysaeter1981.pdf > Citation: > Nysaeter, A. (1981). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Dynamic ray-tracing in complex three-dimensional geological models](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/dynamic-ray-tracing-in-complex-three-dimensional-geological-models) > Reinhardsen, J. E.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317126-1681726354/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5064_Reinhardsen1981.pdf > Citation: > Reinhardsen, J. E. (1981). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Location of Regional Events using Travel Time Differentials between P Arrival Branches](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/location-of-regional-events-using-travel-time-differentials-between-p-arrival-branches) > Ringdal, F.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317129-1681726361/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4594_Ringdal1981.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1981, 60-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Investigation of signal focusing effects at NORSAR for events near the Caspian Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/investigation-of-signal-focusing-effects-at-norsar-for-events-near-the-caspian-sea) > Ringdal, F. / Larsen, P. W.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317132-1681726366/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4604_Ringdal%2BLarsen1981.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Larsen, P. W. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 68-70 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Torstveit, J.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317135-1681726369/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4377_Torstveit1981.pdf > Citation: > Torstveit, J. (1981). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [3-D MAPPING OF THE ICELAND HOT SPOT](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/3-d-mapping-of-the-iceland-hot-spot) > Tryggvason, K.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0023 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317138-1681726379/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5074_Tryggvason1981.pdf > Citation: > Tryggvason, K. (1981). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0023 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [3-D seismic mapping of the Iceland hot spot](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1981/3-d-seismic-mapping-of-the-iceland-hot-spot) > Tryggvason, K. / Husebye, E. S.1981doi: 10.21348/p.1981.0024 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317141-1681726385/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4600_Tryggvason%2BHusebye1981.pdf > Citation: > Tryggvason, K. and Husebye, E. S. (1981). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1981, 41-49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1981.0024 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1982](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/) - [NORESS noise and signal characteristics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/noress-noise-and-signal-characteristics) > Bungum, H.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317147-1681726391/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4615_Bungum1982.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1982, 39-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [STIEGLER'S GORGE POWER PROJECT SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS, PHASE II](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/stiegler-s-gorge-power-project-seismic-risk-analysis-phase-ii) > Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317150-1681726394/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5072_Bungum%2BRingdal1982.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1982). STIEGLER{\textquoteright}S GORGE POWER PROJECT SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS, PHASE II > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Fennoscandian noise survey](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/fennoscandian-noise-survey) > Bungum, Hilmar1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317153-1681726409/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4613_1982.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, Hilmar (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 62-72 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic energy and stress drop from moment tensor analysis](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/seismic-energy-and-stress-drop-from-moment-tensor-analysis) > Doornbos, D.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317156-1681726413/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4618_Doornbos1982.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1982, 52-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic source spectra and moment tensors](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/seismic-source-spectra-and-moment-tensors) > Doornbos, D. J.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317159-1681726417/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4607_Doornbos1982.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 25-28 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Upper mantle heterogeneities beneath Easter Europe](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/upper-mantle-heterogeneities-beneath-easter-europe) > Hovland, J. / Husebye, E. S.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317162-1681726420/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4611_Hovland%2BHusebye1982.pdf > Citation: > Hovland, J. and Husebye, E. S. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 49 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Upper mantle seismic heterogeneities beneath Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/upper-mantle-seismic-heterogeneities-beneath-fennoscandia) > Husebye, E. S. / Hovland, J.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317165-1681726423/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4610_Husebye%2BHovland1982.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Hovland, J. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic array configuration optimization](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/seismic-array-configuration-optimization) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Astebol, K. / Doornbos, D. J. / Husebye, E. S.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317168-1681726426/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4609_Mykkeltveit_etal1982.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Astebol, K., Doornbos, D. J. and Husebye, E. S. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 37-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On-line event detection and location based on NORESS data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/on-line-event-detection-and-location-based-on-noress-data) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Bungum, H.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317171-1681726431/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4614_Mykkeltveit%2BBungum1982.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Bungum, H. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1982, 33-38 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A processing package for on-line analysis of data from small aperture arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/a-processing-package-for-on-line-analysis-of-data-from-small-aperture-arrays) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317174-1681726434/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4608_Mykkeltveit_etal1982.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 29-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A North Sea -- Southern Norway seismic crustal profile Introduction](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/a-north-sea-southern-norway-seismic-crustal-profile-introduction) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Husebye, E. S. / Cassell, B. / Kanestroem, R.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317177-1681726439/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4612_Mykkeltveit_etal1982.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Husebye, E. S., Cassell, B. and Kanestroem, R. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1982, 50-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR beretning for perioden 1.1.1980 -- 31.12.1982](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/norsar-beretning-for-perioden-1-1-1980-31-12-1982) > NORSAR1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317180-1681726445/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5162_NORSAR1982.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1982). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave coda amplitudes at NORSAR for Semipalatinsk events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/p-wave-coda-amplitudes-at-norsar-for-semipalatinsk-events) > Ringdal, F.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317183-1681726449/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4616_Ringdal1982.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1982). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1982, 45-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [EARTHQUAKE HAZARD OFFSHORE NORWAY -- A study for the NTNF {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Safety Offshore'' Committee](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/earthquake-hazard-offshore-norway-a-study-for-the-ntnf-textquoteleft-textquoteleft-safety-offshore-committee) > Ringdal, F. / Husebye, E. S. / Bungum, H. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Sandvin, O. A.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317186-1681726452/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5034_Ringdal_etal1982.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Husebye, E. S., Bungum, H., Mykkeltveit, S. and S andvin, O. A. (1982). EARTHQUAKE HAZARD OFFSHORE NORWAY -- A study for the NTNF {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Safety Offshore{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} Committee > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1982/semiannual-technical-summary) > Torstveit, J.1982doi: 10.21348/p.1982.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317189-1681726457/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4378_Torstveit1982.pdf > Citation: > Torstveit, J. (1982). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1982.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1983](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/) - [Power spectral bias sources and quantization levels](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/power-spectral-bias-sources-and-quantization-levels) > Bungum, H.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317195-1681726471/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4623_Bungum1983.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1983, 65-71 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Further RONAPP developments](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/further-ronapp-developments) > Bungum, H. / Mykkeltveit, S.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317198-1681726474/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4629_Bungum%2BMykkeltveit1983.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1983). , NORSAR Internal Report 1-1983, 39-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Example of a seismic absorption band at high frequencies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/example-of-a-seismic-absorption-band-at-high-frequencies) > Doornbos, D.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317201-1681726477/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4626_Doornbos1983.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1983). , NORSAR Internal Report 1-1983, 23-28 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The absorption band effect on long-period body waves](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/the-absorption-band-effect-on-long-period-body-waves) > Doornbos, D.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317204-1681726480/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4619_Doornbos1983.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1983, 31-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The present seismic evidence for a boundary layer at the base of the mantle](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/the-present-seismic-evidence-for-a-boundary-layer-at-the-base-of-the-mantle) > Doornbos, D.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317207-1681726484/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4620_Doornbos1983.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1983, 37-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Spectral bandwidth, pulse width and moments in source analysis](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/spectral-bandwidth-pulse-width-and-moments-in-source-analysis) > Doornbos, D. J.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317210-1681726488/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4627_Doornbos1983.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. (1983). , NORSAR Internal Report 1-1983, 29-32 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Weighted beamforming in a real time environment](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/weighted-beamforming-in-a-real-time-environment) > Husebye, E. S. / Ingate, S. F. / Christofferson, A.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317213-1681726492/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4630_Husebye_etal1983.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Ingate, S. F. and Christofferson, A. (1983). , NORSAR Internal Report 1-1983, 45-57 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A new regional array in Norway: Design work](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/a-new-regional-array-in-norway-design-work) > Mykkeltveit, S.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317216-1681726497/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4625_Mykkeltveit1983.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1983, 81-88 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The new regional array: 1983 field experiments](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/the-new-regional-array-1983-field-experiments) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Bungum, H.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317219-1681726502/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4628_Mykkeltveit%2BBungum1983.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Bungum, H. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1983, 33-38 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The effect of aliasing on the NORSAR detector performance](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/the-effect-of-aliasing-on-the-norsar-detector-performance) > Pettersen, O. / Bungum, H. / Ringdal, F.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317222-1681726506/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4621_Pettersen_etal1983.pdf > Citation: > Pettersen, O., Bungum, H. and Ringdal, F. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1983, 45-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Magnitudes from P coda and Lg using NORSAR data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/magnitudes-from-p-coda-and-lg-using-norsar-data) > Ringdal, F.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317225-1681726509/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4624_Ringdal1983.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1983). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1983, 72-80 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/semiannual-technical-summary) > Tronrud, L.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317228-1681726513/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4381_Tronrud1983.pdf > Citation: > Tronrud, L. (1983). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Tronrud, L.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317231-1681726519/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4379_Tronrud1983.pdf > Citation: > Tronrud, L. (1983). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1983/semiannual-technical-summary-2) > Tronrud, L.1983doi: 10.21348/p.1983.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317234-1681726528/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4380_Tronrud1983.pdf > Citation: > Tronrud, L. (1983). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1983.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1984](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/) - [Fennoscandian seismicity, 1980-84](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/fennoscandian-seismicity-1980-84) > Bungum, H. / Hokland, B. K.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317240-1681726544/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4634_Bungum%2BHokland1984.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. and Hokland, B. K. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 46-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Source solutions from long-period waveform inversion](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/source-solutions-from-long-period-waveform-inversion) > Doornbos, D.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317243-1681726548/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4639_Doornbos1984.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1984, 17-22 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Some path effects and long-period station residuals in the GDSN network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/some-path-effects-and-long-period-station-residuals-in-the-gdsn-network) > Doornbos, D.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317246-1681726553/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4640_1984.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 23-28 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On the determination of radiated seismic energy and related source parameters](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/on-the-determination-of-radiated-seismic-energy-and-related-source-parameters) > Doornbos, D. J.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317249-1681726558/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4633_Doornbos1984.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. J. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 40-45 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A FLEXIBLE, USER-ORIENTED SYSTEM FOR 3D DYNAMIC RAY-TRAVING IN COMPLEX GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/a-flexible-user-oriented-system-for-3d-dynamic-ray-traving-in-complex-geological-structures) > Gjoystdal, H. / Reinhardsen, J. E. / Astebol, K.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317252-1681726563/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5059_Gjoystdal_etal1984.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H., Reinhardsen, J. E. and Astebol, K. (1984). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [COMPUTER REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX 3D GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES USING A NEW 'SOLID MODELLING' TECHNIQUE*](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/computer-representation-of-complex-3d-geological-structures-using-a-new-solid-modelling-technique) > Gjoystdal, H. / Reinhardsen, J. E. / Astebol, K.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317255-1681726573/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5060_Gjoystdal_etal1984.pdf > Citation: > Gjoystdal, H., Reinhardsen, J. E. and Astebol, K. (1984). COMPUTER REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX 3D GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES USING A NEW {\textquoteright}SOLID MODELLING{\textquoteright} TECHNIQUE* > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Preliminary report on a method of dynamic ray tracing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/preliminary-report-on-a-method-of-dynamic-ray-tracing) > Hanyga, A.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317258-1681726577/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4641_Hanyga1984.pdf > Citation: > Hanyga, A. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 29-33 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Regional arrays and optimum data processing schemes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/regional-arrays-and-optimum-data-processing-schemes) > Husebye, E. S. / Ingate, S. F. / Christoffersson, A.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317261-1681726580/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4642_Husebye_etal1984.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Ingate, S. F. and Christoffersson, A. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1984, 34-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Report on an affordable, interactive arid mobile seismic array installation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/report-on-an-affordable-interactive-arid-mobile-seismic-array-installation) > Husebye, E. S. / Ingate, S. F. / Thoresen, E. / Mathiesen, J. A.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317264-1681726584/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4636_Husebye_etal1984.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Ingate, S. F., Thoresen, E. and Mathiesen, J. A. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 52-57 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The New Regional Array: 1983 Vertical and Three-Component Instrument Field Experiments](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/the-new-regional-array-1983-vertical-and-three-component-instrument-field-experiments) > Ingate, S. F.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317267-1681726587/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4638_Ingate1984.pdf > Citation: > Ingate, S. F. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 65-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [US ice-drift station FRAM IV: Preliminary analysis of multichannel seismic refraction data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/us-ice-drift-station-fram-iv-preliminary-analysis-of-multichannel-seismic-refraction-data) > Ingate, S. F. / Husebye E.S. / Kristoffersen, Y.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317270-1681726591/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4637_Ingate_etal1984.pdf > Citation: > Ingate, S. F., Husebye E.S. and Kristoffersen, Y. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 58-65 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317273-1681726597/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4383_Loughran1984.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1984). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS Regional Array development](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/noress-regional-array-development) > Mykkeltveit, S.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317276-1681726611/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4645_Mykkeltveit1984.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1984, 63-69 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Observation and modelling of regional phases recorded at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/observation-and-modelling-of-regional-phases-recorded-at-norsar) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Kennett, B. L. N.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317279-1681726615/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4632_Mykkeltveit%2BKennett1984.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Kennett, B. L. N. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 31-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Source parameter analysis, 8 March 1983 Stord earthquake](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/source-parameter-analysis-8-march-1983-stord-earthquake) > NORSAR1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317282-1681726619/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4635_1984.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 49-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of magnitudes, seismicity and earthquake detectability using a global network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/study-of-magnitudes-seismicity-and-earthquake-detectability-using-a-global-network) > Ringdal, F.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317285-1681726624/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4631_Ringdal1984.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1984, 21-30 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Teleseismic detection at high frequencies using NORSAR data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/teleseismic-detection-at-high-frequencies-using-norsar-data) > Ringdal, F.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317288-1681726627/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4644_Ringdal1984.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1984). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1984, 54-62 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1984/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Tronrud, L.1984doi: 10.21348/p.1984.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317291-1681726630/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4382_Tronrud1984.pdf > Citation: > Tronrud, L. (1984). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1984.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1985](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/) - [3-component seismogram analysis](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/3-component-seismogram-analysis) > Christofferson, A. / Husebye, E. S. / Ingate, S. F.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317297-1681726645/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4652_Christofferson_etal1985.pdf > Citation: > Christofferson, A., Husebye, E. S. and Ingate, S. F. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 67-86 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Epicenter location scenarios](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/epicenter-location-scenarios) > Christoffersson, A. / Gubbins, D. / Husebye, E. S.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317300-1681726648/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4653_Christoffersson_etal1985.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A., Gubbins, D. and Husebye, E. S. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 87-91 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A new technique for 3-component seismogram analysis](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/a-new-technique-for-3-component-seismogram-analysis) > Christoffersson, A. / Husebye, E. S. / Ingate, S. F.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317303-1681726650/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4663_Christoffersson_etal1985.pdf > Citation: > Christoffersson, A., Husebye, E. S. and Ingate, S. F. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 86-97 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of teleseismic P coda using NORSAR and NORESS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/analysis-of-teleseismic-p-coda-using-norsar-and-noress) > Dainty, A.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317306-1681726653/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4647_Dainty1985.pdf > Citation: > Dainty, A. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 62-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave coda -- scattering research](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/p-wave-coda-scattering-research) > Dainty, A. / Husebye, E. S.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317309-1681726655/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4665_Dainty%2BHusebye1985.pdf > Citation: > Dainty, A. and Husebye, E. S. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 119-131 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The calculation of ellipticity corrections](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/the-calculation-of-ellipticity-corrections) > Doornbos, D.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317312-1681726658/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4661_Doornbos1985.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 72-75 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS regional event records -- wavefield decomposition schemes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/noress-regional-event-records-wavefield-decomposition-schemes) > Egilson, T. / Husebye, E. S. / Ruud, B.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317315-1681726660/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4664_Egilson_etal1985.pdf > Citation: > Egilson, T., Husebye, E. S. and Ruud, B. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 98-118 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Interactive analysis program for use with NORESS data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/interactive-analysis-program-for-use-with-noress-data) > Harris, D. B. / Kvaerna, T.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317318-1681726665/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4651_Harris%2BKvaerna1985.pdf > Citation: > Harris, D. B. and Kvaerna, T. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 53-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Crustal structure in the NORSAR array siting area derived from gravity observations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/crustal-structure-in-the-norsar-array-siting-area-derived-from-gravity-observations) > Husebye, E. S. / Wessel, P.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317321-1681726669/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4655_Husebye%2BWessel1985.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S. and Wessel, P. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 104-118 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The RST/RSTE research project -- current status](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/the-rst-rste-research-project-current-status) > Husebye, E. S. / Thoresen, E. / Mathiesen, J. A. / Myrvold, I. C.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317324-1681726674/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4654_Husebye_etal1985.pdf > Citation: > Husebye, E. S., Thoresen, E., Mathiesen, J. A. and Myrvold, I. C. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 92-103 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Propagation characteristics of regional phases recorded at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/propagation-characteristics-of-regional-phases-recorded-at-norsar) > Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317327-1681726677/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4656_Kvaerna%2BMykkeltveit1985.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 21-29 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P-wave spectra from NORESS recordings](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/p-wave-spectra-from-noress-recordings) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317330-1681726680/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4660_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1985.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 62-71 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Attenuation of seismic energy from local events in southern Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/attenuation-of-seismic-energy-from-local-events-in-southern-norway) > Kvamme, L. B. / Havskov, J.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317333-1681726685/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4662_Kvamme%2BHavskov1985.pdf > Citation: > Kvamme, L. B. and Havskov, J. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 76-85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317336-1681726688/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4384_Loughran1985.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1985). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/final-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317339-1681726700/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4385_Loughran1985.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1985). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Evaluation of NORESS real time processing performance: Case study for 132 Western Norway/North Sea events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/evaluation-of-noress-real-time-processing-performance-case-study-for-132-western-norway-north-sea-events) > Mykkeltveit, S.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317342-1681726713/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4657_Mykkeltveit1985.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 30-39 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Preliminary evaluation of the event detection and location capability of the small-aperture NORESS array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/preliminary-evaluation-of-the-event-detection-and-location-capability-of-the-small-aperture-noress-array) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Harris, D. B. / Kvaerna, T.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317345-1681726716/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4648_Mykkeltveit_etal1985.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Harris, D. B. and Kvaerna, T. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 30-42 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An application of long-period waveform inversion to shallow sources under the Tibetan Plateau](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/an-application-of-long-period-waveform-inversion-to-shallow-sources-under-the-tibetan-plateau) > Pettersen, O. / Doornbos, D.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0019 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317348-1681726720/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4650_Pettersen%2BDoornbos1985.pdf > Citation: > Pettersen, O. and Doornbos, D. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 47-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0019 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Real time event detection using the small-aperture NORESS Array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/real-time-event-detection-using-the-small-aperture-noress-array) > Ringdal, F.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0020 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317351-1681726722/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4646_Ringdal1985.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1985, 22-29 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0020 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results from NORESS detection processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/initial-results-from-noress-detection-processing) > Ringdal, F.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0021 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317354-1681726725/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4658_Ringdal1985.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 40-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0021 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS-NORSAR processing system comparison](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1985/noress-norsar-processing-system-comparison) > Ringdal, F.1985doi: 10.21348/p.1985.0022 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317357-1681726728/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4659_Ringdal1985.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1985). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1985, 52-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1985.0022 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1987](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/) - [A scattering model of regional Pn wave propagation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/a-scattering-model-of-regional-pn-wave-propagation) > Doornbos, D. / Kvaerna, T.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317414-1681726805/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4686_Doornbos%2BKvaerna1987.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. and Kvaerna, T. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 26-34 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS noise spectral studies. Noise level characteristics](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/noress-noise-spectral-studies-noise-level-characteristics) > Fyen, J.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317417-1681726808/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4682_Fyen1987.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1987, 46-58 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORESS capability for detection and location of mining tremors in the Lubin area in Poland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/noress-capability-for-detection-and-location-of-mining-tremors-in-the-lubin-area-in-poland) > Gibowicz, S. J.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317420-1681726812/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4685_Gibowicz1987.pdf > Citation: > Gibowicz, S. J. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1987, 91-124 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Wide-band slowness estimation using a small aperture seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/wide-band-slowness-estimation-using-a-small-aperture-seismic-array) > Kvaerna, T.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311451-1613999070/norsar.no/R-D/4674_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1986.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1987, 38-45 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Towards an optimum beam deployment for NORESS; experiments with a North Sea / western Norway data base](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/towards-an-optimum-beam-deployment-for-noress-experiments-with-a-north-sea-western-norway-data-base) > Kvaerna, T. / Kibsgaard, S. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317423-1681726818/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4691_Kvaerna_etal1987.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Kibsgaard, S., Mykkeltveit, S. and Ringdal, F. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 103-122 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [False alarm statistics and threshold determination for regional event detection](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/false-alarm-statistics-and-threshold-determination-for-regional-event-detection) > Kvaerna, T. / Kibsgaard, S. / Ringdal, F.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317426-1681726822/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4688_Kvaerna_etal1987.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Kibsgaard, S. and Ringdal, F. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 46-60 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317429-1681726825/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4388_Loughran1987.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1987). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Loughran, L. B.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317432-1681726837/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4389_Loughran1987.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1987). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Preliminary tests for surface waves in 2-D structures](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/preliminary-tests-for-surface-waves-in-2-d-structures) > Maupin, V.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317435-1681726849/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4687_Maupin1987.pdf > Citation: > Maupin, V. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 35-45 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Local geology of the regional array sites in Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/local-geology-of-the-regional-array-sites-in-norway) > Mykkeltveit, S.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317438-1681726851/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4692_Mykkeltveit1987.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 123-129 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results from analysis of data recorded at the new regional array in Finnmark, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/initial-results-from-analysis-of-data-recorded-at-the-new-regional-array-in-finnmark-norway) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F. / Fyen, J. / Kvaerna, T.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317441-1681726854/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4689_Mykkeltveit_etal1987.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Ringdal, F., Fyen, J. and Kvaerna, T. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 61-82 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEISMOLOGICAL VERIFICATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/seismological-verification-of-a-comprehensive-test-ban-treaty) > 1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317444-1681726857/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5152_Ringdal1987.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1987). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Magnitudes of Large Semipalatinsk Explosions using P Coda and Lg Measurements at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/magnitudes-of-large-semipalatinsk-explosions-using-p-coda-and-lg-measurements-at-norsar) > Ringdal, F. / Hokland, B. K.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317447-1681726871/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4690_Ringdal%2BHokland1987.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Hokland, B. K. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1987, 83-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results from data analysis using the FINESA experimental small aperture array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1987/initial-results-from-data-analysis-using-the-finesa-experimental-small-aperture-array) > Ringdal, F. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Kvaerna, T. / Larsen, P. W. / Paulsen, R. / Korhonen, H. / Pirhonen, S.1987doi: 10.21348/p.1987.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317450-1681726874/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4683_Ringdal_etal1987.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Mykkeltveit, S., Kvaerna, T., Larsen, P. W., Paulsen, R., Korhonen, H. and Pirhonen, S. (1987). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1987, 59-83 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1987.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1988](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/) - [Statistics of ISC travel time residuals](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/statistics-of-isc-travel-time-residuals) > Doornbos, D. / Hilton, T.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317456-1681726881/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4701_Doornbos%2BHilton1988.pdf > Citation: > Doornbos, D. and Hilton, T. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1988, 42-47 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On exploitation of small-aperture NORESS type arrays for enhanced P-wave detectability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/on-exploitation-of-small-aperture-noress-type-arrays-for-enhanced-p-wave-detectability) > Kvaerna, T.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317459-1681726884/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4693_Kvaerna1988.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 32-51 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Sources of short-term fluctuations in the seismic noise level at NORESS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/sources-of-short-term-fluctuations-in-the-seismic-noise-level-at-noress) > Kvaerna, T.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317462-1681726887/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4694_Kvaerna1988.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 52-63 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Spectral analysis of Shagan River explosions recorded at NORSAR and NORESS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/spectral-analysis-of-shagan-river-explosions-recorded-at-norsar-and-noress) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317465-1681726890/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4700_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1988.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1988, 30-41 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismicity of northern Norway and adjacent areas as inferred from ARCESS and SEISNOR data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/seismicity-of-northern-norway-and-adjacent-areas-as-inferred-from-arcess-and-seisnor-data) > Kvamme, L. B. / Hansen, R. A.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317468-1681726894/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4697_Kvamme%2BHansen1988.pdf > Citation: > Kvamme, L. B. and Hansen, R. A. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 93-105 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317471-1681726897/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4390_Loughran1988.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1988). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/final-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317474-1681726910/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4391_Loughran1988.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1988). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Coupling of short period surface wavetrains across the North Sea Graben](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/coupling-of-short-period-surface-wavetrains-across-the-north-sea-graben) > Maupin, V.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317477-1681726921/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4696_Maupin1988.pdf > Citation: > Maupin, V. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 74-92 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Modelling of Lg-wave propagation across the Central Graben of the North Sea](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/modelling-of-lg-wave-propagation-across-the-central-graben-of-the-north-sea) > Maupin, V.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317480-1681726925/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4702_Maupin1988.pdf > Citation: > Maupin, V. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1988, 48-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of regional seismic events using the NORESS/ARCESS/FINESA arravs](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/analysis-of-regional-seismic-events-using-the-noress-arcess-finesa-arravs) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Kvaerna, T. Fyen / Uski, M.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317483-1681726928/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4704_Mykkeltveit_etal1988.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Kvaerna, T. Fyen and Uski, M. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1988, 74-87 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [New results from processing of data recorded at the: new ARCESS regional array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/new-results-from-processing-of-data-recorded-at-the-new-arcess-regional-array) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317486-1681726930/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4698_Mykkeltveit%2BRingdal1988.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Ringdal, F. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 106-117 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR beretning for perioden 1.1.1983 -- 31.12.1987](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/norsar-beretning-for-perioden-1-1-1983-31-12-1987) > NORSAR1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317489-1681726933/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5163_NORSAR1988.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1988). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Regional Seismic Arrays and Nuclear Test Ban Verification](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/regional-seismic-arrays-and-nuclear-test-ban-verification) > NORSAR1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317492-1681726938/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5165_NORSAR.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1988). , NORSAR Flyer -1988, 18 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Surface topographic effects on arrays and three component stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/surface-topographic-effects-on-arrays-and-three-component-stations) > Odegaard, E. / Doornbos, D.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317495-1681726941/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4695_Odegaard%2BDoornbos1988.pdf > Citation: > Odegaard, E. and Doornbos, D. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 64-73 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [State of Health System for NORESS/ARCESS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/state-of-health-system-for-noress-arcess) > Paulsen, R.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317498-1681726946/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5035_Paulsen1988.pdf > Citation: > Paulsen, R. (1988). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of Grafenberg Lg recordings of Semipalatinsk explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/analysis-of-grafenberg-lg-recordings-of-semipalatinsk-explosions) > Ringdal, F. / Fyen, J.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317501-1681726954/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4699_Ringdal%2BFyen1988.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Fyen, J. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1988, 118-127 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Comparative analysis of NORSAR and Grafenberg Lg magnitudes for Shagan River explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1988/comparative-analysis-of-norsar-and-grafenberg-lg-magnitudes-for-shagan-river-explosions) > Ringdal, F. / Fyen, J.1988doi: 10.21348/p.1988.0018 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317504-1681726957/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4705_Ringdal%2BFyen1988.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Fyen, J. (1988). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1988, 88-106 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1988.0018 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1989](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/) - [Establishment of a mining explosion data base](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/establishment-of-a-mining-explosion-data-base) > Dahle, A. / Alsaker, A. / Mykkeltveit, S.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317510-1681726962/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4718_Dahle_etal1989.pdf > Citation: > Dahle, A., Alsaker, A. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 83-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Event processor program package](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/event-processor-program-package) > Fyen, J.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317513-1681726964/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4712_Fyen1989.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 117-123 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of data from the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) for Soviet nuclear explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/analysis-of-data-from-the-china-digital-seismograph-network-cdsn-for-soviet-nuclear-explosions) > Hansen, R. A. / Ringdal, F.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317516-1681726966/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4716_Hansen%2BRingdal1989.pdf > Citation: > Hansen, R. A. and Ringdal, F. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 62-73 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of IRIS data for Soviet nuclear explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/analysis-of-iris-data-for-soviet-nuclear-explosions) > Hansen, R. A. / Ringdal, F. / Richards, P. G.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317519-1681726969/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4713_Hansen_etal1989.pdf > Citation: > Hansen, R. A., Ringdal, F. and Richards, P. G. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 124-140 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Statistically optimal event detection using small array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/statistically-optimal-event-detection-using-small-array-data) > Kushnir, A. F. / Pinsky, V. I. / Fyen, J.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317522-1681726972/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4720_Kushnir_etal1989.pdf > Citation: > Kushnir, A. F., Pinsky, V. I. and Fyen, J. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 113-129 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A performance test of the generalized beamforming method applied to a data base of regional events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/a-performance-test-of-the-generalized-beamforming-method-applied-to-a-data-base-of-regional-events) > Kvaerna, T.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317525-1681726974/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4714_Kvaerna1989.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 44-53 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317528-1681726977/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4392_Loughran1989.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1989). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [SEMIANNUAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Loughran, L. B.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317531-1681726990/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4393_Loughran1989.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1989). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Variability of explosion Lg spectra with near-source structure and focal depth](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/variability-of-explosion-lg-spectra-with-near-source-structure-and-focal-depth) > Maupin, V.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317534-1681726997/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4708_Maupin1989.pdf > Citation: > Maupin, V. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 79-96 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Transverse components of explosion-induced Lg waves and upper crustal anisotropy](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/transverse-components-of-explosion-induced-lg-waves-and-upper-crustal-anisotropy) > Maupin, V.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317537-1681727000/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4719_Maupin1989.pdf > Citation: > Maupin, V. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 103-112 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Surface topographic effects at NORESS and ARCESS](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/surface-topographic-effects-at-noress-and-arcess) > Odegaard, E. / Doornbos, D.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317540-1681727002/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4709_Odegaard%2BDoornbos1989.pdf > Citation: > Odegaard, E. and Doornbos, D. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 97-104 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [X.25-based communication link between NORSAR and AFTAC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/x-25-based-communication-link-between-norsar-and-aftac) > Paulsen, R.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317543-1681727005/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4711_Paulsen1989.pdf > Citation: > Paulsen, R. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 112-116 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A new data acquisition system for FINES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/a-new-data-acquisition-system-for-fines) > Paulsen, R. / Fyen, J. / Larsen, P. W. / Mykkeltveit, S.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317546-1681727009/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4717_Paulsen_etal1989.pdf > Citation: > Paulsen, R., Fyen, J., Larsen, P. W. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 74-82 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR P-wave detection and yield estimation of selected Semipalatinsk explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/norsar-p-wave-detection-and-yield-estimation-of-selected-semipalatinsk-explosions) > Ringdal, F.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317549-1681727012/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4715_Ringdal1989.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1989, 54-61 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continuous monitoring of seismic event detection capability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/continuous-monitoring-of-seismic-event-detection-capability) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317552-1681727015/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4707_Ringdal%2BKvaerna1989.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 68-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Yield determination of Soviet underground nuclear explosions at the Shagan River Test Site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1989/yield-determination-of-soviet-underground-nuclear-explosions-at-the-shagan-river-test-site) > Ringdal, F. / Marshall, P. D.1989doi: 10.21348/p.1989.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317555-1681727020/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4706_Ringdal%2BMarshall1989.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Marshall, P. D. (1989). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1989, 36-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1989.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1990](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/) - [Earthquake reporting capabilities in Fennoscandia as inferred from IAS data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/earthquake-reporting-capabilities-in-fennoscandia-as-inferred-from-ias-data) > Bungum, H.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317561-1681727031/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4725_Bungum1990.pdf > Citation: > Bungum, H. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1990, 82-91 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results from real-time processing of GERESS array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/initial-results-from-real-time-processing-of-geress-array-data) > Fyen, J.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317564-1681727034/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4728_Fyen1990.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 67-74 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of data from the British station GAM near Garm, USSR for Soviet nuclear explosions](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/analysis-of-data-from-the-british-station-gam-near-garm-ussr-for-soviet-nuclear-explosions) > Hansen, R. A.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317567-1681727038/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4722_Hansen1990.pdf > Citation: > Hansen, R. A. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1990, 56-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Wavefield decomposition for three-component seismograms](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/wavefield-decomposition-for-three-component-seismograms) > Kennett, B. L. N. / Hansen, R. A.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317570-1681727042/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4723_Kennett%2BHansen1990.pdf > Citation: > Kennett, B. L. N. and Hansen, R. A. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1990, 67-72 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Optimal group filtering and noise attenuation for the NORESS and ARCESS arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/optimal-group-filtering-and-noise-attenuation-for-the-noress-and-arcess-arrays) > Kushnir, A. F. / Pinsky, V. I. / Tsvang, S. / Fyen, J. / Ringdal, F. / Mykkeltveit, S.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317573-1681727045/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4733_Kushnir_etal1990.pdf > Citation: > Kushnir, A. F., Pinsky, V. I., Tsvang, S., Fyen, J., Ringdal, F. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 115-134 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Generalized beamforming using a network of four regional arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/generalized-beamforming-using-a-network-of-four-regional-arrays) > Kvaerna, T.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317576-1681727048/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4729_Kvaerna1990.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 75-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Application of the threshold monitoring method](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/application-of-the-threshold-monitoring-method) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317579-1681727051/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4726_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1990.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1990, 92-104 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continuous threshold monitoring of the Novaya Zemlya test site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/continuous-threshold-monitoring-of-the-novaya-zemlya-test-site) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317582-1681727053/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4730_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1990.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 82-95 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Real-time processing using a hybrid 3-component /small array station](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/real-time-processing-using-a-hybrid-3-component-small-array-station) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317585-1681727056/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4731_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1990.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 96-109 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/semiannual-technical-summary) > Loughran, L. B.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317588-1681727059/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4394_Loughran1990.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1990). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Loughran, L. B.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317591-1681727067/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4395_Loughran1990.pdf > Citation: > Loughran, L. B. (1990). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Development of two three-component stations in Poland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/development-of-two-three-component-stations-in-poland) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Paulsen, R.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317594-1681727080/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4732_Mykkeltveit%2BPaulsen1990.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Paulsen, R. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 110-114 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Symposium on Regional Seismic Arrays and Nuclear Test Ban Verification](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/symposium-on-regional-seismic-arrays-and-nuclear-test-ban-verification) > NORSAR1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317597-1681727083/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5166_NORSAR1990.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1990). , NORSAR Flyer -1990, 18 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detection and yield estimation studies](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/detection-and-yield-estimation-studies) > Ringdal, F.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317600-1681727087/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4727_Ringdal1990.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1990, 56-66 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Report from the symposium on Regional Seismic Arrays and Nuclear Test Ban Verification in Oslo, Norway, 14-1 7 February 1990](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1990/report-from-the-symposium-on-regional-seismic-arrays-and-nuclear-test-ban-verification-in-oslo-norway-14-1-7-february-1990) > Ringdal, F. / Mykkeltveit, S.1990doi: 10.21348/p.1990.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317603-1681727091/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4721_Ringdal%2BMykkeltveit1990.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1990). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1990, 49-55 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1990.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1993](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/) - [The Lop Nor nuclear explosion of 5 October 1993](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/the-lop-nor-nuclear-explosion-of-5-october-1993) > Fyen, J. / Ringdal, F.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317708-1681727259/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4772_Fyen%2BRingdal1993.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Ringdal, F. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1993, 81-89 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial processing results from the Spitsbergen small-aperture array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/initial-processing-results-from-the-spitsbergen-small-aperture-array) > Fyen, J. / Ringdal, F.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317711-1681727262/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4769_Fyen%2BRingdal1993.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Ringdal, F. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1993, 119-131 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Intelligent post-processing of seismic events -- Part 2: Accurate determination of phase arrival times using autoregessive likelihood estimation](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/intelligent-post-processing-of-seismic-events-part-2-accurate-determination-of-phase-arrival-times-using-autoregessive-likelihood-estimation) > Kvaerna, T.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317714-1681727266/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4766_Kvaerna1993.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1993, 68-92 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A generic algorithm for accurate determination of P-phase arrival times](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/a-generic-algorithm-for-accurate-determination-of-p-phase-arrival-times) > Kvaerna, T.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317717-1681727270/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4774_Kvaerna1993.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1993, 98-108 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Intelligent post-processing of seismic events -- Part 1: Basic approach](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/intelligent-post-processing-of-seismic-events-part-1-basic-approach) > Kvaerna, T. / Baadshaug, U. / Ringdal, F.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317720-1681727273/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4765_Kvaerna_etal1993.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Baadshaug, U. and Ringdal, F. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1993, 60-67 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Intelligent post-processing of seismic events -- Part 3: Precise relocation of events in a known target region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/intelligent-post-processing-of-seismic-events-part-3-precise-relocation-of-events-in-a-known-target-region) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317723-1681727276/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4767_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1993.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1993, 93-104 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Monitoring a moratorium: An experiment in continuous seismic threshold monitoring of the northern Novaya Zemlya test site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/monitoring-a-moratorium-an-experiment-in-continuous-seismic-threshold-monitoring-of-the-northern-novaya-zemlya-test-site) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317726-1681727279/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4768_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1993.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1993, 105-118 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An evaluation of the performance of the Intelligent Monitoring System](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/an-evaluation-of-the-performance-of-the-intelligent-monitoring-system) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Kvaerna, T. / Baadshaug, U. / Loughran, L. B. / Hokland, B. K.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317729-1681727283/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4770_Mykkeltveit_etal1993.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Kvaerna, T., Baadshaug, U., Loughran, L. B. and Hokl and, B. K. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1993, 132-142 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1993](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/aarsmelding-1993) > NORSAR1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317732-1681727286/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5168_NORSAR1993.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1993). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismological Verification of a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/seismological-verification-of-a-comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban) > NORSAR1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317735-1681727291/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5167_NORSAR1993.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1993). , NORSAR Flyer -1993, 20 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317738-1681727294/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4400_1993.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1993). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > NORSAR1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317741-1681727308/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4401_1993.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1993). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continuous threshold monitoring of the Lop Nor, China, test site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/continuous-threshold-monitoring-of-the-lop-nor-china-test-site) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317744-1681727320/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4771_Ringdal%2BKvaerna1993.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1993, 68-80 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Generalized Beamforming as a tool in IDC processing of large earthquake sequences](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/generalized-beamforming-as-a-tool-in-idc-processing-of-large-earthquake-sequences) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317747-1681727324/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4776_Ringdal%2BKvaerna1993.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1993, 122-130 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Onset time estimation and location of events in the Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, using the Analyst Review Station](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1993/onset-time-estimation-and-location-of-events-in-the-khibiny-massif-kola-peninsula-using-the-analyst-review-station) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Hokland, B. K.1993doi: 10.21348/p.1993.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317750-1681727327/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4775_Ringdal_etal1993.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Hokl and, B. K. (1993). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1993, 109-121 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1993.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1994](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/) - [Combining NORSAR and NORESS processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/combining-norsar-and-noress-processing) > Fyen, J. / Paulsen, B.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317756-1681727339/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4784_Fyen%2BPaulsen1994.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Paulsen, B. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1994, 91-95 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Signal detection and waver orm extraction in the coda of a strong, interfering event](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/signal-detection-and-waver-orm-extraction-in-the-coda-of-a-strong-interfering-event) > Kushnir, A. / Kvaerna, T.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317759-1681727344/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4779_Kushnir%2BKvaerna1994.pdf > Citation: > Kushnir, A. and Kvaerna, T. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1994, 114-127 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A system for continuous global seismic threshold monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/a-system-for-continuous-global-seismic-threshold-monitoring) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Iversen, H. / Larsen, N. H. K.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317762-1681727347/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4777_Kvaerna_etal1994.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F., Iversen, H. and Larsen, N. H. K. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1994, 80-101 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A system for continuous seismic threshold monitoring, final report](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/a-system-for-continuous-seismic-threshold-monitoring-final-report) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Iversen, H. / Larsen, N. H. K.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317765-1681727351/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4782_Kvaerna_etal1994.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F., Iversen, H. and Larsen, N. H. K. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1994, 69-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The Lop Nor nuclear explosions of 10 June and 7 October 1994](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/the-lop-nor-nuclear-explosions-of-10-june-and-7-october-1994) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Baadshaug, U. / Fyen, J. / Hokland, B. K.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317768-1681727353/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4783_Mykkeltveit_etal1994.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Baadshaug, U., Fyen, J. and Hokl and, B. K. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1994, 79-90 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1994](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/aarsmelding-1994) > NORSAR1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317771-1681727356/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5169_NORSAR1994.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1994). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317774-1681727361/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4402_1994.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1994). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > NORSAR1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317777-1681727373/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4403_1994.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1994). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [On the reliability of event location estimates from automatic and interactive processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/on-the-reliability-of-event-location-estimates-from-automatic-and-interactive-processing) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317780-1681727385/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4787_Ringdal%2BKvaerna1994.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1994, 119-127 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Some improvements of the detector / SigPro -- system at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/some-improvements-of-the-detector-sigpro-system-at-norsar) > Schweitzer, J.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317783-1681727390/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4780_Schweitzer1994.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1994, 128-139 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Mislocation vectors for small aperture arrays -- a first step towards calibrating GSETT-3 stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/mislocation-vectors-for-small-aperture-arrays-a-first-step-towards-calibrating-gsett-3-stations) > Schweitzer, J.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317786-1681727393/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4786_Schweitzer1994.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1994, 104-118 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Epicenter location and cratering at the Novaya Zemlya underground nuclear test site](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/epicenter-location-and-cratering-at-the-novaya-zemlya-underground-nuclear-test-site) > Skorve, J.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317789-1681727396/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4785_Skorve1994.pdf > Citation: > Skorve, J. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1994, 96-103 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The 31 December 1992 seismic event on Novaya Zemlya](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1994/the-31-december-1992-seismic-event-on-novaya-zemlya) > Skrove, J.1994doi: 10.21348/p.1994.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317792-1681727401/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4781_Skrove1994.pdf > Citation: > Skrove, J. (1994). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1994, 140-147 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1994.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1995](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/) - [Development of improved NORSAR time delay corrections](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/development-of-improved-norsar-time-delay-corrections) > Fyen, J. / Ringdal, F. / Paulsen, B.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317798-1681727408/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4798_Fyen_etal1995.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J., Ringdal, F. and Paulsen, B. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 101-112 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of underground mining explosions in the Khibiny Massif](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/study-of-underground-mining-explosions-in-the-khibiny-massif) > Kremenetskaya, E. O. / Asming, V. E. / Ringdal, F.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317801-1681727411/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4794_Kremenetskaya_etal1995.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E. O., Asming, V. E. and Ringdal, F. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1995, 137-148 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial results of a newly installed acoustic array in Apatity](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/initial-results-of-a-newly-installed-acoustic-array-in-apatity) > Kuzmin, I. / Fedorenko, Y. V. / Grachev, A. I. / Kulitchkov, S. N. / Raspopov, O. / Ringdal, F.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317804-1681727414/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4795_Kuzmin_etal1995.pdf > Citation: > Kuzmin, I., Fedorenko, Y. V., Grachev, A. I., Kulitchkov, S. N., Raspopov, O. and Ringdal, F. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1995, 149-160 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Automatic onset time estimation based on autoregressive processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/automatic-onset-time-estimation-based-on-autoregressive-processing) > Kvaerna, T.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317807-1681727417/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4799_Kvaerna1995.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 113-133 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Magnitude estimation using the IDC Threshold Monitoring system](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/magnitude-estimation-using-the-idc-threshold-monitoring-system) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317810-1681727420/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4792_Kvaerna%2BRingdal1995.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Ringdal, F. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1995, 118-125 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Analysis of data recorded at theSpitsbergen array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/analysis-of-data-recorded-at-thespitsbergen-array) > Lindholm, C.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317813-1681727423/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4796_Lindholm1995.pdf > Citation: > Lindholm, C. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 79-88 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Processing of Spitsbergen array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/processing-of-spitsbergen-array-data) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Baadshaug, U. / Kvaerna, T.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317816-1681727428/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4793_Mykkeltveit_etal1995.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Baadshaug, U. and Kvaerna, T. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1995, 126-136 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [A comparison of the NORSAR array monthly bulletin with the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) of the GSETT-3 IDC](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/a-comparison-of-the-norsar-array-monthly-bulletin-with-the-reviewed-event-bulletin-reb-of-the-gsett-3-idc) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Hokland, B. K. / Baadshaug, U.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317819-1681727434/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4797_Mykkeltveit_etal1995.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S., Hokl,, B. K. and Baadshaug, U. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 89-100 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Recommendation on Auxiliary Seismic Stations for the IMS Network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/recommendation-on-auxiliary-seismic-stations-for-the-ims-network) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Kradolfer, U.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317822-1681727439/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4800_Mykkeltveit%2BKradolfer1995.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Kradolfer, U. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 134-148 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1995](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/aarsmelding-1995) > NORSAR1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317825-1681727443/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5170_NORSAR1995.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1995). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317828-1681727452/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4404_1995.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1995). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semianually Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/semianually-technical-summary) > NORSAR1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317831-1681727464/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4405_1995.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1995). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Magnitude estimation at the JDC -- a case study](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/magnitude-estimation-at-the-jdc-a-case-study) > Ringdal, F.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317834-1681727475/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4801_Ringdal1995.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 149-157 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Global seismic threshold monitoring and automated network processing](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/global-seismic-threshold-monitoring-and-automated-network-processing) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317837-1681727478/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4788_Ringdal_etal1995.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1995, 89-98 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [An assessment of the estimated mean mislocation vectors for small-aperture arrays](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/an-assessment-of-the-estimated-mean-mislocation-vectors-for-small-aperture-arrays) > Schweitzer, J.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317840-1681727481/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4802_Schweitzer1995.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1995, 158-163 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Mapping of azimuth anomalies from array observations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1995/mapping-of-azimuth-anomalies-from-array-observations) > Schweitzer, J. / Kvaerna, T.1995doi: 10.21348/p.1995.0017 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317843-1681727483/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4789_Schweitzer%2BKvaerna1995.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. and Kvaerna, T. (1995). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1995, 99-106 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1995.0017 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [1997](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/) - [Status Report: Norway's participation in GSETT-3](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/status-report-norway-s-participation-in-gsett-3-1) > Baadshaug, U. / Mykkeltveit, S.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317894-1681727567/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4821_Baadshaug%2BMykkeltveit1997.pdf > Citation: > Baadshaug, U. and Mykkeltveit, S. (1997). Status Report: Norway{\textquoteright}s participation in GSETT-3 , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 74-82 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Large Array Processing at the JDC Testbed](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/norsar-large-array-processing-at-the-jdc-testbed) > Fyen, J.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317897-1681727570/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4818_Fyen1997.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1997, 86-89 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Large Array Processing at the IDC Testbed](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/norsar-large-array-processing-at-the-idc-testbed) > Fyen, J. / Paulsen, B.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317900-1681727573/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4824_Fyen%2BPaulsen1997.pdf > Citation: > Fyen, J. and Paulsen, B. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 103-109 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Threshold Magnitudes](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/threshold-magnitudes) > Kvaerna, T.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317903-1681727576/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4819_Kvaerna1997.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1997, 90-101 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Status of the global Threshold Monitoring (TM) system](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/status-of-the-global-threshold-monitoring-tm-system) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Baadshaug, U. / Iversen, H.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317906-1681727581/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4822_Kvaerna_etal1997.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F., Baadshaug, U. and Iversen, H. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 83-93 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Initial plans for implementing IMS stations in Norway](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/initial-plans-for-implementing-ims-stations-in-norway) > Mykkeltveit, S. / Fyen, J.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317909-1681727585/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4817_Mykkeltveit%2BFyen1997.pdf > Citation: > Mykkeltveit, S. and Fyen, J. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1997, 81-85 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 1997](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/aarsmelding-1997) > NORSAR1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317912-1681727588/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5172_NORSAR1997.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1997). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/semiannual-technical-summary) > NORSAR1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317915-1681727593/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4409_1997.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (1997). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semianual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/semianual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317918-1681727603/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4408_Ringdal1997.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1997). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [P/S ratios for seismic events near Novaya Zemlya](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/p-s-ratios-for-seismic-events-near-novaya-zemlya) > Ringdal, F.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317921-1681727610/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4826_Ringdal1997.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 120-127 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Study of seismic travel-time models for the Barents region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/study-of-seismic-travel-time-models-for-the-barents-region) > Ringdal, F. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Filatov, Y.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317924-1681727612/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4820_Ringdal_etal1997.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V. and Filatov, Y. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-1997, 102-114 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [The seismic event near Novaya Zemlya on 16 August 1997](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/the-seismic-event-near-novaya-zemlya-on-16-august-1997) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317927-1681727615/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4825_Ringdal_etal1997.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T., Kremenetskaya, E. and Asming, V. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 110-119 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [HYPOSAT -- A new routine to locate seismic events](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/hyposat-a-new-routine-to-locate-seismic-events) > Schweitzer, J.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317930-1681727619/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4823_Schweitzer1997.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 94-102 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Recommendations for improvements in the PIDC processing of Matsushiro (MJAR) array data](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/1997/recommendations-for-improvements-in-the-pidc-processing-of-matsushiro-mjar-array-data) > Schweitzer, J.1997doi: 10.21348/p.1997.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1317933-1681727624/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4827_Schweitzer1997.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (1997). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-1997, 128-141 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.1997.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2000](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/) - [Synthetic travel times for regional crustal transects across the Barents Sea and the adjacent western continental margin](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/synthetic-travel-times-for-regional-crustal-transects-across-the-barents-sea-and-the-adjacent-western-continental-margin) > Faleide, J. I. / Schweitzer, J. / Bungum, H. / Moellegaaed, E.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318023-1681727759/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4863_Faleide_etal2000.pdf > Citation: > Faleide, J. I., Schweitzer, J., Bungum, H. and Moellegaaed, E. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2000, 89-97 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Locating Seismic Events in Northern Eurasia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/locating-seismic-events-in-northern-eurasia) > Kremenetskaya, E. / Asmin, V. / Ringdal, F.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318026-1681727763/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4854_Kremenetskaya_etal2000.pdf > Citation: > Kremenetskaya, E., Asmin, V. and Ringdal, F. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2000, 64-75 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Threshold Monitoring Processing Parameters for IMS Stations PDYAR and ARCES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/threshold-monitoring-processing-parameters-for-ims-stations-pdyar-and-arces) > Kvaerna, T. / Taylor, L.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318029-1681727766/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4864_Kvaerna%2BTaylor2000.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. and Taylor, L. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2000, 98-115 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Waveform quality analysis and data conditioning for the SPITS array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/waveform-quality-analysis-and-data-conditioning-for-the-spits-array) > Kvaerna, T.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318032-1681727770/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4857_Kvaerna2000.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2000, 106-112 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Regional Seismic Threshold Monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/regional-seismic-threshold-monitoring) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Schweitzer, J. / Taylor, L.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318035-1681727772/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4861_Kvaerna_etal2000.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F., Schweitzer, J. and Taylor, L. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2000, 65-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0006 > © Author(s). 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This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Third Level Seismo-geographical Regionalization of Fennoscandia](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/third-level-seismo-geographical-regionalization-of-fennoscandia) > Lindholm, C. / Schweitzer, J. / Wolf, E. / Bungum, H. / Atakan, K. / Gregersen, S. / Arhe, K. / Maraska, J.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318041-1681727778/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4858_Lindholm_etal2000.pdf > Citation: > Lindholm, C., Schweitzer, J., Wolf, E., Bungum, H., Atakan, K., Gregersen, S., Arhe, K. and Maraska, J. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2000, 113-118 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [NORSAR Aarsmelding 2000](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/norsar-aarsmelding-2000) > Ringdal, F.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318044-1681727781/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5175_Ringdal2000.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2000). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318047-1681727786/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4414_Ringdal2000.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2000). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318050-1681727798/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4415_Ringdal2000.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2000). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Event Location Calibration](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/seismic-event-location-calibration) > Ringdal, F.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318053-1681727813/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4853_Ringdal2000.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2000, 56-63 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0012 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Research in regional seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/research-in-regional-seismic-monitoring) > Ringdal, F. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Kvaerna, T. / Schweitzer, J.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0013 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318056-1681727817/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4860_Ringdal_etal200.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaerna, T. and Schweitzer, J. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2000, 52-64 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0013 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic events in the Barents Sea at and near the site of the Kursk submarine accident on 12 August 2000](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/seismic-events-in-the-barents-sea-at-and-near-the-site-of-the-kursk-submarine-accident-on-12-august-2000) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Paulsen, B.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318059-1681727821/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4862_Ringdal_etal2000.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Paulsen, B. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2000, 77-78 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Source properties and focal depth of the MS 4.2 Revda (Lovozero) earthquake of August 17, 1999](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/source-properties-and-focal-depth-of-the-ms-4-2-revda-lovozero-earthquake-of-august-17-1999) > Roth, M. / Bungum, H. / Haddon, R. A. W.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318062-1681727826/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4865_Roth_etal2000.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M., Bungum, H. and Haddon, R. A. W. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2000, 116-129 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Recent profiling experiments in the Spitsbergen area -- calibration data for the SPITS array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2000/recent-profiling-experiments-in-the-spitsbergen-area-calibration-data-for-the-spits-array) > Schweitzer, J.2000doi: 10.21348/p.2000.0016 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318065-1681727830/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4856_Schweitzer2000.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2000). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2000, 93-105 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2000.0016 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2002](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/) - [Travel times and attenuation relations for regional phases in the Barents Sea region](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/travel-times-and-attenuation-relations-for-regional-phases-in-the-barents-sea-region) > Hicks, E. / Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Ringdal, F. / Schweitzer, J.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318092-1681727867/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4873_Hicks_etal2002.pdf > Citation: > Hicks, E., Kvaerna, T., Mykkeltveit, S., Ringdal, F. and Schweitzer, J. (2002). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2002, 57-75 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0002 > © Author(s). 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This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Estimating global and regional IMS detection capability](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/estimating-global-and-regional-ims-detection-capability) > Kvaerna, T.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318098-1681727874/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4872_Kvaerna2002.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2002). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2002, 48-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0004 > © Author(s). 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(2002). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318113-1681727895/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4417_Ringdal2002.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2002). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318116-1681727901/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4418_Ringdal2002.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2002). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic Event Location Calibration](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/seismic-event-location-calibration) > Ringdal, F.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318119-1681727905/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4878_Ringdal2002.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2002). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2002, 49-53 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Research in regional seismic monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/research-in-regional-seismic-monitoring) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, F. / Kremenetskaya, E. / Asming, V. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Lindholm, C. / Schweitzer, J.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0012 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318122-1681727908/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4879_Ringdal_etal2002.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, F., Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Mykkeltveit, S., Lindholm, C. and Schweitzer, J. (2002). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2002, 54-64 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0012 > © Author(s). 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N.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0014 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318128-1681727913/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4876_Schweitzer%2BKennett2002.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. and Kennett, B. L. N. (2002). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2002, 97-114 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0014 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Design Study for the Refurbishment of the SPITS Array (AS 72)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2002/design-study-for-the-refurbishment-of-the-spits-array-as-72) > Schweitzer, J. / Kvaerna, T.2002doi: 10.21348/p.2002.0015 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318131-1681727917/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4880_Schweitzer%2BKvaerna2002.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. and Kvaerna, T. (2002). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2002, 65-77 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2002.0015 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2007](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/) - [A Case Study of Seismic Event Identification: Explosions in NW Russia using the ARCES seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/a-case-study-of-seismic-event-identification-explosions-in-nw-russia-using-the-arces-seismic-array) > Gibbons, S. J.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318281-1681728131/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4926_Gibbons2007.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2007). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2007, 73-81 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Joint seismic-infrasonic processing of recordings from a repeating source of atmospheric explosions in Northern Finland](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/joint-seismic-infrasonic-processing-of-recordings-from-a-repeating-source-of-atmospheric-explosions-in-northern-finland) > Gibbons, S. J. / Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318284-1681728134/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4927_Gibbons_etal2007.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J., Ringdal, F. and Kvaerna, T. (2007). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2007, 27-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0003 > © Author(s). 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This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Application of array-based waveform correlation techniques to the detection of the 2003 Lefkada Island, Greece, aftershock sequence focusing on the very small aperture TRISAR array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/application-of-array-based-waveform-correlation-techniques-to-the-detection-of-the-2003-lefkada-island-greece-aftershock-sequence-focusing-on-the-very-small-aperture-trisar-array) > Pirli, M. / Gibbons, S. J. / Schweitzer, J.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318293-1681728146/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4928_Pirli_etal2007.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M., Gibbons, S. J. and Schweitzer, J. (2007). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2007, 37-48 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318296-1681728148/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4427_Ringdal2007.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2007). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318299-1681728153/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4428_Ringdal2007.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2007). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Towards a Nordic Regional Infrasonic Array Network](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/towards-a-nordic-regional-infrasonic-array-network) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Gibbons, S. J.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318302-1681728158/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4930_Ringdal_etal2007.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T. and Gibbons, S. J. (2007). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2007, 56-65 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Basic research on seismic and infrasonic monitoring of the European Arctic](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2007/basic-research-on-seismic-and-infrasonic-monitoring-of-the-european-arctic) > Ringdal, F. / Kvaerna, T. / Mykkeltveit, S. / Gibbons, S. J. / Schweitzer, J.2007doi: 10.21348/p.2007.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318305-1681728162/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4924_Ringdal_etal2007.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F., Kvaerna, T., Mykkeltveit, S., Gibbons, S. J. and Schweitzer, J. (2007). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2007, 28-40 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2007.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2009](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/) - [Infrasound signals generated by atmospheric explosions in Finland as observed at the ARCES seismic array and microbarograph mini-array](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/infrasound-signals-generated-by-atmospheric-explosions-in-finland-as-observed-at-the-arces-seismic-array-and-microbarograph-mini-array) > Gibbons, S. J.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0002 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318341-1681728205/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4939_Gibbons2009.pdf > Citation: > Gibbons, S. J. (2009). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2009, 27-36 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0002 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Infrasound observations from the meteor north of Norway on 15 January 2009](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/infrasound-observations-from-the-meteor-north-of-norway-on-15-january-2009) > Kvaerna, T.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0003 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318344-1681728210/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4940_Kvaerna2009.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T. (2009). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2009, 37-44 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0003 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detection Capability of IMS Primary and Auxiliary Seismic Stations](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/detection-capability-of-ims-primary-and-auxiliary-seismic-stations) > Kvaerna, T. / Ringdal, F. / Baadshaug, U.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0004 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318347-1681728215/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4946_Kvaerna_etal2009.pdf > Citation: > Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F. and Baadshaug, U. (2009). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2009, 53-76 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0004 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Aarsmelding 2009](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/aarsmelding-2009) > NORSAR2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0005 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318350-1681728219/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/5138_NORSAR2009.pdf > Citation: > NORSAR (2009). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0005 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Continued overview of system responses for seismic arrays and stations contributing to NORSAR's Data Center](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/continued-overview-of-system-responses-for-seismic-arrays-and-stations-contributing-to-norsar-s-data-center) > Pirli, M. / Schweitzer, J.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0006 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318353-1681728226/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4941_Pirli%2BSchweitzer2009.pdf > Citation: > Pirli, M. and Schweitzer, J. (2009). Continued overview of system responses for seismic arrays and stations contributing to NORSAR{\textquoteright}s Data Center , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2009, 45-56 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0006 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/semiannual-technical-summary) > Ringdal, F.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0007 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318356-1681728229/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4431_Ringdal2009.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2009). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0007 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Semiannual Technical Summary](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/semiannual-technical-summary-1) > Ringdal, F.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0008 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318359-1681728235/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4432_Ringdal2009.pdf > Citation: > Ringdal, F. (2009). > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0008 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismometer and digitizer tests at NOA subarray NC6](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/seismometer-and-digitizer-tests-at-noa-subarray-nc6) > Roth, M. / Fyen, J. / Larsen, P. W.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0009 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318362-1681728240/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4943_Roth_etal2009.pdf > Citation: > Roth, M., Fyen, J. and Larsen, P. W. (2009). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2009, 65-72 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0009 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Seismic arrays in Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS)](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/seismic-arrays-in-earthquake-early-warning-systems-eews) > Schweitzer, J.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0010 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318365-1681728244/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4942_Schweitzer2009.pdf > Citation: > Schweitzer, J. (2009). , NORSAR Scientific Report 1-2009, 57-64 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0010 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. - [Detection of aftershocks of the Feb 21, 2008 Spitsbergen M 5.9 event at ARCES](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2009/detection-of-aftershocks-of-the-feb-21-2008-spitsbergen-m-5-9-event-at-arces) > Wang, J. / Schweitzer, J. / Tilmann, F. / White, R. S.2009doi: 10.21348/p.2009.0011 > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318368-1681728247/norsar.no/R-D/Publications/4945_Wang_etal2009.pdf > Citation: > Wang, J., Schweitzer, J., Tilmann, F. and White, R. S. (2009). , NORSAR Scientific Report 2-2009, 38-52 > https://doi.org/10.21348/p.2009.0011 > © Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. #### [2025](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/publications/2025/) ## [Services](https://www.norsar.no/services/) > NORSAR provides a wide range of consulting services to customers all over the world. ### [Monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/services/monitoring/) > NORSAR operates one of the largest seismological networks in the world. It gives us the expertise to customize solutions for a wide range of tasks. ### [Oil and gas](https://www.norsar.no/services/oil-and-gas/) > NORSAR has beem working with the oil and gas industry for a number of years, and have acquired a unique expertise in seismic modeling and microseismic monitoring. ### [Zonation map (norwegian)](https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/) > We have developed digital mapping solutions to generate reports on seismic data from the zoning map for all locations on the mainland of Norway and Svalbard. ### [Fiberoptic sensing](https://www.norsar.no/services/fiberoptic-sensing/) > NORSAR utilizes advanced Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) to develop precise monitoring and secure solutions in areas ranging from avalanches and traffic to pipelines and water leaks. ### [Microseismic Monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/services/microseismic-monitoring/) > NORSAR has extensive experience in microseismicity and offers advanced solutions for real-time monitoring. ### [Seismic hazard and risk](https://www.norsar.no/services/seismic-hazard-and-risk/) > NORSAR has conducted research, development and consulting in seismic hazard and risk since 1975. ### [NORSAR Science Park@Stendammen](https://www.norsar.no/services/norsar-science-park-stendammen/) > A year-round facility available for research, development, and technology testing, located just an hour north of Oslo Airport. ## [Software](https://www.norsar.no/software/) > NORSAR uses our expertise and experience to develop new technology and solutions. We offer software solutions and consulting services for the benefit of society and industry. ### [Seismic modelling](https://www.norsar.no/software/seismic-modelling/) > NORSAR bruker vår kompetanse og erfaring til å utvikle ny teknologi og nye løsninger. Vi tilbyr programvareløsninger og konsulenttjenester til nytte for samfunn og næringsliv.  ### [Microseismic](https://www.norsar.no/software/microseismic/) > NORSAR bruker vår kompetanse og erfaring til å utvikle ny teknologi og nye løsninger. Vi tilbyr programvareløsninger og konsulenttjenester til nytte for samfunn og næringsliv.  ### [Hazard and Risk Modelling](https://www.norsar.no/software/hazard-and-risk-modelling/) > NORSAR develops software solutions for various earthquake-induced hazard, risk and resilience modelling. ## [Projects](https://www.norsar.no/projects/) > NORSAR delivers high-quality research to the public sector, businesses, and society at large. Here is a selection of NORSAR's projects, both ongoing and completed. ### [TOGETHER](https://www.norsar.no/projects/together/) > The TOGETHER project aims to enhance disaster risk management through an AI-powered multi-tool system for risk management and governance, enabling better coordination across sectors. ### [REMWAR](https://www.norsar.no/projects/remwar/) > The REMWAR project uses remote sensing technology to track the war in Ukraine. This is made possible by recent advances in seismic and acoustic monitoring to record combat-related explosions at great distances. ### [SAFE-C](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/) > Safeguarding CO₂ storages in the greater North Sea region through advanced monitoring (SAFE-C). #### [About The Project](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/about-the-project/) > SAFE-C develops advanced monitoring technologies, harmonised seismic data workflows and effective communication approaches to support safe CO₂ storage in the North Sea. #### [Case Study Sites](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/case-study-sites/) > SAFE-C tests and validates monitoring technologies, data-analysis methods and monitoring strategies at selected CO₂ storage sites across the North Sea. ##### [Greensand (Denmark)](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/case-study-sites/greensand-denmark/) > A mature oil field in the Danish North Sea, providing a well-characterised setting for developing and validating integrated CO₂ storage monitoring approaches. ##### [Horda Platform / Northern Lights (Norway)](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/case-study-sites/horda-platform-northern-lights-norway/) > A key CO₂ storage region on the Norwegian continental shelf, providing an active offshore environment for integrated seismic monitoring and data interpretation. ##### [Porthos (Netherlands)](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/case-study-sites/porthos-netherlands/) > The first large-scale offshore CO₂ storage project in the Netherlands, providing a real-world setting for operational monitoring and advanced offshore sensor technologies. #### [News & Events](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/news-events/) > Follow the latest developments in SAFE-C, including project news, events, publications and milestones as the project progresses. ##### [Kick-off meeting](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/news-events/kick-off-meeting/) > The SAFE-C project kick-off meeting took place at NORSAR on February 5th. ##### [First Seismic Event on CANTAT-3](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/news-events/first-seismic-event-on-cantat-3/) > GEUS’ DAS interrogator deployed on a North Sea submarine cable has recorded its first earthquake: an M3.3 event in Scotland, detected more than 800 km away. #### [Monitoring & Technology](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/monitoring-technology/) > SAFE-C develops advanced monitoring technologies and integrated sensor systems tailored to the challenges of offshore CO₂ storage in the North Sea. #### [Data & Methods](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/data-methods/) > SAFE-C develops advanced methods for seismic data analysis, harmonising workflows and earthquake catalogues across the North Sea. #### [Impact & Stakeholders](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/impact-stakeholders/) > SAFE-C supports safe CO₂ storage through improved seismic information, stakeholder coordination and transparent communication. #### [Consortium](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/consortium/) > SAFE-C brings together leading research institutions, seismological agencies and industry partners from across Europe. This interdisciplinary collaboration ensures that the project addresses scientific, technical and operational challenges of CO₂ storage monitoring. #### [Deliverables & Publications](https://www.norsar.no/projects/safe-c/deliverables-publications/) > Access to public deliverables, scientific publications, datasets and tools developed within SAFE-C. ### [MEDiate](https://www.norsar.no/projects/mediate/) > NORSAR is leading a EU project with Oslo municipality and partners from six European countries. The goal is to enhance assessment of disaster risks and improve multi-hazard risk management and governance. ### [AIR](https://www.norsar.no/projects/air/) > Over the next three years, the NORSAR-led project AIR will assess the feasibility of exploring Venus’ interior using Balloon-borne seismology. ### [Troll Observing Network (TONe)](https://www.norsar.no/projects/troll-observing-network-tone/) > The TONe consortium will establish a state-of-the-art, interdisciplinary observation network in Dronning Maud Land to increase our knowledge of the physical, biological, chemical, and geological processes that influence the Earth's cryosphere, ocean and atmosphere. NORSAR is a partner and will install seismic and infrasound arrays. ### [Monitoring of Åknes rockslide](https://www.norsar.no/projects/monitoring-of-aknes-rockslide/) > Since 2004, NORSAR has contributed with seismic monitoring and improved understanding of the unstable mountainside. ### [VISTA CSD](https://www.norsar.no/projects/vista-csd/) > NORSAR is a partner in the CSD research center, which studies how the subsurface is deformed as a result of injection and production of fluids. ### [Norwegian National Seismic Network](https://www.norsar.no/projects/norwegian-national-seismic-network/) > NORSAR is a partner in the Norwegian National Seismic Network (NNSN), which monitors earthquake activity in Norway and surrounding offshore areas. ### [Avalanche detection](https://www.norsar.no/projects/avalanche-detection/) > NORSAR has developed an innovative solution for avalanche monitoring based on fiber optic sensing. The system detects and alerts if an avalanche hits the road, can prevent vehicles from entering the avalanche area, and detects if vehicles are already within the avalanche zone. A pilot system was installed in Holmbuktura in 2022 in collaboration with Troms County Municipality. ### [GEObyIT](https://www.norsar.no/projects/geobyit/) > In the GEObyIT project, we used seismic data to develop a real-time warning and risk assessment tool for classifying various urban events. ### [ENSURE](https://www.norsar.no/projects/ensure/) > NORSAR led a large EU ACT financed research and development project with the aim to document microseismic monitoring as a reliable and cost-efficient way to monitor CO2 storage. In addition the project aimed to secure public support for the method and investigated how to best obtain public acceptance. ### [TURNkey](https://www.norsar.no/projects/turnkey/) > NORSAR is leading a EU research and innovation project that is working towards more earthquake resilient societies. TURNkey’s purpose is to develop a multi-sensor-based earthquake information system, facilitating Earthquake Forecasting and enabling Early Warning and Rapid Response actions. ## [About us](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/) > NORSAR is an internationally recognized independent not-for-profit research foundation. We specialize in seismology and seismic monitoring. - [Gender Equality Plan 2022-2032](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/gender-equality-plan-2022-2032) > Purpose > This document is NORSAR's Gender Equality Plan (GEP). > The plan contains our goals and ambitions for equality and gender balance and the measures we will implement to realize them. > NORSAR values ​​Horizon Europe's work to strengthen the gender balance in research. NORSAR's vision is to create a safer world through outstanding research on the earth's vibrations. In order for the employees to be able to work together towards this vision, it is essential that the company recruits human capital from the best and broadest knowledge base. > Everyone who works at NORSAR has equal opportunities regardless of gender and other diversity dimensions such as ethnicity, religion, age, functional ability, sexual orientation, political position and cultural background. We believe that an inclusive work environment is a competitive advantage and success criterion for recruitment, well-being and outstanding results. Today's situation > Since its inception in 1968, NORSAR has developed in step with society, and we have actively worked to recruit more women. Since NORSAR's establishment, the proportion of women has increased in a number of educations that are relevant to our work. This has gradually provided a recruitment base that has given us the opportunity to work for a more equal gender distribution. There is a trend that the proportion of women is greatest in the youngest age groups and decreases with increasing age. GEP > Horizon Europe is the EU's central funding program for research and innovation. From 2022, Horizon Europe requires that all research institutions have an action plan for equality and gender balance (Gender Equality Plan) in order to be able to apply for research funding from the EU. > How NORSAR meets these requirements is described in the action plan below. What NORSAR does to ensure inclusion and equal opportunities > We at NORSAR believe that equal opportunities in the hiring process are the best prerequisite for equal opportunities in the workplace. When a diversity of candidates is secured, the selection process shall be characterized by inclusion, so that the person being recruited is best suited on the basis of qualifications and personal characteristics. Goal > NORSAR has long-term and systematic ambitions to strengthen the gender balance among our employees. The recruitment basis for NORSAR is still skewed as there are still more men than women who choose fields of education relevant to NORSAR. This means that we believe a gender balance at the 40/60 level is correct based on our assumptions. > Based on the current situation, we have developed the level of ambition within seven job categories. In each job category in the table below, we have described which goals for gender balance we believe are achievable in five and ten years. The development of the categories has taken the current situation into account, and may therefore prove necessary to adjust along the way. Category Engineer is an exception, where we demand more long-term ambitions and goals to achieve gender balance. Ambitions for gender balance > | > **Dimensions** | > **2022 ** | > **2027 (5 year)** | > **2032 (10 year)** | > | > **Gender balance total** | > 33/67 | > 35/65 | > 40/60 | > | > **Category Researcher I** | > 20/80 | > 30/70 | > 35/65 | > | > **Category Researcher II** | > 33/67 | > 35/65 | > 40/60 | > | > **Category Researcher III** | > 31/69 | > 35/65 | > 40/60 | > | > **Category Engineer** | > 0/100 | > 15/85 | > 30/70 | > | > **Category Technical personnel** | > 33/67 | > 35/65 | > 40/60 | > | > **Category Other personnel** | > 71/29 | > 68/32 | > 65/35 | > | > **Line management** | > 33/67 | > 35/65 | > 40/60 | How NORSAR meets Horizon's requirements Publishing > In Norway, all organizations, including NORSAR, are required to promote gender equality by actively working to prevent discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity, religion, belief, disability, sexual orientation, age and other significant factors in a person. (Ref. The Gender Equality and Discrimination Act). The action plan for gender equality is established in connection with the follow-up of these obligations. > NORSAR's action plan for gender equality is available at all times on our public websites. The document has been approved by the CEO and in line with our values. The action plan is available in Norwegian and English to ensure transparency. Responsibilities and resources > NORSAR's CEO has the overall responsibility for ensuring that the requirement for equal opportunities is met. The daily responsibility for maintaining and developing the work is assigned to the HR manager who is responsible for operational activities in connection with this. > It is the management's responsibility to implement measures to ensure equal opportunities and gender balance. Nevertheless, everyone has a common responsibility to contribute to the implementation and ensure a good working environment that does not discriminate, and which provides equal treatment. > The action plan for gender equality has been added to the HR manager's responsibilities, who will be responsible for annual updating and mapping of the gender balance in all job categories and follow up that the development goes in the desired direction. ### [Management system](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/management-system/) > Management system, compliance, transparency and equality. ### [Organization](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/organization/) > Board and Organization ### [Management](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/management/) > NORSAR management. ### [Employees](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/employees/) > Employees in the NORSAR group. ### [Careers](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/careers/) > NORSAR is an internationally recognized and independent research foundation specializing in geosciences. We offer innovative products and solutions to customers in public and private sector. ### [History](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/) > Below are some of the milestones from NORSAR's over 50 year long history. - [NOA seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/noa-seismic-array): The NOA seismic array (PS27) near Hamar is formally certified within the CTBT International Monitoring System. - [Norway ratifies the CTBT](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norway-ratifies-the-ctbt): The Norwegian Government ratifies the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). NORSAR is appointed National Data Centre. - [NOA seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/noa-seismic-array-1): The NOA seismic array near Hamar in southeast Norway is completed. - [ARPANET](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/arpanet): NORSAR becomes the first non-US node on ARPANET, the predecessor to today's Internet. > When NORSAR was officially opened in 1970, selected data from the NORSAR seismic array were transmitted to the Seismic Data Analysis Center (SDAC) in Virginia via the Nordic satellite station in Tanum, Sweden. The transmission capacity was 2.4 Kb/s. > In 1968, the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) had decided to fund a large network project based on the principle of decentralized packet-switching. The network was operational in 1969 and was named and is the predecessor to what is now commonly known as the Internet. > In 1972, representatives from ARPA visited Norway to inquire about the possibility to expand the to Norway and connect NORSAR's computers to the network. To accomplish this, a TIP (Terminal Interface Processor) was to be placed at NORSAR with a direct link to SDAC in Virginia. In addition, ARPA wanted to place a node in London and to establish a direct link with a transmission capacity of 9.6 Kb/s to the node at Kjeller. > *NORSAR TIP* > As the first connection outside the United States, NORSAR's TIP was installed in June 1973. Shortly after, NORSAR's two IBM mainframes were connected. At about the same time, a TIP in London was installed and a communication link from Kjeller to London was established. > In the beginning, NORSAR's -connection was primarily used for seismic data exchange. As the network grew and more international connections were established, NORSAR's TIP gave acces to other Norwegian research organizations. > During the period 1981-1983, the went through a major upgrade. The old transport protocol NCP was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol which allowed different networks to connect. Because computer scientists referred to a network of networks as an internet, this new set of networks using TCP/IP became known as *The Internet*. - [Seismic risk analysis](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/seismic-risk-analysis): NORSAR executes the first seismic risk research project. - [Seismic modelling](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/seismic-modelling): NORSAR establishes seismic modelling as a new research area. - [NORES seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/nores-seismic-array): NORSAR's second seismic array is completed near Hamar in southeastern Norway. - [NTNF](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/ntnf): NORSAR becomes a project under The Royal Norwegian Council for Industrial and Scientific Research. - [Seismic hazard](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/seismic-hazard): NORSAR experiences a major increase in seismic hazard research and consultancy activities. - [NORSAR is founded](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norsar-is-founded): A Government-to-Government agreement comes into effect between Norway and the USA. > The agreement came into effect on June 15th and formed the basis for the construction and subsequent operation of a large seismic array facility in Norway. NORSAR was established, and the construction of the NOA seismic array near Hamar in southeast Norway started. The array was completed in 1970. > The agreement was based on an exchange of notes between the American Ambassador to Norway, Margaret Joy Tibbets, and the Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs, John Lyng, which formed the basis for the construction. > The agreement specified that the purpose of the installation was to be seismological research and experimentation, primarily in the field of detection seismology. At the same time the agreement provided that the facility could be used for independent research at the discretion of the Norwegian government. A framework for funding the construction and operation of the array facilities was also specified. > Cooperating agencies on both sides were authorized to conclude administrative agreements to carry out the details of the agreement. The cooperating agency for the United States was the Advanced Research Projects Agency, while for Norway the cooperating agency during construction of the NORSAR large-aperture array was the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (NDRE), while the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (NTNF) was chosen in 1970 as the cooperating agency for management of the facility. This responsibility was transferred in 1993 to the Research Council of Norway, and in 1999 to the independent foundation NORSAR. > The agreement will remain in force until terminated by either government after giving a one-year written notice of intent to terminate to the other party. - [ARCES seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/arces-seismic-array-1): The ARCES seismic array near Karasjok in Finnmark, northern Norway is completed. - [Commercial software](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/commercial-software): Commercial software development within seismic modelling is started. - [NORSAR-2D](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norsar-2d): First release of NORSAR-2D, NORSAR's first seismic modelling software package. - [SPITS seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/spits-seismic-array-1): The SPITS seismic array near Longyearbyen, Svalbard is completed. - [IS37 infrasound array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/is37-infrasound-array): NORSAR's infrasound station IS37 (IMS station I37NO) at Bardufoss in northern Norway is officially opened. - [NORSAR Innovation](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norsar-innovation): NORSAR Innovation AS is established to market and sell NORSAR's commercial software solutions. - [SPITS seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/spits-seismic-array): SPITS seismic array near Longyearbyen, Svalbard is certified as an IMS station. - [Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty): The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). - [NORSAR-3D](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norsar-3d): First release of NORSAR-3D, NORSAR's second seismic modelling software package. - [RN49 radionuclide station](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/rn49-radionuclide-station): RN49 radionuclide station near Longyearbyen, Svalbard is formally certified as an IMS station. - [ARCES seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/arces-seismic-array): The ARCES seismic array (PS28) near Karasjok is formally certified as an IMS station after a major upgrade. - [ICG](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/icg): NORSAR becomes a partner of the ICG - International Centre of Geohazards. - [JMIC seismic station](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/jmic-seismic-station): Seismic station AS73 on Jan Mayen is formally certified as an IMS station. - [Antarctic seismic station](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/antarctic-seismic-station): NORSAR installs a seismic station at the Norwegian research base Troll in Antarctica. - [NORSAR-3D on Windows](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norsar-3d-on-windows): NORSAR releases the first MS Windows version of the NORSAR-3D software package. - [Åknes geophone network](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/aknes-geophone-network): A geophone network is installed at the unstable Åknes rock slide near Stranda, western Norway. - [Geothermal system](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/geothermal-system): NORSAR executes our first real-time microseismic monitoring project on geothermal stimulation in Australia. - [CO<sub>2</sub> storage monitoring](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/co-lt-sub-gt-2-lt-sub-gt-storage-monitoring): NORSAR executes our first major microseismic monitoring project CO2 storage in In Salah, Algeria. - [Independent research foundation](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/independent-research-foundation): NORSAR becomes an independent research foundation on July 1st. - [SeisRoX](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/seisrox): The software package SeisRoX™ is launched. - [HSPA seismic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/hspa-seismic-array): The HSPA seismic array near Hornsund, Svalbard is completed. - [Bjørnøya seismic station](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/bjornoya-seismic-station): NORSAR installs the seismic array station BEAR at Bjørnøya island south of Svalbard. - [NORFOX fibre optic array](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/norfox-fibre-optic-array): NORSAR's first research site for testing fibre-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology in Løten, Norway is completed. #### [2023 - A snapshot](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2023-a-snapshot/) > Knowledge comes with responsibilities! In 2023 we experienced the new normal; wilder, warmer, and wetter conditions are now a reality, also in Norway. Moreover, we are adjusting to the realities of war in Europe, heightened tensions, and unrest in many parts of the world. - [Knowledge comes with responsibilities!](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2023-a-snapshot/full): In 2023 we experienced the new normal; wilder, warmer, and wetter conditions are now a reality, also in Norway. Moreover, we are adjusting to the realities of war in Europe, heightened tensions, and unrest in many parts of the world. > ![2023 - A snapshot](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320438-1710516516/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-toppbilde-NO%283%29.jpg%20%28full_width%29.jpg ) > Monitoring compliance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/advancing-ctbt-monitoring-compliance/ is our most important task and a solid foundation for a safer world. The CTBT is one of the key pillars in global disarmament efforts. It is therefore a concern that Russia decided to de-ratify the Treaty in 2023. This as well as the unrest elsewhere in the world, influences the work of the governing bodies overseeing the verification regime. Moving forward, securing the treaty and the technical work to detect nuclear tests will be an important task. > New technological solutions are attracting attention! We are making use of our technology and expertise from the CTBT to document explosions in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Ukraine https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/war-monitoring-seismic-data/. Our efforts have gained international attention, along with the documentation that the Kakhovka Dam was intentionally destroyed, putting the civilian population at great risk. The UN has asked for the documentation which could prove useful in a potential investigation of war crimes. > The correlation between our technologies and their capacity to align results with assessments of war crimes and compliance with ceasefires has become increasingly apparent in 2023. Knowledge comes with responsibility, and the value of independent facts is increasing. Our impartiality and professional expertise provide credibility and attention when reporting our observations to the world. > In 2023, the combination of our knowledge and technology with local initiative for road safety led to the successful verification of a solution for warning of avalanches over the road in Holmbuktura https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/safer-roads-fiber-optics/. In the project, we collaborated closely with Troms and Finnmark county council. This innovative system, rooted in fiber technology and event detection, serves as an excellent example of repurposing our core expertise! > The COP28 climate conference brought together all nations around a shared ambition to transition away from the use of fossil fuels. An important measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is carbon capture and storage https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/efficient-transparent-co2-storage/, where Norway is taking a leading role. The first project is the Northern Lights facility off the coast of Hordaland. Our research has contributed to monitoring solutions that enhance storage safety. This, coupled with our experience in verification work, enables us to contribute to trust in the storage solutions. > An earthquake coupled with other natural disasters represents a typical black swan event, an incident with low probability but high impact. Cascading natural disasters are at the core of the EU project MEDiate, which examines how we can safeguard societies against multi-hazards, a challenge that multiple authorities take very seriously. In the project, our partners from Nice, Essex, Oslo, and Iceland are all bringing forth their challenges. One of the expected outcomes of the project is a new methodology for assessing the probability and damage potential of concurrent events. > Our core expertise lies in understanding the movements of the earth; natural and man-made, and describing them in real-time through automatic recordings and analyses based on proprietary software and algorithms. We have been doing this for over 50 years! > NORSAR continues to focus on this one goal; contributing to a safer society through outstanding research on the movements of the earth. Our employees are from all over the world, hold international doctorates, and have worldwide networks for collaboration. The application of our knowledge is expanding, and we contribute across various fields. Excellent teamwork in 2023 gave valuable results – this is promising for the future! > **Anne Strømmen Lycke ** > CEO > **NORSAR Group** ##### [Advancing CTBT and Monitoring Treaty Compliance](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/advancing-ctbt-monitoring-compliance_2_3_2/) - [Advancing CTBT and Monitoring Treaty Compliance](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/advancing-ctbt-monitoring-compliance_2_3_2/advancing-ctbt-and-monitoring-treaty-compliance): NORSAR’s most important task is to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty that prohibits testing of nuclear weapons. NORSAR is the Norwegian National Data Centre for the treaty and has been instrumental in shaping and advancing the CTBT's verification system since its inception. Although the treaty has not formally entered into force, it acts as a de facto moratorium on nuclear testing. > ![ctbt](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320374-1710497665/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-Advancing-CTBT-and-monitoring-treaty-compliance-ENG.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was adopted by the UN in 1996, imposing a ban on nuclear weapons testing. NORSAR researchers actively participated in the treaty negotiations, contributing to the establishment of the verification system. Although signed by 187 countries, the treaty has not been ratified by all nations, preventing its formal entry into force. Norway ratified in 1999 and decided to follow the Treaty as if it had entered into force. This means that NORSAR verifies compliance with the treaty, making the monitoring of potential nuclear tests our core business. > In November 2023, the Russian Federation withdrew its ratification of the CTBT. While Russia remains a signatory state, the withdrawal is considered a set-back for acceptance of the Treaty. > **Upgrading the International Monitoring System ** > The core of the verification system is the high-technology International Monitoring System (IMS), spanning the globe with more than 300 facilities and designed to immediate detect any nuclear explosion conducted anywhere – underground, under water or in the atmosphere. It is supported by an advanced software system that processes all the data and reports suspicious incidents (The International Data Centre). NORSAR has contributed several key algorithms to this system over the years and continues to share technology to ensure the system’s detection capacity. > NORSAR was appointed as the Norwegian National Data Centre under the Treaty in 1999 and operates the six international monitoring stations on Norwegian territory. The technologies involved are seismology, infrasound, and radionuclide monitoring. In 2023, after over 20 years of service, the radionuclide station near Longyearbyen on Svalbard was renewed. The station conducts continuous air tests for radioactive substances that could originate from a nuclear explosion. The data is also utilized by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Agency (DSA) in its efforts to map radioactive pollution in Norway. > **Advancement through research ** > Since the inception of the Treaty, NORSAR has played an important role in the design and development of its verification regime. The launch of our book NORSAR and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 2023 marked a milestone, encapsulating over 50 years of our dedication to the CTBT verification regime representing Norway in close cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. > NORSAR is committed to the development of the test-ban verification regime and engaging in ongoing technological advancements through our research. At the biannual Science and Technology conference hosted by the CTBTO http://www.ctbto.org in June 2023, we were a member of the science committee and shared our expertise in cutting-edge monitoring technologies as our team presented scientific advancements and discussed with our international colleagues. > In 2023 we continued to monitor the seismic activity at North Korea's nuclear test-site, Punggye-ri. Historically not known for earthquakes, the six nuclear tests, particularly the largest in 2017, seem to have altered the crustal stress in the area. This means that seismic events are more likely to occur. Similar patterns have been observed at other nuclear test sites, and understanding these connections improves our ability to distinguish between natural and man-made events. > On behalf of Norway, NORSAR will continue to be proactive in verifying treaty compliance, contributing to advancing methods and to a safer world. > ![Ben Dando](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315889-1716281831/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/benjamindando-square.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Ben Dando mailto:ben@norsar.no > Head of Department Test Ban Treaty Verification ##### [Objective War Zone Monitoring with Seismic Data](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/war-monitoring-seismic-data_2_3_2/) - [Objective War Zone Monitoring with Seismic Data](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/war-monitoring-seismic-data_2_3_2/objective-war-zone-monitoring-with-seismic-data-1-1-1): The data in the global network of seismic stations has proven useful in obtaining objective information from events in an active conflict zone. In 2023, NORSARs expertise in seismic monitoring was used to map real-time explosions connected to the war in Ukraine. This technology provides a unique insight into an active war zone and demonstrates the potential for improving conflict monitoring. > ![Ukraine illustration](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320414-1710508475/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-Objective-war-zone-monitoring-with-seismic-data-ENG.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Relying on the extensive international network of seismic monitoring stations, NORSAR researchers have observed and analyzed seismic signals originating from explosions in Ukraine since the outbreak of war in February 2022. We have established automatic surveillance of the nuclear power plants, and we assist the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (DSA) on by reporting detections of explosions in the vicinity of nuclear reactors. > In August 2033, NORSAR Head of Department for Test Ban Treaty Verification, Ben Dando, together with colleagues from NORSAR and Ukraine, published a research article in Nature https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06416-7, describing the results of the first nine months of war monitoring. The documentation showed a higher number of explosions than publicly reported attacks, demonstrating its value as a unique source of independent, neutral information. The article was followed by an extensive feature in The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-war-russia-attacks-seismic-waves.html?smid=url-share, highlighting how this technology can improve future conflict monitoring. > NORSAR’s seismologists have also analyzed seismic signals from explosions at the Kakhovka dam https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/seismiske-signaler-registrert-fra-eksplosjon-ved-kakhovka-demningen-i-ukraina-6-juninear Kherson, Ukraine, From Kakhovka, we were able to identify two explosions, including their time and location, which were potential triggers for the dam collapse. > *The Kakhovka dam after the attack in June 2023. *Photo: AP/NTB > In 2022, NORSAR worked with Nordic colleagues on the analysis of the explosions from the Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea. After further analysis, in 2023, we were able to draw additional conclusions regarding the details of the explosions, as evidence of at least four explosions was documented. Our findings were presented in a write-up by The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/sep/26/nord-stream-pipeline-blasts-key-details-revealed-by-scientists, following their visit to NORSAR’s facilities in September. > NORSAR's experience in utilizing seismic data for monitoring acts of war is not just a testament to our expertise but also to our commitment to contribute to truth and objectivity. The information gained is critical for supporting investigations into violations of international humanitarian law and for effectively monitoring any future ceasefire agreements. In addition, by rapidly identifying attacks on critical infrastructure, such as nuclear power plants, mitigating actions can be put in place that will save lives. > www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06416-7 > https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-war-russia-attacks-seismic-waves.html?smid=url-share > https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/sep/26/nord-stream-pipeline-blasts-key-details-revealed-by-scientists > ![Ben Dando](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315889-1716281831/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/benjamindando-square.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Ben Dando mailto:ben@norsar.no > Head of Department Test Ban Treaty Verification ##### [Efficient and Transparent CO2-storage](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/efficient-transparent-co2-storage_2_3_2/) - [Efficient and Transparent CO2-storage](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/efficient-transparent-co2-storage_2_3_2/efficient-and-transparent-co-sub-2-sub-storage-1-1-1): Crucial for achieving the Paris Agreement goals, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is advancing with major projects like Norway's Northern Lights. NORSAR contributes to cost-effective methods for monitoring CO2 injection and storage. In 2023, we also investigated public perception and acceptance of CCS technology as a part of the ENSURE project. > ![Safe storage](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316034-1678744068/norsar-innblikk-2023-Trygg-lagring-av-CO2-NO.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > NORSAR has been in the forefront of advancing the understanding in the relationship between large-scale CO2 injection and induced seismic activity. Our expertise is demonstrated through participation in global projects such as In Salah (Algeria), Decatur (Illinois, US), Quest (Alberta, Canada) and Northern Lights (Norway). > Northern Lights, set to start injection in 2025, operates the first large-scale CO2 storage site on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. NORSAR has been engaged in a collaborative effort with partners in the CLIMIT Demo project HordaNET https://hordanet.no/, working alongside Northern Lights, Equinor, Shell, TotalEnergies, CGG, and the University of Bergen. Under the leadership of Equinor, this project aims to enhance the assessment of natural seismic activity, providing support for the Northern Lights CO2 storage project. Simultaneously, projects are developing in the Dutch, UK, and Danish sectors of the North Sea, contributing to a European market for CCS. Gaining public trust in CCS technology is important for industry success as its inception relies on a public-private financing partnership and obtaining public permits. > **Public perceptions and acceptance of CCS** > The perception of actual versus perceived risk of CCS can significantly differ across countries. In 2023, the ENSURE project http://ensure.norsar.no/ conducted a comprehensive survey to map public perceptions and acceptance of CCS. The survey was led by the University of Alberta, and the survey was conducted in Norway, the Netherlands, the UK, Germany, and in the province of Alberta, Canada. > The survey revealed a notable lack of the public in knowledge on CCS across all countries, even in Norway, where CCS has been extensively discussed. Additionally, there was low willingness among the public to support the storage of emissions from other countries. The research further revealed differences in trust and transparency preferences. The survey identified varying opinions on who should be responsible for implementing CCS and managing its risks and mitigation. In Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands, there was a clear preference for independent regulatory bodies having a controlling eye on the storage. This underscores that third-party monitoring can have a role in ensuring transparency and public trust in storage technologies. > These results were discussed at an open workshop on acceptance and communication in Shell’s offices in Amsterdam in November and our gained experience from the workshop will be used in developing advice for effective communication strategies around CO2 storage for a diverse audience. > NORSAR stays committed to continue the advancement of research and technology in the field of CO2 storage monitoring, contributing to success and safety. > https://ensure.norsar.no/ > https://hordanet.no/ > https://ensure.norsar.no/insights-from-workshop-public-acceptance-and-communication-of-ccs/ > ![Volker Oye](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133655-1716281874/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/volkeroye-square.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Dr. Volker Oye mailto:volker.oye@norsar.no > Head of Research / Head of Department Applied Seismology ##### [Safer Roads with Fiber-Optic Solutions](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/safer-roads-fiber-optics_2_3_2/) - [Safer Roads with Fiber-Optic Solutions](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/safer-roads-fiber-optics_2_3_2/safer-roads-with-fiber-optic-solutions-1-1-1): Fiber optic technology, developed by NORSAR and partners, delivers societal benefits. In the 2022/2023 avalanche season, the pilot snow avalanche warning system in Holmbuktura, southeast of Tromsø, successfully demonstrated enhanced precision and significant reduction in false alarms. This system, capable of detecting avalanches impacting roads and locating vehicles, will enhance safety. > ![snøskred](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320384-1710501015/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-Safer-roads-with-fiber-optic-solutions-ENG.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Avalanches pose significant safety challenges both in Norway and in other parts of the world. The need for an advanced avalanche warning system is evident, particularly in regions such as Troms and Finnmark, who have approximately 200 avalanche points on county roads alone. Nationwide, there are around 1,500 avalanche points, half of them with adjacent landslide runs. The economic burden of physically protecting all avalanche-prone locations is estimated to be NOK 70 billion. Here, the introduction of a fiber-optic avalanche warning system emerges as a life-saving and cost-effective solution. > In 2023, we have had the pleasure of continuing the collaboration with Norconsult and Alcatel Submarine Network, Norway on an innovation project in cooperation with Troms and Finnmark County Council on the development of a snow avalanche monitoring solution based on fiber optic cables in the road. The system detects if a snow avalanche hits the road and if any vehicles are in the avalanche area. This information can then be used to close the road and avoid further traffic. > Fiber-optic measurements are one of the technologies NORSAR uses to measure vibrations in the underground, also called Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). The method involves sending light into the fiber cables. When the cable is disturbed by the surroundings (e.g., vibrations), it will affect light reflections on the part of the cable in question. The reflections from high-frequency light pulses have various properties that can be analyzed to detect and locate events along the cable with great precision and in real-time. The use of fiber optic cables has major advantages in this field compared to more traditional methods such as radar, geophones and cameras. The fiber cable is buried in the ground, is little exposed to physical strains and works regardless of the weather. > Between December 2022 and January 2023, the conventional system at Holmbuktura triggered 21 avalanche alarms, with only four impacting the road. Pilot tests demonstrate that the fiber system reliably detects avalanches affecting the road, reducing false alarms by 94%. Furthermore, automatic detection algorithms can identify vehicles and categorize them by type, quantity, velocity, and direction, all without the need for images to ensure privacy compliance. This data, coupled with accurate avalanche detection, enhances road safety and aids search and rescue efforts, particularly in sparsely populated areas. > Looking ahead to 2024, we are committed to testing the system for a second season, fine-tuning algorithms, and initiating the commercialization process to make this system available for broader use, thus contributing to safer roads. > https://shows.acast.com/5e6ea7dce294413e054dff97/episodes/snakk-om-effektiv-rassikring? > https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/ny-teknologi-innen-veiovervakning > ![Arve Mjelva](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/134403-1716281812/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/arveemjelva-square.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Arve E. Mjelva mailto:arve.mjelva@norsar.no > Deputy CEO > SVP Solutions ##### [Tailored Seismic Software Solutions for the Offshore Industry](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/software-solutions-offshore-industry_2_3_2/) - [Tailored Seismic Software Solutions for the Offshore Industry](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/software-solutions-offshore-industry_2_3_2/tailored-software-solutions-for-offshore-industry-1-1-1): Monitoring of microseismic events is important for safe production of hydrocarbons and maximizing recovery. NORSAR, with decades of experience in developing specialized software solutions for the industry, embarked on the development of a software system for continuous data processing and status monitoring for the giant Mero field in Brazil in 2023. > ![software solutions](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320404-1710508003/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-Tailored-seismic-software-solutions-for-the-offshore-industry-ENG.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > In 2023, NORSAR was contracted by Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) to develop a software system for processing data from the Permanent Reservoir Monitoring (PRM) system for the Mero Field. The field is located in deep waters offshore Brazil approximately 180 kilometers off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, in the pre-salt region of the Santos Basin. This deliverable is part of the contract between ASN, Maersk Supply Service (MSS), and Petrobras, the Operator of the Mero Field Consortium, to supply and install a PRM system on the field. > Microseismic monitoring and processing enhance the understanding of geomechanical properties within the reservoir, such as fracture networks, rock properties and stress distribution. This, in turn, helps to understand how fractures propagate and identify potential risks like unintended fractures that could lead to environmental hazards or compromise well integrity. > Building on over 50 years' experience in research and development, NORSAR will provide the necessary systems to continuously process the passive seismic data in real-time. The interpretation of PRM data will improve reservoir management by offering valuable real-time insights into geomechanical properties. By understanding reservoir behavior at a micro level, operators can optimize production strategies, enhance recovery, and increase safety in offshore operations. > ![Arve Mjelva](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/134403-1716281812/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/arveemjelva-square.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Arve E. Mjelva mailto:arve.mjelva@norsar.no > Deputy CEO > SVP Solutions ##### [Geohazard Risk Assessments for Operational Safety](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/geohazard-risk-assessments_2_3_2/) - [Geohazard Risk Assessments for Operational Safety](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2023/geohazard-risk-assessments_2_3_2/operational-safety-1-1-1): At NORSAR we have been conducting research, development, and consulting in seismic hazard and risk since 1975. Leveraging our experience, we develop tailor-made solutions to meet clients' needs. In 2023, NORSAR was entrusted by one of the world’s largest players in operating geothermal infrastructures to develop new software for landslide risk assessments. > ![cracked wall](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320428-1710514065/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-Geohazard-risk-assessments-for-operational-safety-ENG.jpg%20%28full_width%29.jpg ) > Seismic hazard and risk assessment provides insight and with which strength earthquakes can occur and how much damage they may cause. NORSAR uses advanced software solutions to provide the analysis basis in the design phase of construction projects. Our portfolio exceeds 200 seismic risk projects worldwide, spanning critical infrastructure such as nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, dams, tunnels, waste facilities, offshore platforms, and petrochemical plants. > In 2023, NORSAR was entrusted by one of the world’s largest geothermal infrastructure producers to develop a new software tool for landslide risk assessments (SMASH - Systematic Modelling and Assessment of Seismic Hazards). The SMASH software will allow the geothermal operator to carry out landslide susceptibility assessments at various areas for operational and expansion planning purposes. > The SMASH software is designed to provide engineers and stakeholders with detailed information into the likely consequences of seismic ground motion, specifically in relation to landslide susceptibility at both local and regional levels. This innovative tool enables the presentation of ground motion in various intensities, accompanied by quantitative and qualitative landslide susceptibility maps. > The software utilizes a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to ensure a smooth and intuitive user experience. Its flexibility includes the preparation of input data, database management, advanced filtering and selection of parameters options, and the ability to add, remove, or change information. Additionally, the SMASH software facilitates for seamless integration with GIS systems. > As we look to the future, NORSAR remains dedicated to developing state-of-the-art earthquake hazard and risk assessments through research and consulting projects, and to contribute to more earthquake resilient societies. > ![Dr. Abdelghani Meslem, Principal Research Engineer](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139173-1583830443/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/abdelghanimeslem-square.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Dr. Abdelghani Meslem mailto:abdelghani.meslem@norsar.no > Principal Research Engineer #### [2022 - A snapshot](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2022-a-snapshot/) > NORSAR's vision is to create a safer world through outstanding research on the earth's vibrations. Our important societal mission is a big driver for creating good results. We thank our partners for their cooperation in 2022 and look forward to more exciting projects in the coming years! - [2022 - Finally a normal year?](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2022-a-snapshot/2022-finally-a-normal-year): We enjoyed the beginning of a normal year with good working days and social life, but 2022 turned out to be a completely unusual year nonetheless! On February 24, Ukraine was invaded. At the same time we lost communication with our listening stations, and our work to monitor explosions near the nuclear power plants began. > ![2022 - A snapshot](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315998-1728540686/norsar-innblikk-2023-toppbilde-NO%281%29.jpg%20%28full_width%29.jpg ) > It is pleasing to see that the technologies used to monitor explosions from test explosions of nuclear weapons https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/provestansteknologiene-tas-i-bruk_2/ can also be used to map other types of events. Ukraine has four nuclear power plants with a total of 15 reactors that are vulnerable to military activities. Our technologists have established automatic monitoring of the areas around them to ensure independent data about the bombings. This contributes to the overall picture the Norwegian authorities use to assess the danger of radioactive fallout over Norway. > Monitoring compliance with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is our most important task and an important foundation for a safer world. The treaty is one of the important pillars of the global disarmament effort. The Nobel Peace Center organized the seminar "The morning you wake (to the rest of your life)" which highlighted various aspects of the nuclear threat and what it really means when the threat hits society. At the same time, we marked the 25th anniversary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and demonstrated the value of its verification system. The agreement's verification system is an example to follow of how compliance with agreements can be ensured and documented. Our status as an independent research foundation means that we have a special task in this work – our neutrality ensures our credibility and attention when we tell the world what we observe. > In 2022, we have had the pleasure of collaborating with Norconsult and Alcatel on service development to ensure avalanche-prone roads https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/fiberteknologi-gjor-veiene-tryggere_2/ for Troms and Finnmark County Municipality. Our automatic detection algorithms will now detect avalanches over the road and find out if vehicles have been taken by the snow masses. This is an important and challenging technological development based on fiber technology and event detection - with promising results! > Our core competence is knowledge of the earth's vibrations; natural and man-made, and to describe them in real time through automatic registrations and interpretations. We have been doing this for over 50 years! > This knowledge is used in EU-funded projects to protect society against natural disasters https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/sikrere-samfunn-mot-naturfarer_2/. A typical black swan; an event with a low probability and high damage potential, such as an earthquake. We have delivered the TURNkey project together with 21 partners from Europe. The result is a prototype of an interaction and information platform for early warning of and rapid response after an earthquake. Many of the partners are involved in the follow-up project MEDiate, which looks at how we can protect society against combined natural hazards today, but also in the future, where climate change is expected to increase the risk of natural hazards. One of the results from this project will be a support tool to help decision-makers assess the probability and damage potential of combined events. Oslo municipality is an important Norwegian partner in the project. > Our research is helping to solve the climate challenges the world is facing! The EU and the Research Council of Norway have entrusted us with the task of investigating what the population thinks about underground storage of CO2 https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/trygg-og-transparent-lagring-av-co2_2/and positioning microseismic monitoring as a technology that can give confidence in the storage's integrity. We look forward to presenting results over the coming years! > NORSAR concentrates on one theme; we create a safer society from outstanding knowledge of the earth's vibrations. Our employees come from all over the world, have their doctorates from different countries and a worldwide collaboration network. The good teamwork in 2022 produced good results - it bodes well for the future! > Knowledge obliges! > Anne Strømmen Lycke > CEO ##### [The test ban treaty technologies are put into use](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/provestansteknologiene-tas-i-bruk_2_2/) > NORSAR’s most important task is to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits explosions of nuclear weapons. Although the UN agreement has not entered into force, it has contributed to strengthening international security and global non-proliferation and disarmament of nuclear weapons. ##### [Fiber technology makes the roads safer](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/fiberteknologi-gjor-veiene-tryggere_2_2/) > Fiber optic measurements are socially beneficial in several areas of application. Avalanche warning is one of the areas where this technology is now being used. Avalanches are a major societal challenge both in Norway and other parts of the world. ##### [Safe and transparent storage of CO2](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/trygg-og-transparent-lagring-av-co2_2_2/) > Carbon capture and storage is crucial to achieve the climate targets. Norway has many years of experience in carbon storage in the Norwegian continental shelf, and Norway has a large storage capacity. Technologies have further developed, and the realization is now around the corner. ##### [Safer society against natural hazards](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/sikrere-samfunn-mot-naturfarer_2_2/) > We need good tools to reduce the human, economic and environmental losses caused by natural disasters. NORSAR has cutting-edge expertise in seismic hazard and risk assessments. In 2022, we delivered a multi-sensor-based platform focusing on Operational Earthquake Forecasting, Earthquake Early Warning and Rapid Response to Earthquakes to reduce the effects of earthquakes in Europe, as part of the Horizon 2020 TURNkey project. At the same time, the Horizon Europe MEDiate project, which will assess interacting natural hazards and their cascading impacts, was launched. #### [2021 - Et innblikk](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2021-et-innblikk/) > NORSAR er et lite institutt med en stor visjon: Å skape en sikrere verden gjennom fremragende forskning om jordens rystelser. Vårt viktige samfunnsoppdrag er en stor driver for gode resultater. Vi ser frem til mer samarbeid med nye og gamle partnere i årene som kommer! - [2021 – Nye milepæler nådd i nok et annerledes år](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2021-et-innblikk/2021-nye-milepaeler-nadd-i-nok-et-annerledes-ar): NORSAR er et lite institutt med en stor visjon: Å skape en sikrere verden gjennom fremragende forskning om jordens rystelser. Vårt viktige samfunnsoppdrag er en stor driver for gode resultater. Vi ser frem til mer samarbeid med nye og gamle partnere i årene som kommer! > De to siste årene har vært annerledes for oss alle. På få uker i mars 2020 måtte vi lære oss helt nye måter å samarbeide på, uten å vite at dette skulle bli den nye normalen de neste årene. Nå, nesten to år senere, tør vi bare så vidt tro på at vi ser slutten på pandemien. Men til tross for nok et år med avlyste arrangementer, avlyste reiser og hjemmekontor, har det siste året også vært et godt et. Vilje til samarbeid, god lagånd og sterk oppslutning rundt våre viktige samfunnsoppdrag har vært en viktig forutsetning for gode resultater. > Vår kjernekompetanse er kunnskap om jordens rystelser; naturlige og menneskeskapte, og å beskrive dem i sanntid gjennom automatiske registreringer og tolkninger. Dette har vi holdt på med i over 50 år. Det er vårt samfunnsansvar å dele og spre kunnskap for å gjøre verden tryggere og sikrere! Kunnskap forplikter! > Vår aller viktigste oppgave er å overvåke etterlevelsen av Prøvestansavtalen for atomvåpen https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/provestansavtalen/. Traktaten er en av de viktige bærebjelkene i det globale nedrustningsarbeidet og fylte 25 år i 2021. I desember fikk vi besøk av Prøvestansavtaleorganisasjonens nye leder, Dr. Robert Floyd, han besøkte oss på Kjeller og han fikk omvisning på vår overvåkningsstasjon i Løten. Han takket NORSAR for arbeidet vi gjør for å sikre et godt verifikasjonssystem og arbeidet vi legger ned i organisasjonen. > Avtalens verifikasjonssystem er et eksempel til etterfølgelse på hvordan etterlevelse av avtaler kan trygges og dokumenteres. Vår status som en uavhengig stiftelse gjør at vi får en særlig oppgave i dette arbeidet – vår nøytralitet og faglige tyngde sikrer oss troverdighet og oppmerksomhet når vi forteller verden hva vi observerer. > Kunnskapen vi har om jordens rystelser bruker vi i arbeidet med sikring av bygg og beredskap for jordskjelv i Norge. Vår soneringsportal https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart er godt mottatt i markedet som et sted der kunnskap kan hentes når dimensjonering av bygg og anlegg skal beregnes. Dette kunnskapsgrunnlaget er også viktig for kommuner og fylkers risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyser. Sammenliknet med eldre eller papirbaserte kart, viser dette kartet mer lokale og nøyaktige data, og utbyggere og kommuner kan spare store kostnader der hvor risikoen har gått ned. Direktoratet for sivil beredskap utpeker jordskjelv i by som en av de mest alvorlige hendelsene i sine analyser. På tross av dette er jordskjelv den naturfaren som ikke har noe formelt eierskap i Norge. NORSAR bidrar gjerne med løpende registreringer og faglige råd. Kunnskap forplikter – men det er også en plikt til å ta den i bruk! > Jordskjelv kjenner ingen landegrenser, derfor gir internasjonalt samarbeid styrke. Vi leder TURNkey prosjektet som er finansiert av EU og samler sentrale forsknings- og utviklingsaktører over hele Europa. Sammen skal vi etablere ny kunnskap og en samhandlingsplattform som skal bidra til tidlig varsling av jordskjelv og effektiv hjelp etterpå. Dette er viktige skritt på veien mot et sikrere samfunn! > Vår forskning er en viktig del av løsningen på klimautfordringene verden står overfor. Teknologioverføring og -videreutvikling fra Prøvestansavtalen gjør oss godt rustet til oppgaven med å overvåke alle bevegelser i undergrunnen der vi skal lagre CO2 https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/css/. EU og Forskningsrådet har betrodd oss oppgaven med å undersøke hva publikum mener om undergrunnslagring av CO2 og vise hvordan mikroseismisk overvåkning kan gi tillitt til lagrenes integritet. For å styrke den tverrfaglige teknologiutviklingen for sikker lagring og verifikasjon av dette, har vi inngått et samarbeid med SINTEF. Med felles teknologi og gjennomføringsevne er vi i god posisjon til å tilby uavhengig overvåkning av CO2 lagre og forsikre publikum og lagerkunder om at lagrene overvåkes og integriteten sikres. > En annen teknologi som er i rask utvikling og hvor vi bruker vår erfaring med å finne hendelser er fiberteknologi https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/fiberteknologi-for-et-sikrere-samfunn/fiberteknologi-for-et-sikrere-samfunn. Vi utforsker nå hvordan teknologien kan brukes på flere områder, som snøskredvarsling. Vi har bygd vårt første fiberoptiske testanlegg ved vårt kontor på Kjeller, og vi planlegger å installere et større anlegg ved vår seismiske stasjon på Løten i 2022. > NORSAR er et lite institutt konsentrert om ett tema; vi skaper en sikrere verden fra fremragende kunnskap om jordens rystelser. Våre medarbeidere kommer fra hele verden, har sine doktorgrader fra ulike land og et verdensomspennende samarbeidsnettverk. Det gode lagarbeidet i 2021 ga gode resultater - det lover godt for fremtiden! Vi gleder oss til å fortsette arbeidet med å bidra til et sikrere samfunn! > Kunnskap forplikter! > Anne Strømmen Lycke > Adm. Dir. > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313743-1644406875/norsar.no/About/2021/NORSAR-2021-key-figures.pdf ##### [Billboard](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2021-et-innblikk/billboard/) - [Pictures and illustrations](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/annual-reports/2021-et-innblikk/billboard/pictures-and-illustrations) > ![Lightbulbs](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311816-1615979868/Demo/Artikkel-produkter/portal_toppbilde.jpg%20%28full_width%29.jpg ) ##### [Prøvestanskontroll](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/provestansavtalen_2_2/) - [Prøvestansavtalen fyller 25 år – veien videre](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/provestansavtalen_2_2/provestansavtalen-fyller-25-ar-veien-videre): I 2021 feiret vi at det var 25 år siden Prøvestansavtalen ble vedtatt av FN. Til tross for at avtalen ikke har trådt i kraft, har den bidratt til å styrke internasjonal sikkerhet og det globale ikke-sprednings- og nedrustningsarbeidet for kjernevåpen. Dette takket være engasjementet til den stadig voksende gruppen av signatarstater og ikke minst på grunn av implementeringen av traktatens verifikasjonssystem. > ![SPITS](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313710-1644318384/norsar.no/About/2021/NORSAR-2021-provestans.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > NORSAR har deltatt i verifikasjonssystemets design og utvikling, og har hele veien vært en proaktiv aktør i prøvestansavtaleorganisasjonens (CTBTO), hvor vi i dag bidrar med utvikling av programvare til det internasjonale datasentret og videre teknologisk utvikling. > I desember tok vi imot CTBTOs leder, Dr. Rob Floyd, på våre kontorer på Kjeller. Han fikk også en omvisning på vår overvåkningsstasjon i Løten. Stasjonen er en av seks norske målestasjoner i Prøvestansavtalens internasjonale monitoreringssystem (IMS). Dr. Rob Floyd takket NORSAR for arbeidet og engasjementet i organisasjonen. > 90 prosent av de 337 målestasjoner og laboratorier som utgjør Prøvestansavtalens internasjonale monitoreringssystem er operasjonelle. Dette gjør Prøvestansorganisasjonen (CTBTO) i Wien stand til å oppdage kjernefysiske eksplosjoner i atmosfæren, i undergrunnen og til havs over hele kloden. Systemet beviste sin nytte da det detekterte de seks kjernefysiske sprengingene utført av Nord-Korea, den siste i 2017, og CTBTO kunne dele data med det internasjonale samfunnet i kjølvannet sprengingene. > I anledning avtalens jubileum publiserte vi en kronikk på våre sider om hvorfor avtalen og avtalens verifikasjonssystem er viktigere enn noen gang. Den kan du lese her https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/provestansavtalen-er-vart-beste-forsvar. Hvilke utfordringer står Prøvestansavtalen og verifikasjonssytement overfor? > Det er viktig å ferdigstille IMS, men samtidig er det også mye infrastruktur som ikke blitt oppgradert siden installasjonen og nærmer seg slutten på sin tekniske levetid. Det er viktig å beskytte de betydelige investeringene som er gjort i infrastruktur, utstyr og opplæring, men det vil bli utfordrende for CTBTO å sikre de nødvendige midlene for vedlikehold og utskifting i årene som kommer. > For å sikre den videre vitenskapelige og tekniske utviklingen er også viktig motivere yngre forskere og tekniske eksperter til å arbeide med problemstillinger relevante for Prøvestansavtalen og data fra IMS. «Young Professionals Network», som NORSAR koordinerer, er et viktig bidrag til dette. Nettverket har nå medlemmer fra 30 nasjonale datasentre over hele verden, og fostrer samarbeid, deling av informasjon og bidrar til å opprettholde et fellesskap rundt Prøvestansavtalen. > Prøvestansavtalen og verifikasjonssystemet er et viktig bidrag til internasjonal sikkerhet og det globale ikke-sprednings- og nedrustningsregimet for kjernevåpen. Bevisstgjøring av regjeringer og befolkning på at atomtrusselen er høyst reell er derfor viktig for å sikre oppslutning om å verne om avtalen og de nødvendige ressursene som trengs for å opprettholde et troverdig kontrollsystem. ##### [Fiberteknologi for et sikrere samfunn](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/fiberteknologi-for-et-sikrere-samfunn_2_2/) - [Fiberteknologi for et sikrere samfunn](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/fiberteknologi-for-et-sikrere-samfunn_2_2/fiberteknologi-for-et-sikrere-samfunn): Fiberoptikk muliggjør kontinuerlig overvåkning av kritisk infrastruktur som veistrekninger og vannledninger. Fiberteknologien er i rask utvikling og vi i NORSAR bruker vår erfaring med å identifisere hendelser for å utforske hvordan teknologien kan brukes på flere områder. Vi benytter oss hovedsakelig av teknologien Distribuert Akustisk Sensing (DAS), hvor man bruker fiberoptiske kabler, som vanlige telekomkabler eller mer spesialiserte kabler, for å måle trykk og temperatur. > ![TFFK ](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313711-1644270202/norsar.no/About/2021/NORSAR-2021-fiber.png%20%28full_width%29.png ) > I 2021 bygde vi vårt første fiberoptiske testanlegg. Dette anlegget har fått navnet NOR-FROST og ligger ved vårt kontor på Kjeller. Vi planlegger å installere et større anlegg ved vår seismiske stasjon på Løten i 2022. > NOR-FROST består av tre 30 meter lange og 1 meter dype grøfter med forskjellig type fiberkabler i tre høyder i hver grøft. Dette anlegget brukes for å teste kabler og utstyr og er åpent for samarbeid for forsknings- og utviklingsformål. Anlegget har gitt oss verdifull erfaring i bruk av DAS-teknologi. > *Figuren viser et tverrsnitt av de tre grøftene fylt med betong, grus og sand. Hvert lag består av forskjellige kabler og tomme rør for fremtidig utvidelse. * > Et fiberoptisk målesystem er svært følsomt og kan ha en måletetthet ned til 1 meter over et strekk på opptil 170 kilometer. Disse målingene er sammenlignbare med jordskjelv-målinger og sanntidsdeteksjon av seismiske hendelser som vi har lang og bred erfaring med fra vårt store nettverk av seismiske stasjoner. Vår kompetanse og våre metoder danner et godt grunnlag for å lage løsninger for et sikrere samfunn. > Fiberoptiske målinger har mange anvendelsesområder, og varsling av snøskred er et av områdene hvor denne teknologien kan brukes. Snøskred er en stor samfunnsutfordring både i Norge og andre deler av verden. I samarbeid med Norconsult og Alcatel Submarine Networks Norway har vi inngått et innovasjonsprosjekt med Troms og Finnmark fylkeskommune om utvikling av en løsning basert på fiberoptiske kabler som skal varsle snøskred som treffer veier. I tillegg skal vi utvikle et system for trafikkovervåkning slik at vi kan se om det er biler i skredområdet. Systemet vil benytte maskinlæring for å øke nøyaktigheten og minimere falske alarmer. > Bruk av fiberoptiske kabler har store fordeler på dette feltet sammenlignet med mer tradisjonelle metoder som radar og geofoner. Fiberkabelen er nedgravd i bakken og er lite utsatt for fysiske påkjenninger og fungerer uavhengig av vær. Ett system kan dekke mange skredløp i et område. > Det er et stort behov for et slikt skredvarslingssystem basert på fiberoptikk. Fylkesvegene i Troms og Finnmark har rundt 200 snøskredpunkt og på landsbasis er det rundt 1500 snøskredpunkt. Omtrent halvparten av alle skredpunktene har naboskredløp. Det betyr at ett system kan dekke og detektere flere skredløp. Fysisk sikring av alle skredpunktene er estimert til omtrent 70 milliarder kroner, et fiberoptisk skredvarslingssystem kan derfor både redde menneskeliv og spare samfunnet for store kostnader. ##### [Karbonfangst og -lagring](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/css_2_2/) - [Trygg lagring er avgjørende for å lykkes](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/css_2_2/karbonfangst-og-lagring-1-1): Karbonfangst og -lagring er et viktig verktøy for å nå de ambisiøse klimamålene og bremse klimaendringene. Det siste året har teknologiene på dette feltet utviklet seg mye, og faktisk fangst og lagring av CO2 er nærmere å realiseres enn noensinne. > ![CCS](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313708-1644318229/norsar.no/About/2021/NORSAR-2021-ccs.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > I NORSAR har vi brukt vår kunnskap, erfaring og teknologi fra arbeidet med Prøvestansavtalen til å videreutvikle metoder og verktøy for å overvåke CO2-lagre. På den måten kan vi sikre trygg lagring. I 2021 har vi blitt tildelt midler til et stort forskningsprosjekt og har inngått et samarbeid med SINTEF. > I oktober gikk startskuddet for et nytt EU-forskningsprosjekt som har som mål å undersøke offentlig oppfatning av CO2-lagring i forskjellige land, og hvordan mikroseismisk monitorering kan trygge lagring av CO2. Vi i NORSAR leder prosjektet, hvor vi har med oss åtte samarbeidspartnere fra syv land, blant dem industripartnerne Shell, Total, bp og AlcatelSubmarineNetworks. Prosjektet engasjerer mange som vil arbeide med dette på fulltid de neste tre årene. Du kan lese mer om prosjektet her. > For å styrke den tverrfaglige teknologiutviklingen for sikker lagring og verifikasjon, har vi inngått et samarbeid med SINTEF, signert under en rundebordskonferanse i november. Forskere fra SINTEF skal sammen med forskere fra NORSAR jobbe for finne de beste løsningene for sikker lagring og overvåkning av CO2 i Langskip-prosjektet. Du kan lese mer om samarbeidet her. > I de kommende årene vil NORSARs arbeid med å overvåke bevegelser i undergrunnen der vi lagrer CO2 kunne være avgjørende for videre utvikling av fangst- og lagringsteknologi. I tillegg vil vår uavhengighet og kompetanse kunne sikre tillit og integritet til teknologien og lagrene. ##### [Jordskjelvsonering gir store besparelser](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/sonering_2_2/) - [Jordskjelvsonering gir store besparelser](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2021/sonering_2_2/jordskjelvsonering-gir-store-besparelser): NORSAR sitt digitale soneringskart for jordskjelv gir grunnlag for lastberegninger av bygg og anlegg, risikoanalyser for beredskapsplaner, sikring av kritisk infrastruktur og arealplanlegging i Norge og på Svalbard. Kartet, som ble lansert våren 2020, gjør at kommuner og utbyggere kan spare milliarder på utbyggingsprosjekter mange steder i landet. > ![Sonering](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313706-1644318317/norsar.no/About/2021/NORSAR-2021-sonering.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Oppdatert kunnskapsgrunnlag basert på resultatene fra mer enn 20 års forskning og utvikling, nye beregningsmetoder og betydelig økt regnekapasitet for modellering har resultert i et nytt soneringskart for Norge og Svalbard. Den nye soneringen viser lavere laster for mange områder i Norge. Dette gir grunnlag for store besparelser. Verdiene for lastberegninger er presentert i en digital portal som også effektiviserer arbeidsprosessene og som gir presise lokale verdier. > Flere aktører, som sentrale byggherrer og deres rådgivere, har benyttet seg av kartet. Og i løpet av de to første årene med soneringsportalen har vi videreutviklet, forbedret og lansert ny funksjonalitet. Mer informasjon finner du på denne siden https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/. ### [2022](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2022/) > We enjoyed the beginning of a normal year with good working days and social life, but 2022 turned out to be a completely unusual year nonetheless! On February 24, Ukraine was invaded. At the same time we lost communication with our listening stations, and our work to monitor explosions near the nuclear power plants began. #### [The test ban treaty technologies are put into use](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/provestansteknologiene-tas-i-bruk_2/) > NORSAR’s most important task is to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits explosions of nuclear weapons. Although the UN agreement has not entered into force, it has contributed to strengthening international security and global non-proliferation and disarmament of nuclear weapons. #### [Fiber technology makes the roads safer](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/fiberteknologi-gjor-veiene-tryggere_2/) > Fiber optic measurements are socially beneficial in several areas of application. Avalanche warning is one of the areas where this technology is now being used. Avalanches are a major societal challenge both in Norway and other parts of the world. #### [Safe and transparent storage of CO2](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/trygg-og-transparent-lagring-av-co2_2/) > Carbon capture and storage is crucial to achieve the climate targets. Norway has many years of experience in carbon storage in the Norwegian continental shelf, and Norway has a large storage capacity. Technologies have further developed, and the realization is now around the corner. #### [Safer society against natural hazards](https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/2022/sikrere-samfunn-mot-naturfarer_2/) > We need good tools to reduce the human, economic and environmental losses caused by natural disasters. NORSAR has cutting-edge expertise in seismic hazard and risk assessments. In 2022, we delivered a multi-sensor-based platform focusing on Operational Earthquake Forecasting, Earthquake Early Warning and Rapid Response to Earthquakes to reduce the effects of earthquakes in Europe, as part of the Horizon 2020 TURNkey project. At the same time, the Horizon Europe MEDiate project, which will assess interacting natural hazards and their cascading impacts, was launched. ### [2023](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/) > Knowledge comes with responsibilities! In 2023 we experienced the new normal; wilder, warmer, and wetter conditions are now a reality, also in Norway. Moreover, we are adjusting to the realities of war in Europe, heightened tensions, and unrest in many parts of the world. - [](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/full): Knowledge comes with responsibilities! In 2023 we experienced the new normal; wilder, warmer, and wetter conditions are now a reality, also in Norway. Moreover, we are adjusting to the realities of war in Europe, heightened tensions, and unrest in many parts of the world. > ![norsar 2023](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320424-1710511571/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-toppbilde-ENG%282%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Monitoring compliance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/advancing-ctbt-monitoring-compliance/ is our most important task and a solid foundation for a safer world. The CTBT is one of the key pillars in global disarmament efforts. It is therefore a concern that Russia decided to de-ratify the Treaty in 2023. This as well as the unrest elsewhere in the world, influences the work of the governing bodies overseeing the verification regime. Moving forward, securing the treaty and the technical work to detect nuclear tests will be an important task. > New technological solutions are attracting attention! We are making use of our technology and expertise from the CTBT to document explosions in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Ukraine https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/war-monitoring-seismic-data/. Our efforts have gained international attention, along with the documentation that the Kakhovka Dam was intentionally destroyed, putting the civilian population at great risk. The UN has asked for the documentation which could prove useful in a potential investigation of war crimes. > The correlation between our technologies and their capacity to align results with assessments of war crimes and compliance with ceasefires has become increasingly apparent in 2023. Knowledge comes with responsibility, and the value of independent facts is increasing. Our impartiality and professional expertise provide credibility and attention when reporting our observations to the world. > In 2023, the combination of our knowledge and technology with local initiative for road safety led to the successful verification of a solution for warning of avalanches over the road in Holmbuktura https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/safer-roads-fiber-optics/. In the project, we collaborated closely with Troms and Finnmark county council. This innovative system, rooted in fiber technology and event detection, serves as an excellent example of repurposing our core expertise! > The COP28 climate conference brought together all nations around a shared ambition to transition away from the use of fossil fuels. An important measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is carbon capture and storage https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/efficient-transparent-co2-storage/, where Norway is taking a leading role. The first project is the Northern Lights facility off the coast of Hordaland. Our research has contributed to monitoring solutions that enhance storage safety. This, coupled with our experience in verification work, enables us to contribute to trust in the storage solutions. > An earthquake coupled with other natural disasters represents a typical black swan event, an incident with low probability but high impact. Cascading natural disasters are at the core of the EU project MEDiate, which examines how we can safeguard societies against multi-hazards, a challenge that multiple authorities take very seriously. In the project, our partners from Nice, Essex, Oslo, and Iceland are all bringing forth their challenges. One of the expected outcomes of the project is a new methodology for assessing the probability and damage potential of concurrent events. > Our core expertise lies in understanding the movements of the earth; natural and man-made, and describing them in real-time through automatic recordings and analyses based on proprietary software and algorithms. We have been doing this for over 50 years! > NORSAR continues to focus on this one goal; contributing to a safer society through outstanding research on the movements of the earth. Our employees are from all over the world, hold international doctorates, and have worldwide networks for collaboration. The application of our knowledge is expanding, and we contribute across various fields. Excellent teamwork in 2023 gave valuable results – this is promising for the future! > Knowledge comes with responsibilities! > **Anne Strømmen Lycke ** > CEO > **NORSAR Group** #### [Advancing CTBT and Monitoring Treaty Compliance](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/advancing-ctbt-monitoring-compliance/) > NORSAR’s most important task is to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty that prohibits testing of nuclear weapons. NORSAR is the Norwegian National Data Centre for the treaty and has been instrumental in shaping and advancing the CTBT's verification system since its inception. Although the treaty has not formally entered into force, it acts as a de facto moratorium on nuclear testing. #### [Objective War Zone Monitoring with Seismic Data](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/war-monitoring-seismic-data/) > The data in the global network of seismic stations has proven useful in obtaining objective information from events in an active conflict zone. In 2023, NORSARs expertise in seismic monitoring was used to map real-time explosions connected to the war in Ukraine. This technology provides a unique insight into an active war zone and demonstrates the potential for improving conflict monitoring. #### [Efficient and Transparent CO2-storage](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/efficient-transparent-co2-storage/) > Crucial for achieving the Paris Agreement goals, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is advancing with major projects like Norway's Northern Lights. NORSAR contributes to cost-effective methods for monitoring CO2 injection and storage. In 2023, we also investigated public perception and acceptance of CCS technology as a part of the ENSURE project. #### [Safer Roads with Fiber-Optic Solutions](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/safer-roads-fiber-optics/) > Fiber optic technology, developed by NORSAR and partners, delivers societal benefits. In the 2022/2023 avalanche season, the pilot snow avalanche warning system in Holmbuktura, southeast of Tromsø, successfully demonstrated enhanced precision and significant reduction in false alarms. This system, capable of detecting avalanches impacting roads and locating vehicles, will enhance safety. #### [Tailored Seismic Software Solutions for the Offshore Industry](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/software-solutions-offshore-industry/) > Monitoring of microseismic events is important for safe production of hydrocarbons and maximizing recovery. NORSAR, with decades of experience in developing specialized software solutions for the industry, embarked on the development of a software system for continuous data processing and status monitoring for the giant Mero field in Brazil in 2023. #### [Geohazard Risk Assessments for Operational Safety](https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/geohazard-risk-assessments/) > At NORSAR we have been conducting research, development, and consulting in seismic hazard and risk since 1975. Leveraging our experience, we develop tailor-made solutions to meet clients' needs. In 2023, NORSAR was entrusted by one of the world’s largest players in operating geothermal infrastructures to develop new software for landslide risk assessments. ## [Contact](https://www.norsar.no/contact/) ### [Press contacts](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-contacts/) ### [Press releases](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/) - [Inquiries regarding earthquakes](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/inquiries-regarding-earthquakes) > Do you have questions regarding earthquakes? Send an e-mail to jordskjelv@norsar.no mailto:jordskjelv@norsar.no and we will get back to you as soon as we can. > NORSAR's earthquake phone: 90 87 34 84 (Monday - Friday 8:00 - 16:00). > Large earthquakes: 24x7. > For general enquiries, contact us at info@norsar.no mailto:info@norsar.no. #### [Picures and illustrations](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/picures-and-illustrations/) #### [Logo](https://www.norsar.no/presse/logo/en/) > NORSAR's logo comes in three variations. These are the only logos you may download and use. #### [Press releases](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/) - [Birger Steen appointed CEO of NORSAR research foundation from 1 April 2025](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/birger-steen-appointed-ceo-of-norsar-research-foundation-from-1-april-2025-1): Birger Steen has been appointed CEO of the independent research foundation NORSAR when Anne Strømmen Lycke retires 1 April this year. > ![Birger-Anne](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322323-1736851379/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Anne-Birger-NyCEO.JPG%20%28full_width%29.webp ) > - We are very pleased that Birger will take over when Anne steps down after ten years as CEO of NORSAR. With his extensive international management experience, good understanding of technology and commercial drive, Birger will contribute to further development and growth at a time when NORSAR’s competences and services are more important than ever, says Per Arild Reksnes, Chair of the Board of NORSAR. > With seismology and seismic monitoring as its areas of expertise, NORSAR carries out assignments for Norwegian as well as for Norwegian and international companies. On behalf of Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, NORSAR monitors compliance with the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, a multilateral treaty that prohibits tests of nuclear weapons. Furthermore, NORSAR is considered Norway's undisputed earthquake expert. > - NORSAR’s mission is to listen to the earth in order to gain insight and contribute to strengthening overall preparedness in Norway and Europe. NORSAR has world-class scientists, recognized technology and exciting growth opportunities through further development and sales of software and services. I look forward to getting to know all the talented people in NORSAR and building on the foundation that Anne and her team have developed over the past decade," says Birger Steen. > Strømmen Lycke has been CEO of NORSAR since 2014. During this period, the foundation has secured ever-increasing research funding, led key research projects and gained international recognition. In a comprehensive evaluation report issued in 2024, the Research Council of Norway highlighted NORSAR’s groundbreaking work in seismology and earthquake monitoring. > - We have managed to attract some of the world’s most talented researchers in our fields, and it is of course they who deserve the credit for the recognition we have received. In addition to our work on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, we have used our monitoring stations to map incidents and reduced the risk of disinformation in war-torn areas. We have developed technology solutions that monitor landslides and avalanches, injection of CO2 storage on the seabed as well as ice movements in the polar regions. I think we can say that NORSAR makes the world a little safer, says Strømmen Lycke. > Steen has previously been CEO of Microsoft in Norway and Russia and led one of the company's divisions in the United States. He has been CEO of US-based Parallels and has held board positions in Nordea, Schibsted, Cognite and Pagero. He returned to Norway in 2023 and was for a period CEO of FREYR Battery. Today, Steen is Chair of the board of Nordic Semiconductor and Chair of the Digital Norway Advisory Board. Steen holds an MSc in engineering from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU, formerly NTH) and an MBA from INSEAD. > **About NORSAR** > NORSAR is Norway’s national data center and monitors compliance with the international Test Ban Treaty, which prohibits testing of nuclear weapons. Through NORSAR's extensive network of fiber technology, infrasound and seismic stations, the company can detect abnormal activity related to critical infrastructure in Norway and Europe, including railways, pipelines, and nuclear power plants. NORSAR also monitors weather- and climate-related phenomena, from earthquakes to avalanches and movements in the ice around Svalbard and the polar regions. > NORSAR's solutions help to improve the collection, processing and analysis of data that can, among other things, reduce the risks and costs associated with oil and gas exploration through software solutions for seismic modelling and micro-seismic monitoring. In the future, NORSAR will also monitor CO2 storage facilities established both on land and on the seabed in Norway and internationally. > NORSAR has a strong financial situation with annual revenues of around NOK 100 million. NORSAR has 50 employees, most with PhDs from top international universities. The company is headquartered at Kjeller, north of Oslo, and operates monitoring stations in Svalbard, Bjørnøya, Jan Mayen, Løten, Dronning Maud Land and in Karasjok. > For more information, please contact: > Per Arild Reksnes, mob. (+47) 48200596 > Birger Steen, mob. (+47) 900 88 222 > Anne Strømmen Lycke, mob. (+47) 977 94 988 > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [Norwegian research foundations develop new technology for studying war crimes against Ukraine](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/norwegian-research-foundations-develop-new-technology-for-studying-war-crimes-against-ukraine): Oslo, 12 March 2025: The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and NORSAR, both Norway-based research foundations, today announced a joint effort to use cutting-edge sensor technology for uncovering and analysing war crimes in Ukraine. > ![Ukraine AI](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322816-1741607198/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/REMWAR%20cropped%281%29.png ) > The research project, named “Recording Explosive Munitions for the Analysis of War Crimes” (REMWAR), aims to determine under which conditions Russian troops engage in illegal attacks on civilian targets in Ukraine. > “By combining PRIO experts on conflict event data analysis with the forces of NORSAR experts in remote sensing, we will have a team of scientific excellence that can have a meaningful impact. Together, we will work to make peace more stable and war less inhumane,” PRIO Director Henrik Urdal said. > **Novel tools for measuring combat exposure** > Using its expertise in automatic event detection via seismic and acoustic detection, NORSAR has developed advanced tools for measuring combat-related explosions. > “NORSAR has long-term experience in the global monitoring of nuclear tests. Now, we can use our technology for yet another important cause, researching war crimes in the biggest armed conflict in Europe since World War II,” said Anne Strømmen Lycke, CEO of NORSAR. > PRIO and NORSAR have collaborated for many years. In 2023, NORSAR achieved a methodological breakthrough by demonstrating that the same sensor technologies that are used for detecting violations of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty could also detect conventional explosions in Ukraine. > The project, which was unveiled at a seminar today at the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, has received NOK 12 million (approximately USD 1 million) for a three-year period from the Research Council of Norway. The investigation will be ongoing throughout 2025, and the first data findings are expected to be published early next year. > **Solving three problems** > PRIO is building a database with frontline data, conflict event data, and locations of critical and protected infrastructure. > The project will use its technological capabilities to provide unprecedented insights into an ongoing war, aiming to solve three problems: > Understanding when and where intentional attacks on civilians are most likely, to help prevent atrocities. > Identifying biases in both traditional conflict data and NORSAR’s event detections, to build a more comprehensive picture of the war in Ukraine. > Advancing the technology for use in monitoring future ceasefire agreements, mapping unexploded munitions, and detecting strikes on protected or civilian infrastructure. > **For more information, please contact: ** > Michelle Delaney > Communication Director in PRIO > +47 941 65 579 > michelle@prio.org > Anne Strømmen Lycke > CEO of NORSAR > +47 977 94 966 > anne.lycke@norsar.no > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [NORSAR and Northern Lights partners for CO2 storage monitoring in the North Sea](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/norsar-and-northern-lights-partners-for-co2-storage-monitoring-in-the-north-sea): Oslo, 18 March 2025: The independent research foundation NORSAR and Northern Lights JV have signed an agreement to monitor the CO2 storage reservoir in the North Sea. This initiative will enhance commercial opportunities for Northern Lights and Norway while marking the beginning of international exports of both storage capacity and Norwegian-developed technology. > ![Northern Lights anlegget på Holsnøy](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322858-1741945387/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Norhern%20lights%281%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > “Norway has a leading position in carbon management, and has for many years, worked to develop carbon capture and storage as a cost-effective climate measure in an international perspective. The agreement between NORSAR and Northern Lights provides a cost-effective solution for monitoring CO2 storage with technology developed in Norway, which can be exported to other countries” says Minister of Energy Terje Aasland. > The potential for storage on the Norwegian continental shelf corresponds to 80 billion tonnes of CO2, equivalent to Norwegian emissions for 1,600 years, according to estimates from the Norwegian Shelf Directorate. > “Leveraging decades of expertise in CO2 storage on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, Northern Lights will provide Norwegian and European industry with safe and permanent CO2 storage within the Aurora license. Continuous monitoring of CO2 injection, storage, and seismic activity will support safe and reliable operations,” says Northern Lights JV Managing Director Tim Heijn. > **Monitoring provides trust and security ** > NORSAR will establish and operate a permanent monitoring station near Bergen, using cutting-edge technology to detect and analyse seismic activity related to CO2 injection in the Aurora reservoir. This data will support Northern Lights in maintaining operational integrity and ensure safe injection and storage. > *Senior geophysicist at Northern Lights Matthieu Vinchon, Norwegian Minister of Energy Terje Aasland (Labout Party) and CEO of NORSAR Anne Strømmen Lycke* > “Commercial CO2 storage is a new business area with immense potential for Norway. It is crucial to build trust from day one. This monitoring will also reassure authorities and the public that the storage site maintains its integrity throughout both the injection and long-term storage phases,” says NORSAR CEO Anne Strømmen Lycke. > NORSAR's solution can also be utilized by other storage facilities in Norway and exported internationally. > "The agreement with Northern Lights is an important affirmation that the domestic market has confidence in us," says Lycke. > **A New Application of Norwegian-Developed Technology** > The technology to be used on Holsnøy has been enhanced through a series of research and development projects supported by the Climate fund and the EU, with Northern Lights' owners—Shell, TotalEnergies, and Equinor—actively partnering with the University of Bergen and Viridien. > In practice, the project involves the reuse of investments made by the Norwegian government in the establishment of NORSAR as the National Data Centre responsible for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. The technology, originally developed to detect vibrations in the ground, has been further refined and will now be used to monitor CO2 injections and detect any induced seismic activity. > The Minister of Energy believes that the prospects for CO2 storage in the North Sea are promising, as more and more countries embrace carbon capture and storage as a climate solution. GEUS in Denmark and KNMI in the Netherlands, both National Data Centers under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, are in the process of being assigned the same task for storage sites in their respective countries. > "CO2 management will be an important contribution to achieving the temperature target of the Paris Agreement. The government aims to facilitate commercial CO2 storage on the Norwegian continental shelf. With world-leading Norwegian technology, experience, and storage capabilities, we are at the forefront", says Aasland. > ***About NORSAR** > NORSAR monitors compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits the testing of nuclear weapons. Through an extensive network of fiber technology, infrasound, and seismic stations, NORSAR can detect abnormal activity related to critical infrastructure in Norway and Europe, including railways, pipelines, and nuclear power plants.* > *NORSAR also monitors weather and climate-related phenomena, from earthquakes to landslides and movements in the ice around Svalbard and the poles. Through software solutions for seismic modeling and microseismic monitoring, NORSAR's solutions help improve the collection, processing, and analysis of data that can reduce the risks and costs associated with oil and gas exploration. In the future, NORSAR will also monitor CO2 storage facilities established both on land and on the seabed, in Norway and internationally.* > ***About Northern Lights JV** > Northern Lights JV is a registered general partnership with shared liability (DA), equally owned by Equinor, TotalEnergies, and Shell. The joint venture is part of the Norwegian government's Longship project, which establishes a full-scale carbon capture and storage value chain in Norway. > Northern Lights is the first in the world to offer cross-border transport and storage of CO2 and is ready to receive and store CO2 from industry in Norway as part of the Longship project. Northern Lights also has commercial agreements for transport and storage with Yara in the Netherlands and Ørsted in Denmark.* > **For further information, please contact** > Anne Strømmen Lycke > Administrerende direktør i NORSAR > +47 977 94 966 > anne.lycke@norsar.no > Morten Eek > Mediekontakt i Northern Lights JV > +47 416 89 515 > morten.eek@norlights.com > *Photo credits top photo: Svein Ove Søreide* > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [Gjerdrum Landslide: Not triggered by earthquake](https://www.norsar.no/news/gjerdrum-landslide-not-triggered-by-earthquake): On December 30, a terrible landslide resulted in devastating casualties in Ask, Gjerdrum. Worried local citizens told the press about shakings they thought could be an earthquake before the landslide and contacted NORSAR. Based on our cooperation within Europe, we knew that quick clay could liquefy after earthquake although this has not been documented in Norway before. > ![Screenshot from interview with NRK 31.12.2020](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310955-1609947192/norsar.no/InFocus/Anne_NRK-cropped.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Now, after a throughout analysis of the data conducted by instruments nearby (red squares), NORSAR concludes there were zero observed earthquakes around the time and location of the landslide. More specifically, we investigated the 28, 29 and 30 of December and registered two minor earthquakes at 10.00am and 01.00pm on December 28 (orange circles). These, however, were under magnitude 1 and not felt by humans. > Although this was not caused by earthquake, Gjerdrum, and the area around, does hold a possibility of experiencing earthquakes. This area is a part of the “Oslofelt” and has been experiencing earthquakes at one per year on average since 1979 (blue circles). With this data in mind, NORSAR acted rapidly and eliminated any ambiguities concerning a possible earthquake triggered landslide. Knowledge commits! > This is further explained in a press release we published after the analysis: Seismic analysis on Gjerdrum landslide (Norwegian) https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310844-1609793017/NORSAR%20IKKE%20SKJELV%20GJERDRUM%281%29.pdf > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [Handover of the Earthquake Report to Mayor Jørgen Vik of Lillestrøm Municipality](https://www.norsar.no/news/handover-of-the-earthquake-report-to-mayor-jorgen-vik-of-lillestrom-municipality): On December 10, NORSAR handed the Earthquake Report over to the Mayor of Lillestrøm, Jørgen Vik, accompanied by representatives from the County Governor of Oslo and Viken. The event was executed partly remote, with external representatives on Teams and Romerikes Blad on site. > ![Lillestrøm](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310744-1607692045/norsar.no/InFocus/OVERSIKTSBILDER-LILLESTRoM-KOMMUNE-15-10571657-%20Foto_Kjell_Arne__Jorgensen_c.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Photo: Lillestrøm kommune) > This assessment, initiated by NORSAR, is crucial to increase knowledge of risks of earthquakes in Lillestrøm. The overall probability of risks of earthquakes in Norway are low – and below average in Lillestrøm. Nevertheless, casualties of such an event is long-reaching. Therefore, knowledge is key for future contingency plans. > This assessment is done by analysing primary and secondary effects of ROS including qualitative observations of regional historical earthquake data. The report recommends updating ROS analyses from 2018 with the presented results. As our Director, Anne Lycke, put it, the risk equation is risk equals danger times vulnerability and exposure. > Lillestrøm handles this equation every day and it is inherent in all their policies. Cooperation between public sector and research results in new knowledge – and as Mayor Vik uttered, “it does not become a society without us doing it together“. The Mayor is proud of having an internationally renowned research institute in his municipality and believes the harvesting of goods is mutual. On that note, he perceives the recommendations as reasonable and feasible, and of course, he is especially happy with the assessed low risk of earthquakes. Lastly, he assures that these recommendations will take the step into policy work because knowledge commits and risk management is inevitable. - [Nytt jordskjelvsoneringskart for Norge](https://www.norsar.no/news/nytt-jordskjelvsoneringskart-for-norge): Norge har fått et nytt og digitalt jordskjelvsoneringskart. Det betyr at utbyggere og storsamfunnet til sammen kan spare milliarder av kroner på store utbyggingsprosjekter i årene som kommer. > ![PGA](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139442-1584709819/norsar.no/Services/soneringskart/PGA_Norway.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Stiftelsen NORSAR har etablert et nytt kunnskapsgrunnlag for norsk jordskjelvsonering basert på nye og harmoniserte data, bedre regnemodeller og metodeutvikling fra inn- og utland. Kartet viser sannsynligheten for jordskjelv og hvilket skadepotensiale skjelvene har for hele Norge, inkludert Svalbard. > Det forrige jordskjelvsoneringskartet for Norge er fra 1998 og foreligger kun i papirformat. Det omfatter ikke Svalbard. Arbeidet med den nye soneringen har vært gjennomført av NORSAR og under tett kvalitetskontroll av internasjonale eksperter. I tillegg er det gjennomført en norsk kvalitetssikringsprosess. Dette sikrer at jordskjelvkatalogen er harmonisert, de beste nye metodene er tatt i bruk for å beregne sannsynlige skjelv og deres størrelse samt skadepotensiale. Til sammen gir dette et nytt bilde av Norge og Svalbard. > Vi har også valgt å tilgjengeliggjøre resultatene digitalt i en portal. Dette sikrer bedre oppløsning av dataene, lettere oppdateringer etter hvert som vi erfarer og lærer mer, og det sikrer brukerne lett tilgang. NORSAR bidrar til å digitalisere Norge! Skadepotensialet nedjusteres > Den nye soneringen viser at skadepotensialet nedjusteres for store deler av landet. Det betyr at det er store kostnader å spare for utbyggere og samfunnet. > For å få et innblikk i dette kan du lese rapporten som Multiconsult as laget – du finner den her https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139593-1585573121/norsar.no/Services/soneringskart/Multiconsult-10216470-RIB-RAP-001.pdf. Det er store regionale forskjeller i Norge. Det er for eksempel mye å spare i Oslo- og Trondheimsområdene, og mindre å spare på Vestlandet. Rapporten fra Multiconsult viser at mange samfunnskritiske bygg- og anleggsprosjekt kan spare fra tre til ti prosent av byggekostnadene. Slike prosjekt omfatter blant annet sykehus, redningssentraler, skoler, jernbane- og veibroer. > Jordskjelv er også en del av kommuner og fylkers risikovurderinger og grunnlag for beredskapsplaner. Disse kan også i mange tilfeller justeres betydelig. > Det nye jordskjelvsoneringskartet er digitalt tilgjengelig. Dataene kan hentes ut direkte for en adresse for en utbygging eller som en tjeneste for samfunnsplanlegging. NORSAR er en uavhengig forskningsstiftelse. Tjenesten finansieres derfor ved abonnement eller enkeltkjøp via portalen som du finner her: https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart https://www.norsar.no/soneringskartDokumenter > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139551-1585221863/norsar.no/InFocus/PRESSEMELDING-NORSAR-jordskjelvsoneringskart.pdf > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139593-1585573121/norsar.no/Services/soneringskart/Multiconsult-10216470-RIB-RAP-001.pdf > PORTAL > ![Anne S. Lycke, Administrerende direktør](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133945-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28avatar_user_display%29.jpg ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > Administrerende direktør. - [Large nuclear test in North Korea on 3 September 2017](https://www.norsar.no/news/large-nuclear-test-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017): The seismological observatory NORSAR at Kjeller, Norway, has detected the latest underground nuclear test by North Korea. > ![North Korea nuclear explosions](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135665-1504512084/norsar.no/Press/Pictures/20170903-DPRK_6events_NORSAR_array.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > NORSAR has recorded signals from an underground nuclear test explosion conducted by North Korea at its Punggye-ri test site on 3 September 2017. NORSAR has estimated the explosive yield at 120 kilotons TNT, based on a seismic magnitude of 5.8. In comparison, the explosive yield of the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 was estimated at 15 kilotons TNT, while the bomb dropped on Nagasaki three days later was 20 kilotons TNT. > The figure above shows at the bottom the seismic recording of the latest test in North Korea made at NORSAR’s station in Hedmark, Norway. The five upper traces show recordings at the same station for the five preceding tests, conducted by North Korea in 2006, 2009, 2013 and 2016 (two explosions in 2016). Today’s test is as can be seen from this figure clearly the strongest so far. > The test site in North Korea is located at a distance of 7360 km from NORSAR’s seismic station in Hedmark. Given that the seismic waves take approximately 11 minutes to propagate from North Korea to Norway, the measurements indicate that this explosion took place at 03:30 UTC. > The figure below shows the estimated locations within the Pungggye-ri test site of the five previous tests (red dots). The tests are conducted in the tunnel system inside the mountain. The area of the likely location of the most recent test is indicated in the figure. Some additional work is required in order to estimate a precise location. > North Korea claims that this was a test of a hydrogen bomb; the same claim was made for previous tests. It is not possible from the seismic data alone to determine if this was a test of a hydrogen bomb, but we can say in general that the credibility of the claim increases with increasing explosive yield. Possible leakage of radionuclides may be registered later and may indicate the type of bomb. These data may be available in a matter of weeks, if there is a leakage from the test site. > The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Organization in Vienna, Austria has issued a press release on the occasion of the seismic signals from North Korea today. The press release can be found here http://www.ctbto.org/press-centre/press-releases/2017/ctbto-executive-secretary-lassina-zerbo-on-the-unusual-seismic-event-detected-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/. > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135667-1504512486/norsar.no/Press/PressReleases/2017-0903-DPRK.zip > ![Anne S. Lycke is CEO at NORSAR.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133948-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28banner%29.jpg ) > For more information, contact NORSAR CEO Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no, mobile +47 97 79 49 66. - [New data sheds further light on description of incidents reported in North-Russia](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-data-sheds-further-light-on-description-of-incidents-reported-in-north-russia): NORSAR’s analysis of seismic and infrasound data reported two separate events of explosive nature near Archangelsk in North-Russia. > The first event was registered on the 8th of August at 06:00 UTC (local time 09:00) at the infrasound station in Bardufoss (Troms, Norway). The event was also registered on seismic data, which means it must have been coupled to the ground. The practical meaning of an explosion coupling to the ground is that it took place either at the ground or in contact with it; for example on water. The timing and location of the event coincides with the reported accident in Archangelsk. > Infrasound signals registered in Bardufoss indicated that a second event took place approximately two hours later. Additional data from other stations in Norway and Finland confirms that the signal is a weaker signal, with a signature of an explosion. The direction shows a small deviation of 1-2 degrees difference from the first event to the station in Bardufoss. Further analysis of the event with additional seismic data indicate that the event also may stem from mining activity in Finland. > Media reports increased radioactivity in the area. NORSAR have no registration of increased radioactivity at our station at Spitsbergen. This station however is situated up-wind from Archangelsk and thus would not register radioactivity had there been any. The CTBTO reports that there are communication failures for the network stations situated down-wind of the site of the accident. Hence no relevant radioactivity registrations in the CTBT network is recorded. > The analysis proves that the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is useful in monitoring and confirming other man-made and natural events. The tragic incident described is not under the scope of the CTBT. > The data material is below. - [ION and NORSAR complete joint software development to optimize survey design](https://www.norsar.no/news/ion-and-norsar-complete-joint-software-development-to-optimize-survey-design): HOUSTON - June 13, 2018 - ION Geophysical Corporation (NYSE: IO) and NORSAR today announced the completion of a joint marketing agreement and joint software development to optimize survey design. > ![NORSAR - ION logos](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136586-1529501934/norsar.no/InFocus/norsar_ion.png ) > After exploring integration opportunities across their respective offerings, customers validated the value of streamlining workflows across both popular software packages. This collaboration led to the creation of an easy-to-use interface to transfer ION’s industry-leading MESA survey designs into NORSAR’s world-class seismic modeling software. > The new workflow will save users significant amounts of time and increase confidence that the survey is properly designed to image a given prospect. In addition, the iterative nature of the new interface will aid decision-making by encouraging more testing and refining of design parameters. The interface is available in latest versions of MESA and NORSAR-3D. > “When we started evaluating the possibilities, the value of integrating these two industry-leading platforms was obvious to us and our clients,” commented Chris Usher, EVP & Chief Operating Officer of ION's Operations Optimization group. “The easy-to-use interface benefits our customers without the cost or delay of building out these additional capabilities ourselves.” > “We are excited about the integration, which provides access to a comprehensive acquisition design and modeling platform,” said Arve E. Mjelva, Deputy Managing Director and SVP, Seismic Modeling in NORSAR. “The seamless integration of the two products bridges the gap between design and modeling, reducing turnaround time and costs for projects.” > To learn more, visit iongeo.com/MESA http://iongeo.com/MESA or norsar.no/software/norsar-3d/ http://norsar.no/software/norsar-3d/. > **About ION** > ION develops and leverages innovative technologies, creating value through data capture, analysis and optimization to enhance critical decision-making, enabling superior returns. For more information, visit iongeo.com http://iongeo.com. > **About NORSAR** > NORSAR is an internationally recognized, independent, not-for-profit, research foundation within the field of geoscience. Our core competencies are seismology and applied geophysics, and related software development. For more information, visit www.norsar.no http://www.norsar.no. > Contacts > **ION (Investor relations)** > Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer > Steve Bate, +1 281.552.3011 > steve.bate@iongeo.com > **ION (Media relations)** > Vice President, Communications > Rachel White, +1 281.781.1168 > rachel.white@iongeo.com > **NORSAR** > Deputy Managing Director and SVP, Seismic Modeling > Arve E. Mjelva, +47 6380 5900 > Arve.Mjelva@norsar.no > *The information herein contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements may include information and other statements that are not of historical fact. Actual results may vary materially from those described in these forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements reflect numerous assumptions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include the risks associated with the timing and development of ION Geophysical Corporation's products and services; pricing pressure; decreased demand; changes in oil prices; and political, execution, regulatory, and currency risks. These risks and uncertainties also include risks associated with the WesternGeco litigation and other related proceedings. We cannot predict the outcome of this litigation or the related proceedings. For additional information regarding these various risks and uncertainties, including the WesternGeco litigation, see our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed on February 8, 2018. Additional risk factors, which could affect actual results, are disclosed by the Company in its fillings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including its Form 10-K, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks filed during the year. The Company expressly disclaims any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements.* - [Summing up the nuclear test in North Korea on 3 September 2017](https://www.norsar.no/news/summing-up-the-nuclear-test-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017): The Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea, DPRK, conducted another nuclear test on the 3rd of September 2017, their 6th in a string of tests that started in 2006. > Where did it happen? > North Korea has a test site called Punggye-ri well observed from commercial satellites and documented on the web site 38 North http://www.38north.org of the US-Korea Institute at Johns Hoskins SAIS. The mountain providing the overburden for the underground explosions is Mount Mantap situated in the northeastern, interior part of North Korea some 375 km from the capital Pyongyang. There are known to be several entrances to the mountain providing tunnels from which all the tests have been performed. The latest test was conducted using the North entrance. The map below shows the test site with the estimated locations of the five previous tests, as well as our estimate of the location of the recent explosion beneath Mount Mantap. > How large was the explosion? > NORSAR recorded the signals from the underground nuclear test explosion on our seismic stations some 7360 km from the test site. The signal took 11 minutes to travel the distance from North Korea to Norway, showing up at our instruments at 05.41 Norwegian time. We have worked thoroughly with the explosion signals to assess the seismic magnitude of this nuclear test and its explosive yield. Our assessment points to a magnitude 6.1 and an estimated yield of 250 kT. This is by far the largest of the tests performed by North Korea. The graph below shows to a common scale NORSAR’s recordings of the signals from the six North Korean tests, with the most recent and powerful explosion at the bottom. > The correspondence between the seismic magnitude and explosive yield of an underground nuclear test is associated with large uncertainty. Empirical relations have been derived for different test sites where reference yields have been available. A common relation used is > *magnitude = 0.75log(yield) + k* > where k is a constant representative for a given test site, including its geological conditions. As no reported and reliable reference yields are available for the North Korean test site, we have applied a k-value of 4.3, as has been advocated for the northern Novaya Zemlya test site. By applying a k-value of 4.3, we obtain a yield estimate of 250 kilotons TNT for the magnitude 6.1 nuclear test on 3 September 2017. > In comparison, the explosive yield of the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 was estimated at approximately 15 kilotons TNT, while the bomb dropped on Nagasaki three days later was estimated at approximately 20 kilotons TNT. Was it a hydrogen bomb? > From the seismological data alone we cannot tell the difference between conventional (fission based) bombs and hydrogen bombs, however it is known that the latter are normally associated with larger explosions. North Korea’s claim of having set off a hydrogen bomb is thus more credible this time. > The international monitoring network for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty includes stations to detect airborne radioactivity. This means that if underground explosions leak radioactive particles or gases to the air and these particles or gases hit a monitoring station, there may be an opportunity to address the question of the type of bomb. Neither our radionuclide station in Spitsbergen nor any other station in the international network has so far recorded any radionuclide data that can be associated with the recent nuclear test. What happened to the mountain afterwards? > The explosion took place under the top of the mountain with approximately 700 meters of overburden. Approximately 8 minutes after the explosion we recorded another seismic disturbance, with characteristics typical of tectonic events. This may have been a collapse in the tunnel system used for the explosions. Commercial satellites documented the effects from the explosion on the mountain, as presented by 38 North. The picture below – reproduced from www.38north.org – shows effects such as landslides and possible cratering on the mountain. Observers in Pyongyang nearly 400 km away reported movements in buildings in the city at the time of the explosion. > http://www.38north.org/2017/09/punggye090517/ - [New nuclear test by North Korea](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-nuclear-test-by-north-korea): The seismological observatory NORSAR at Kjeller, Norway, has been able to calculate an accurate location for the latest underground nuclear test by North Korea. > ![North Korea nuclear test](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132810-1481898249/norsar.no/InFocus/NorthKorea-testsite-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > - Data obtained from the international network of seismic stations pinpoints the location of the explosion. The explosion was carried out in the same mountain structure as the previous two tests, but a few hundred meters further into the mountain, reports CEO Anne Lycke. > - This explosion resembled the previous North Korean nuclear tests both in size and characteristics, says Lycke. No confirmation of hydrogen bomb > From the size of the event, indicated by the seismic data, this was clearly a nuclear explosion. From such observations, it is not possible to confirm anything about the type of nuclear device used. Subsequent releases of radioactivity into the atmosphere may help to answer this question. > - The explosion has taken place further into the mountain than the previous tests. There is likely to be a greater overburden than previously. There may therefore be a lower likelihood of leakage of radioactivity. Without radioactive leakage, it will be more difficult to determine the kind of weapon that has been tested, says Lycke. Same size as Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs > There is the possibility that radioactive noble gasses can leak from the site of the explosion.
It may take up to 60 days to be able to detect any leakage of noble gasses. The nearest radionuclide statioins in South Korea, Japan, China and eastern Russia. > NORSAR estimates the explosive yield to be approximately 10 kiloton equivalent of TNT. This is a comparable size to the bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. > *Illustration: CTBTO.* National Data Centre > NORSAR is responsible for the operation of some of the world’s largest seismic monitoring deployments and has more than 45 years of experience in research and development for monitoring of nuclear tests, advanced seismological data processing, and analysis of data from seismic instruments.
NORSAR is the designated National Data Centre (NDC) for Norway for verifying compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and operates seismic stations located in Hedmark and Finnmark on mainland Norway, Adventdalen on Svalbard and on the island of Jan Mayen, in addition to a radionuclide station at Platåberget on Svalbard and an infrasound station near Bardufoss. The global network consists of 321 stations in 89 countries which ensures that no nuclear tests could be carried out undetected. > *Seismic signals from each of the four North Korean nuclear tests recorded in Hedmark, Norway, plotted to the same scale. The magnitudes (mb) are based on NORSAR’s recordings and the explosive yield estimates are given in kiloton equivalent of TNT.* > Nuclear Explosion in North Korea, 6 January 2016 > The seismological observatory NORSAR at Kjeller recorded today, 6 January 2016, 02:40:48 Norwegian time, seismic signals from the reported underground nuclear test in North Korea. This is the fourth in a sequence of tests carried out by North Korea since 2006. > Date: 2016/01/06 02:30:00 Norwegian time > Place: North Korea (41.28°N 129.07°E) > Magnitude: 4.9
 > Depth: 0 km > The event is estimated by NORSAR to have a magnitude of 4.9. In comparison, the previous North Korean nuclear test which took place on February 12, 2013, a magnitude of 5.0. The first North Korean nuclear test on October 9, 2006, had a magnitude of 4.2.The location is estimated to be 41.28N 129.07E which is in the region where the previous nuclear tests have taken place. This is a distance of approximately 7360 km from NORSAR’s seismic station in Hedmark. Given that the seismic waves take approximately 11 minutes to propagate from North Korea to Norway, the measurements indicate that the event took place at 02:30 Norwegian time. > From the size of the event, indicated by the seismic signals, we can say that this was a nuclear event. It is not possible to tell what kind of nuclear device this was from the seismic signals alone. Future observations of radioactive leakage may be able to address this question.![Anne Strømmen Lycke is CEO at NORSAR.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133948-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28banner%29.jpg ) > Anne Strømmen Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > NORSAR CEO. ### [NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/contact/norsar/) ## [News](https://www.norsar.no/news/) - [New nuclear test by North Korea](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-nuclear-test-by-north-korea): The seismological observatory NORSAR at Kjeller, Norway, has been able to calculate an accurate location for the latest underground nuclear test by North Korea. > ![North Korea nuclear test](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132810-1481898249/norsar.no/InFocus/NorthKorea-testsite-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > - Data obtained from the international network of seismic stations pinpoints the location of the explosion. The explosion was carried out in the same mountain structure as the previous two tests, but a few hundred meters further into the mountain, reports CEO Anne Lycke. > - This explosion resembled the previous North Korean nuclear tests both in size and characteristics, says Lycke. No confirmation of hydrogen bomb > From the size of the event, indicated by the seismic data, this was clearly a nuclear explosion. From such observations, it is not possible to confirm anything about the type of nuclear device used. Subsequent releases of radioactivity into the atmosphere may help to answer this question. > - The explosion has taken place further into the mountain than the previous tests. There is likely to be a greater overburden than previously. There may therefore be a lower likelihood of leakage of radioactivity. Without radioactive leakage, it will be more difficult to determine the kind of weapon that has been tested, says Lycke. Same size as Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs > There is the possibility that radioactive noble gasses can leak from the site of the explosion.
It may take up to 60 days to be able to detect any leakage of noble gasses. The nearest radionuclide statioins in South Korea, Japan, China and eastern Russia. > NORSAR estimates the explosive yield to be approximately 10 kiloton equivalent of TNT. This is a comparable size to the bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. > *Illustration: CTBTO.* National Data Centre > NORSAR is responsible for the operation of some of the world’s largest seismic monitoring deployments and has more than 45 years of experience in research and development for monitoring of nuclear tests, advanced seismological data processing, and analysis of data from seismic instruments.
NORSAR is the designated National Data Centre (NDC) for Norway for verifying compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and operates seismic stations located in Hedmark and Finnmark on mainland Norway, Adventdalen on Svalbard and on the island of Jan Mayen, in addition to a radionuclide station at Platåberget on Svalbard and an infrasound station near Bardufoss. The global network consists of 321 stations in 89 countries which ensures that no nuclear tests could be carried out undetected. > *Seismic signals from each of the four North Korean nuclear tests recorded in Hedmark, Norway, plotted to the same scale. The magnitudes (mb) are based on NORSAR’s recordings and the explosive yield estimates are given in kiloton equivalent of TNT.* > Nuclear Explosion in North Korea, 6 January 2016 > The seismological observatory NORSAR at Kjeller recorded today, 6 January 2016, 02:40:48 Norwegian time, seismic signals from the reported underground nuclear test in North Korea. This is the fourth in a sequence of tests carried out by North Korea since 2006. > Date: 2016/01/06 02:30:00 Norwegian time > Place: North Korea (41.28°N 129.07°E) > Magnitude: 4.9
 > Depth: 0 km > The event is estimated by NORSAR to have a magnitude of 4.9. In comparison, the previous North Korean nuclear test which took place on February 12, 2013, a magnitude of 5.0. The first North Korean nuclear test on October 9, 2006, had a magnitude of 4.2.The location is estimated to be 41.28N 129.07E which is in the region where the previous nuclear tests have taken place. This is a distance of approximately 7360 km from NORSAR’s seismic station in Hedmark. Given that the seismic waves take approximately 11 minutes to propagate from North Korea to Norway, the measurements indicate that the event took place at 02:30 Norwegian time. > From the size of the event, indicated by the seismic signals, we can say that this was a nuclear event. It is not possible to tell what kind of nuclear device this was from the seismic signals alone. Future observations of radioactive leakage may be able to address this question.![Anne Strømmen Lycke is CEO at NORSAR.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133948-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28banner%29.jpg ) > Anne Strømmen Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > NORSAR CEO. - [Detecting changes in the middle atmosphere](https://www.norsar.no/news/detecting-changes-in-the-middle-atmosphere): One of the world`s most advanced infrasound stations may soon contribute to long term weather forecasting. Infrasound signals received on the ground, can in fact tell us what is happening 100 kilometers up in the sky. > ![Extreme weather](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/131837-1481897948/norsar.no/InFocus/weather-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > Data from NORSAR’s infrasound station in Bardufoss, in the north of Norway, can be used for monitoring the dynamics of the middle atmosphere, which can affect the weather and climate we experience here on the ground. The scientific work is part of the EU research project ARISE2, with a three-year span, finishing in 2018. Diversity of technologies > The ARISE-programme connects several international networks of terrestrial monitoring technologies, including infrasound, lidar, airglow, satellites, and radars. Each technology contributes to models for weather forecasting by delivering advanced sets of data. NORSAR is leading a work package addressing the integration and inter-comparison of measurement technologies with a focus on high latitudes. > - By using several technologies, we are able to compare results and verify each other’s sets of data. This contributes to a higher level of confidence in the results, says Dr. Tormod Kværna, Head of Research and Development, Department of Seismology and Test-Ban Monitoring. Understanding extreme weather conditions > One of the objectives in the research project is to gather data and develop methods and tools for analyzing extreme weather conditions in the atmosphere, but also changes in weather and climate conditions, such as polar lows, magnetic storms, tornados and tropical storms. > - Our aim is to better understand the physical processes leading up to different types of weather. Then we will be able to contribute to future civilian warning systems, says Dr. Kværna. > ***Infrasound station:** beneath the pine woods in Bardufoss, in the north of Norway, you can have a look at the so called “showerheads” that are spread out in a certain pattern as to form an array. The “showerheads” are picking up signals of infrasound. (Photo: NORSAR) * New tasks for the infrasound station > NORSAR`s infrasound station is part of the global network of 321 monitoring stations detecting infrasound in the atmosphere, seismic waves in the underground, hydro acoustic waves in the oceans, and radioactive particles and radioactive noble gas in the air. > These stations were built to verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Now the infrasound station in Bardufoss may get yet another task. > - Our infrasound station is among the world`s best, and therefore we are privileged to be able to use it for several purposes. As part of the ARISE2 project the research will show if data from the station can be used for early detection of volcanic eruptions. This kind of information is vital to commercial aviation, says Dr. Kværna. > This is ARISE2 > ARISE2, Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe, (2015-2018) is a research infrastructure study financed by the EU programme Horizon2020. > Norwegian partners: NORSAR, NTNU and Andøya Space Center. > Other partners: > CEA, France > BGR, Germany > CNRS, France > University of Reading, Great Britain > Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Italy > DLR, Germany > KNMI, the Netherlands > Leibniz-Institut Für Atmospharenphysik, Germany > Institutet för Rymdfysik, Sweden > Ustav Fyziky Atmosfery, The Czech Republic > Euro-Mediterranean Seismological Centre, France > Universite de la Reunion, France > Universitaet Bern, Switzerland > Tel Aviv University, Israel > National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland > Vedurstofa Islands, Iceland > University of Antananarivo, Madagaskar > *Kick off meeting for ARISE2 at Andøya Space Center: (from the left.) Kolbjørn Blix Dahle (ASC), Evgenia Belova (IRF, Sweden), Jens Hildebrand (IAP, Germany), Sven Peter Näsholm (NORSAR), Tormod Kværna (NORSAR) Michael Gausa (ASC), Johan Kero (IRF, Sweden). Patrick Espy fra NTNU and Elisabeth Blanc (leader of ARISE2 from CEA, France) was also participating. Photo: NORSAR.*![Dr. Tormod Kværna is Scientific Adviser for Seismology and Nuclear Test Ban Monitoring. Photo: NORSAR.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133643-1612804768/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/tormodkvaerna-square.jpg%20%28banner%29.jpg ) > Dr. Tormod Kværna mailto:tormod.kvaerna@norsar.no is Scientific Adviser for Seismology and Nuclear Test Ban Monitoring. - [Towards a safer society](https://www.norsar.no/news/towards-a-safer-society): NORSAR and The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) have signed an agreement on technology development for seismic monitoring of unstable rock slopes. > ![Picture from Mannen in Romsdal, Norway](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/131880-1481897552/norsar.no/InFocus/mannen-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > - Our objective is to develop and improve monitoring methods, says Dr. Dominik Lang, Head of the Department Earthquake Hazard and Risk. > The project has a time span of two years, and will involve both engineers, seismologists, technical staff and data analysts from NORSAR. Centre of competence > The unstable rock slopes within the project are already under surveillance, being monitored by various sensors and technical installations that are partly operated by different institutions. NORSAR's contribution will be to improve the monitoring methods and the automatic processing of signals for early warning. During the project period NORSAR will also be working with data collected by other sensors than just the seismic instruments that are surveilling the unstable rock slopes in a continuous mode. > - This way we will be able to analyze earlier events, and also improve methods for analyzing future events in real time, and increase the accuracy of predictions, says Dr. Lang. Multiple methods > The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) is responsible for the surveillance of the unstable rock slopes, working with a network of specialists from different disciplines. NORSAR has contributed with seismic monitoring and collecting data from the Åknes rock slope since 2009, and from Nordnesfjellet since 2014. > ***May cause tsunamis in the fjords: **The seismic stations operated by NORSAR deliver real time data, which may enable the analysts to identify rock slides early in time and thereby provide rapid alert messages to the public. The photo shows Michael Roth (NORSAR) and Michel Dietrich (Directeur de recherche à l'ISTerre de Grenoble), setting up the GPS antennas for monitoring the Åknes rock slope in Stranda municipality. (Photo: NORSAR)* Unique competence > For more than 20 years, NORSAR has provided seismological and engineering expertise both domestically and internationally. This involves studies on seismic hazard and risk assessment in almost all parts of the world, with focus areas such as Central America, the Caribbean, Central Asia, Pakistan, and India. - [NORSAR Software Suite 2016.2 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2016-2-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite 2016.2 is a maintenance and stability improvement release. > ![Software](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132379-1579607982/norsar.no/Software/software-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > It fixes several issues for the NORSAR Software Suite framework and the NORSAR-3D and SeisRoX software products and is a highly recommended upgrade. > For more information see the release notes for NORSAR-3D and SeisRoX. > #noaccess > #noaccess > #noaccess - [Towards more reliable wind measurements](https://www.norsar.no/news/towards-more-reliable-wind-measurements): Within the framework of a recently started pilot project with Kjeller Vindteknikk, NORSAR has instrumented a 68-meter-high wind mast which is located at Nautneset at the north-west coast of Norway. > ![NORSAR is instrumentally monitoring the vibrations of a 68-meter high wind mast at Nautneset](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/134682-1481894247/norsar.no/InFocus/monitoring%20mast%20KV.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > The purpose of these instrumental measurements is to identify the dynamic vibration characteristics of the mast carrying the wind speed sensors (anemometers) at various heights. The mast’s time‐dependent vibrations characteristics can then be used to correct the wind measurements. > The client is Kjeller Vindteknikk, who sets up and monitors the wind characteristics at various sites in Scandinavia. These masts often serve the purpose to identify the potential of wind energy parks or to identify the time-dependent wind loads for large infrastructures such as bridges. More accurate results needed > In November, Dr. Abdelghani Meslem (NORSAR) and two colleagues from Kjeller Vindteknikk went to Nautneset (close to Molde) where Kjeller Vindteknikk is operating a 68-meter-high mast. Close to the anemometer located at 68 m height, the team installed an acceleration sensor of type Guralp FORTIS. Due to the mast’s direct location on the shore, the mast cannot be strutted with diagonal cables and is thereby highly susceptible to experience large displacements especially during high winds. > - These vibrations have significant impact on the recorded wind speeds, says Dr. Dominik Lang, Head of Department Earthquake Hazard and Risk. Possibility for corrections > NORSAR will be monitoring the mast vibrations for the months to come and correlate the vibration data with data provided by the wind speed sensors. > - If our investigations can prove that the mast vibrations have a significant effect on the wind speed measurements, the wind speeds recorded at many other wind masts might need to be corrected for their mast vibrations as well, says Dr. Lang. > The project is funded by Statens Vegvesen. - [NORSAR Software Suite 2017 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2017-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite is a common framework for NORSAR software and consists of NORSAR-3D, SeisRoX, and MDesign. > ![Software](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132379-1579607982/norsar.no/Software/software-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > The new NORSAR-3D is available in three different configurations: Basic, Pro, and Expert. NORSAR-3D Basic is part of NORSAR-3D Pro, and NORSAR-3D Pro is part of NORSAR-3D Expert. > **NORSAR-3D 2017** > NORSAR-3D 2017 features a novel NORSAR-3D Pro version which is now available for both Windows and Linux. NORSAR-3D Pro 2017 includes the Basic version and in addition a comprehensive set of tools and workflows to build complex models and do illumination studies and survey planning for any type of acquisition geometries. Major new features in this version are: A complete new interactive 3D Model Builder for creating from simple to complex 3D models, a redesigned intelligent Ray Tracer workflow to study wave propagation in detail, and improved workflows to generate Illumination Maps and Synthetic Seismograms. In addition an innovative batch system is included for distributed parallel processing of large simulation jobs on a cluster of Windows or Linux machines. > The NORSAR-3D Pro version is the upgrade version for existing customers. > **NORSAR-3D Basic** > NORSAR-3D Basic is designed to perform kinematic illumination studies for any type of acquisition survey. Model elements, like surfaces and elastic properties, can be imported or defined, and user-friendly model builders can be used to set up model geometries and elastic properties. The software contains the modelling tools Illumination Rays and Illumination Maps and runs on Linux and Windows. > **Import** > The basic version allows the user to import model elements, e.g., interfaces, property grids and cubes, point sets and polylines, as well as surveys files in the P1/90 and SPS formats. > **Model Builder** > In many cases, simple models can be used for initial illumination studies and first survey planning steps. The basic version supports therefore to build simple models, e.g. if there only is a property cube, a single target horizon, or a stack of horizontal interfaces that are not interacting in a way that needs any specific consideration, preprocessing or modification. Therefore, the basic version contains specially designed model builders tailored to the varying input model elements: > Single Block Model Builder: When interested in traveltimes or amplitudes for direct waves only, a single block model can be used. Here single property cubes, either generated in the software or imported, are used to define the elastic properties. > Single Reflector Model Builder: In order to generate Illumination maps a target reflector is required. The model properties above and below the target reflector can be set by either selecting property cubes or set to constant. > Grid Layer Cake Model Builder The grid layer cake models can contain various surfaces which separate the different layers. The property values are either constant or gradients. > **Illumination Rays workflow** > For a systematic and comprehensive analysis of ray propagation, the illumination rays workflows should be used. Here, many target points can be analyzed, and all reflection angles and azimuths are taken into account. The results for each target point are shown in a survey- and a target-domain rose diagram. > **Illumination Maps workflow** > Illumination maps show how well a target horizon is illuminated by a survey. The basic map is the hit map, which displays for a specific survey how many rays from shots to receivers reflect on the different parts of the horizon. Shadow zones clearly stand out on hit maps. > **Viewer** > The 3D viewer contains some interactive analysis tools, such as ray-tracing a fan or cone of rays from a point on a NORSAR-3D model horizon > **NORSAR-3D Pro** > NORSAR-3D Pro includes the Basic version, and in addition it contains a comprehensive set of tools and workflows to build complex models and to do illumination studies and survey planning for any type of acquisition geometries. NORSAR-3D Pro 2017 is backwards compatible with older versions of NORSAR-3D project data, and it is released on both Windows and Linux. > **Model Builder - NEW** > Now a novel interactive 3D model builder is available. It allows to build complex 3D models, and it displays the model elements in the 3D viewer with access to all other project elements. > The model builder includes: > Use interfaces of any shape, including multi-z-valued interfaces. > Intersect and combine interfaces. > Build blocks (volumes) automatically as well as interactively with extensive graphical support. > Set P- and S-wave velocities, densities, Q-factors, and Thomsen parameters as constants, grids, or cubes independently in each block. > Use VTI anisotropy as well as axis of symmetry orthogonal to the layering. > Allow gaps and undefined areas in the models. > **Interactive Tracer workflow - NEW** > The re-designed interactive tracer can be used to analyze the ray tracing results in more details for one selected shot location. The propagated wavefronts can be plotted as well as the corresponding ray attributes such as traveltimes and amplitudes. > **Seismogram Generation workflow - NEW** > The Seismogram generation workflow generates synthetic pre-stack seismic data for a user-selected part of the wavefield based on dynamic ray tracing. Both isotropic and anisotropic models are allowed, and in these structural models any combination of reflected, transmitted and converted P- and S-waves can be propagated. > **Kirchhoff Prestack Modelling** > This workflow generates synthetic pre-stack seismic data including diffractions and noise based on the Kirchhoff process. These results can be used for PSDM simulation, processing test, and velocity sensitivity studies. Current implementation is limited to primary reflections, but for rather complex sets of target horizons. > **Simulated migration amplitude workflow - NEW** > Simulated Migration Amplitude (SMA) maps show estimates of how the amplitude will vary along the target reflector after pre-stack depth migration. This workflow allows you to investigate effects on illumination including attenuation effects in the overburden as well as varying reflectivity at the target. The Simulated Migration Amplitude workflow does not only compute the SMA maps; in addition it computes all the attribute maps that are also made in the Illumination Map Workflows. > **Reflectivity viewer** > The Reflectivity Viewer allows you to view the reflectivity profile for a given impedance contrast as a function of incident angle. > **Distributed parallel processing – NEW** > When running a workflow, it is distributed over all available CPU's and cores on the local computer. This improves computer speed significantly. In addition, it is also possible to distribute these jobs to other computers available in the network. The execution time of the workflow will decrease dramatically. > **Export** > Synthetic seismic data generated in a workflow can be exported to SEG-Y files. Other workflow results are exported as ASCII format. > **Viewer** > In addition to the 3D viewer, a 2D viewer is used to display synthetic data and event attributes such as traveltimes and amplitudes. > **NORSAR-3D Expert** > *NORSAR-3D Expert is currently available on Linux.* > NORSAR-3D Expert includes the Pro version, and in addition it provides unlimited batch processing capabilities and access to the project results to do in-depth analysis or tailored applications. Very complex models can be made in the Expert version, in that model elements can be edited on a very detailed level. > Main new feature in this version is the introduction of the Kirchhoff Target migration workflow. Furthermore, this new version supports the extraction of S-wave anisotropy parameters from calculated event sets. > **Kirchhoff Target Modelling** > Kirchhoff Target migration workflow is introduced. It can be used to generate migrated sections from Kirchhoff pre-stack data. This workflow can be used for e.g., velocity sensitivity studies. > **Event Attribute Extractor** > The Event Attribute Extractor provides very flexible export functions. Detailed ray-tracing results can be exported on ASCII files. - [Radionuclide station records European iodine pollution](https://www.norsar.no/news/radionuclide-station-records-european-iodine-pollution): The radionuclide station at Spitsbergen is part of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty monitoring system. It has recorded traces of iodine pollution from unknown sources in Europe. > Radionuclide data from the Nuclear Testban Treaty monitoring systems discovers iodine pollution originating from Europe. > Reference is made to the link to Strålevernets home pages – our station on Spitsbergen has detected low levels of iodine in the air again being part of an emission in Europe. > This is an isotope with short half time and thus not in natural existence. The source of the emission is not yet known. The level of pollution is not considered dangerous. > It is very nice to see NORSAR data intended for detecting nuclear bomb testing in active use also for civilian purposes! > http://www.nrpa.no/nyheter/93700/svaert-lave-nivaaer-av-radioaktivt-jod-maalt-i-luft-igjen http://www.nrpa.no/nyheter/93700/svaert-lave-nivaaer-av-radioaktivt-jod-maalt-i-luft-igjen - [NORSAR Software Suite 2017.1 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2017-1-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite 2017.1 features a new NORSAR-3D Expert version which is now available for both Windows and Linux. > ![Software](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132379-1579607982/norsar.no/Software/software-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Software Suite is a common framework for NORSAR software and consists currently of NORSAR-3D, SeisRoX and MDesign. > The new NORSAR-3D is available in three different configurations: Basic, Pro and Expert. NORSAR-3D Basic is part of NORSAR-3D Pro, and NORSAR-3D Pro is part of NORSAR-3D Expert. > **NORSAR-3D 2017.1** > **NORSAR-3D 2017.1** features a novel **NORSAR-3D Expert** version which is **now available for both Windows and Linux** operating systems. NORSAR-3D Expert 2017.1 includes the Basic and the Pro version and in addition a comprehensive set of tools and workflows to build complex models and do illumination studies and survey planning for any type of acquisition geometries. > **Major new features in this version are:** > A redesigned efficient batch wavefront tracer workflow, which makes it very easy to re-use tracing results in various applications. Thus, survey planning studies become much more efficient and flexible. > The new Expert version contains an Exploding reflector (NIP) workflow, a traveltime cube generator and more advanced functionalities in the recently upgraded model builder. These additional functionalities enable the user to build highly complex models with various input elements and adapt to the requirements of ray tracing. > **NORSAR-3D Basic** > NORSAR-3D Basic provides comprehensive information about the coverage of subsurface targets, ranging from overview maps of the entire target area to detailed analysis of angular and azimuthal coverage of selected points of interest. The studies can be survey-independent, providing the upper possible illumination limit, only restricted by the subsurface properties; or the illumination capabilities can be studies for a specific survey. > **Import** > Support for IRAP ASCII and binary grids > **NORSAR-3D Pro ** > NORSAR-3D Pro includes the Basic version, and in addition it contains a comprehensive set of tools and workflows to build complex models and to do illumination studies and survey planning for any type of acquisition geometries. NORSAR-3D Pro 2017.1 is backwards compatible with older versions of NORSAR-3D project data. > **Model Builder** > Improved cutting of two interfaces > Improved plot options > Adding option for arbitrary symmetry axis for TTI anisotropic media > **Prestack Kirchhoff Modelling** > Fixed bug when using different sampling for the GF’s in survey and target area > **Wavefront Tracer** > Fixed bugs regarding the source mechanism type single force in the vector definition in the z-component. > **Import** > Improved surface import > **Export** > Export XYZ Freepoint, Inline/Crossline XYZ Freepoint, Inline/Crossline Z Freepoint grids. > Export Trimesh > **Viewer** > Hot cursor on shot position > **NORSAR-3D Expert** > NORSAR-3D Pro includes the Basic and Pro version, and in addition it contains: > **Model Builder Expert - NEW ** > Now a novel interactive 3D model builder expert is available. It contains all functionalities of the Pro version and thus allows to build complex 3D models, and it displays the model elements in the 3D viewer with access to all other project elements. In addition the model builder expert includes: > Use interfaces of any shape, including multi-z-valued interfaces. > Intersect and combine interfaces. > Extrapolate Interfaces. > Detailed, interactive editing of interfaces. > **NORSAR-3D Model Builder - interactive interface editing** > **M****odel Gridder - NEW ** > Make property cubes from any existing NORSAR-3D model is now available, this functionality allows to build background models with different smoothing operators suitable for e.g., the traveltime generator workflow. > **Interactive Wavefront Tracer - NEW** > The re-designed interactive tracer can be used to analyze the ray tracing results in more details for one selected shot location. The propagated wavefronts can be plotted as well as the corresponding ray attributes such as traveltimes and amplitudes. > **Exploding Reflector (NIP) - NEW** > The Exploding Reflector (Normal Incidence Point) tracer provides fast modelling of the reflections for zero-offset survey geometries. > **Traveltime Generator - NEW** > This workflow allows in an easy to use manner to generate traveltime cubes which can be used for, e.g. prestack depth migration. > **Batch Wavefront Tracer - NEW** > This new workflow allows to compute ray attributes for large surveys in batch mode. These results can afterwards easily re-used in all other application workflows, such as Seismogram generator and Simulated migration amplitudes. > **Event Attribute Extractor – NEW** > All ray attributes generated by the wavefront tracer can be accessed and exported in ASCII format. > **Kirchhoff Target Modelling** > Kirchhoff Target migration workflow can be used to generate migrated sections from Kirchhoff pre-stack data. This workflow can be used for e.g. velocity sensitivity studies. - [Vi hører Nord-Korea!](https://www.norsar.no/news/vi-horer-nord-korea): NORSARs stasjoner i Norge hører når det sprenger i Nord-Korea. Vi er en av få uavhengige røster som kan bekrefte eller avkrefte atomprøvesprengninger. > ![North Korea testsite](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135216-1496214818/norsar.no/InFocus/North%20Korea%20kart.png%20%28content%29.png ) > **Norges ører i Nord-Korea.** > Hvis alle land hadde vært enig om å avstå fra å prøvesprenge atombomber, hadde ingen vært i stand til å fremstille atomvåpen. Derfor er Nord-Koreas prøvesprengninger bekymringsverdige. > NORSAR har i nesten 50 år vært Norges ører i verden. Trygt plassert på Kjeller kan vi høre om det er snakk om vulkanutbrudd eller prøvesprengninger av atomvåpen. Bevegelsene i jordskorpen forteller oss akkurat hva det er, og hvor sterkt et utbrudd eller en prøvesprengning er. > Vi har lyttet til kjernefysiske prøvesprengninger i hele verden, men den siste tiden har vi spisset ørene mot Nord-Korea. Med unik erfaring og kompetanse har Norsar og Norge vært en sentral aktør i arbeidet for nedrustning av atomvåpen og utviklet kompetanse til å kontrollere kjernefysiske nedrustningsavtaler. > Konflikten på Koreahalvøya eskalerer, og Nord-Korea har signalisert at de kommer til å fortsette med rakett-tester. De siste ukene har vi også fått bilder som tilsier at landet er klar for nye prøvesprengninger. Å fremme nedrustning av atomvåpen har vært en viktig del av Norges jobb som fredsnasjon i snart 50 år. I dag ser vi et Nord-Korea som er i ferd med å utvikle atomvåpen, og dermed utfordre sikkerheten og stabiliteten i verden. > Nord-Korea prøvesprengte sin første atombombe i oktober 2006. Dette var et signal til verden om eksistensen av et omfattende atomvåpenprogram, som utvikles videre hver dag. Prøvesprengninger har som hensikt å undersøke hvordan våpenet fungerer. Prøvesprengninger er med andre ord en forutsetning for å utvikle atomvåpen. > Det er høy risiko knyttet til prøvesprengninger, og utviklingen av atombomber tar derfor tid. Den tiden har Nord-Korea brukt effektivt. > Manhattanprosjektet var et forskningsprogram i USA som førte til fremstillingen av de første atombombene under den andre verdenskrig. Prosjektet startet i det små i 1938, men ikke før i 1945 foretok man den første prøvesprengningen, kalt Trinity. 7 år med kunnskapstilegning om atombomben ga historiens verste masseødeleggelsesvåpen. Hiroshima- og Nagasaki-bombene viste verden en helt ny og forferdelig måte menneskeheten kunne drive krig på. > 11 år har gått siden Nord-Korea foretok sin første prøvesprengning. Og med hver prøvesprengning er de et skritt nærmere å kunne fremstille et kjernefysisk stridshode som kan skytes ut med raketter. > Etter en omfattende prøvesprengningsaktivitet på 50-tallet og 60-tallet, fikk vi Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (PTBT-avtalen), og senere Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT-avtalen). > PTBT-avtalen av 1963 forbyr prøvesprengninger i luft, under vann og i det ytre rom. En betydelig svakhet med denne avtalen var at underjordiske prøvesprengninger ikke var omfattet av forbudet. > På tross av disse svakhetene i PTBT-avtalen var det ikke før i 1996 verdenssamfunnet klarte å vedta en ny avtale om forbud mot alle kjernefysiske sprengninger, CTBT-avtalen. Avtalen har en egen organisasjon i Wien, CTBTO, som skal forberede iverksettelsen. CTBT-avtalen blir ofte kalt Prøvestansavtalen. Nord-Korea har ikke signert denne avtalen. USA har signet avtalen men ikke ratifisert den. Likevel støtter USA opp om arbeidet i CTBTO. Det mangler fortsatt ratifikasjon fra 8 land før avtalen kan tre i kraft. > Vi kan ikke stoppe Nord-Korea fra Norge, men vi i NORSAR har en lang historie med å lytte til bevegelser i jordoverflaten. På den måten får vi viktig informasjon om Kims atombomber. Helt fra Norge kunne vi for eksempel registrere at prøvesprengningen den 6. januar i fjor var på størrelse med Hiroshima- og Nagasaki-bombene. Siden 2006 vet vi at Nord-Korea har utviklet stadig sterkere bomber. > Siden land må prøvesprenge for å utvikle atomvåpen, er vår seismiske lytting essensiell for tryggheten i verdenssamfunnet. Vi må kunne bekrefte at det er foretatt prøvesprengninger, slik at verdenssamfunnet har grunnlag for å reagere på våpenprøvene ved blant annet å innføre sanksjoner mot disse landene. > Med lang erfaring og spisskompetanse er NORSAR Norges ører i verden. Vi hører styrken og vet akkurat hvor ødeleggende bombene til Nord-Korea er. Det betyr at ingen land kan utvikle atomvåpen, uten at Norge og NORSAR hører det. - [Testing pressure induced seismicity on a critically stressed fault](https://www.norsar.no/news/testing-pressure-induced-seismicity-on-a-critically-stressed-fault): At the Center for Geologic Storage of CO2, a large-block test of about 1m3 sandstone was tested under triaxial stresses and fluid injection to learn more about safe underground storage of CO2. > Within the Center for Geologic Storage of CO2 GSCO2 http://www.gsco2.org/, NORSAR is leading the microseismic theme, which was just recently conducting a large sized rock sample test, performed by TerraTek. In this test, pore pressures were increased through dedicated drill holes in the sample, with some offset to a diagonal saw cut through the sample. The hypothesis of the experiment was to increase the pore pressure by fluid injections of varying viscosity and hence observe focused slippage along parts of the artificially created fracture plane. Depending on the extend of the pressure plume, such slippage was purely stress-induced or accompanied by pressure increases at the fracture plane. To identify slip and creep along the saw cut, a manifold of acoustic emission sensors was installed at all sides of the 1m3 Castlegate sandstone to observe this slippage and to characterize it size and slippage behavior. > The test was successfully conducted and all data will now be processed, analyzed and interpreted with the aim to improve the understanding of processes where low-pressure fluid injection interacts with induced seismicity. As such, thousands of acoustic emissions recorded during the test will need to be analyzed. > The GSCO2 http://www.gsco2.org/ is one of the U.S. Department of Energy funded Energy Frontiers Research Centers, where NORSAR has been a partner over the last three years. > *Experimental setup for the large block test and the rock sample after the test has been performed.* - [NORSAR at EAGE 2017 in Paris](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-eage-2017-in-paris): NORSAR will be present at the 79th EAGE Conference & Exhibition 2017 in Paris. > ![EAGE 2017](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135244-1496315437/norsar.no/InFocus/EAGE-2017_l.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Presentations at EAGE 2017 NORSAR Presentations at EAGE 2017 - Booth #854 > TimeTuesday 13th JuneWednesday 14th JuneThursday 15th June| > 10:15 AM |NORSAR solutions overview |Unique features in the NORSAR software suite |NORSAR-3D – the flagship modelling package| > 11:15 AM |NORSAR-3D – the flagship modelling package |NORSAR solutions overview |Evaluating the performance of microseismic monitoring networks| > 12:30 PM |Evaluating the performance of microseismic monitoring networks |LUNCH & LEARN SESSION NORSAR-3D – the flagship modelling package |NORSAR solutions overview| > 2:00 PM |Unique features in the NORSAR software suite |Evaluating the performance of microseismic monitoring networks |Unique features in the NORSAR software suite| > 3:00 PM |NORSAR´s traditional networking HAPPY HOUR |NORSAR´s traditional networking HAPPY HOUR |NORSAR´s traditional networking HAPPY HOUR| > Meet researchers, technical specialists and software developers at our booth #854 for informal discussions, presentations and software demonstrations. > Ask us for a personal presentation or a software demonstration. > We look forward to seeing you in Paris! - [Visit from America!](https://www.norsar.no/news/visit-from-america): NORSAR renews long standing Cooperation with AFTAC > NORSAR have a long standing relationship with AFTAC that was renewed recently during the yearly contractual follow up named 'Joint scientific commissions meeting'. The cooperation centers around developing more accurate detection technologies for the nuclear tests. > The program consisted of a few formalities, some social events, but mainly of scientific presentations and discussions within the field of detection technologies focusing on seismology. Stations operations under challenging conditions were also subject to exchange of experiences. It’s impressive to see what our compact and excellent team can achieve when compared to a massive organization like AFTAC. AFTAC, which is short for Air Force Technical Applications Center, have a very proud history in shaping technology including what was needed to send a man to the moon! - [NORSAR Software Suite 2017.2 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2017-2-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite is a common framework for NORSAR software and consists currently of NORSAR-3D, SeisRoX and MDesign. > ![Software](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132379-1579607982/norsar.no/Software/software-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Software Suite 2017.2 features a NORSAR-3D version with many fixes and improvements and upgraded SeisRoX and MDesign versions which are available for both Windows and Linux. > NORSAR Software Suite - Bugfixes > **SEGY Property import, SEGY Seismic import** > Added option to specify a valid data range for property values also for (velocities and density) **(New)** > Importing large cubes (typically 2GB+) sometimes led to write failure when storing the NSS cube, especially on windows. Now more robust writing. > On importing non-standard property types, the property type name was blanked out. Fixed now > **VSP Survey generator** > Fixed limitation in line length for shot grid surveys > **Workflows – general** > Fixes on archiving > Recovering workflows using the tracer would eventually lead to only one tracer job being run > **Model Builder** > Remove value-range in property functions: Now the values in the range are replaced by no-values, not a default, valid constant value. > Property functions and interfaces can now be stored and removed . > Clipping of interfaces by polygons is improved. > Block relations for multi-z-valued interfaces are shown and can be set. “+” and “-“ replaces “Above” and “Below” for this type of interfaces. > To support the “+” and “-“ specifications, the hot cursor information includes plot of the positive interface unit normal. > Fixed to make attenuation and Thomsen property functions by interpolation. > Fixed to load model with non-VTI anisotropy axis of symmetry. > Removed some unnecessary warnings when a model is checked for validity. > Minor fixes of user interface details. > NORSAR-3D - Bugfixes > **Kirchhoff Target Migration workflow** > Unit conversion when specifying aperture settings in a project not defined in km units fixed > Error on interpreting receiver depths from pre-stack SEGY header fixed > Error with blank results when running a workflow for which two distinct Greens Functions are generated fixed > Workflow names with lengths greater than approx. 70 characters always failed. Now this limit is significantly higher > Sometimes when rerunning after a change in parameters, workflow stalled. Now fixed > More robust failure handling on Greens Function reading. Files were not closed > **Kirchhoff Prestack workflow** > Workflow names with lengths greater than approx. 70 characters always failed. Now this limit is significantly higher > Artifact in seismic results due to lookup table aliasing. Removed lookup table when not specified > Inconsistent units in workflow setup > Remove shot similarity in Greens Function Generation > Fix bug that changes in advanced tracing parameters was not taking effect > More robust failure handling on Greens Function reading. Files were not closed > When finding geometric bounds of a target model, now only selected horizons affect the results > **Toolkits** > Range check in grconf2.f, as suggested by PGS > **Ray path generator (Classic tools)** > Ported to handle new event sets > **Tracer workflows** > Added option to plot wavefronts as wireframes > Added dialog based retracing, where receiver topology, and TravelTime, Offset, Aperture, Amplitude filters can be set > Stored wavefronts were plotted at the wrong time step if tracing time step was not 0.1s > Recover did not work after batch tracing canceled. Always restarted. Enabled recover > **Seismogram generator** > Incomplete result tree, and crash when checking the “Results” box > SeisRoX - Updates and bugfixes > Picture shows a Local PSDM simulation result from a time lapse reservoir simulation together with one of the horizons in the reservoir model. > The blue-to-red color scale is the calculated two-way-time difference [s] between two time steps of the reservoir simulation. The two-way-time difference is caused by changes in the elastic properties of the reservoir during production. > Added functionality > Calculate two-way-time attribute cubes based on VP in the Local-target PSDM simulation workflow > Difference in two-way-time between base-, and monitor-, time steps can be calculated and plotted > Export “Difference cubes” as SEGY based on base, and monitor, two-way-time attribute cubes > Fixed crash when plotting an empty property > Fixed crash when deactivating "no clipping" in viewer MDesign - Updates > Added functionality > Sensors can be set enabled/disabled directly in the workflow setup > Unit can be changed for Location Uncertainty results > Sensor files can be used in the NORSAR-3D Traveltime Cube Generator workflow - [NORSAR at SEG 2017 in Houston](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-seg-2017-in-houston): NORSAR will be present at the 87th SEG Conference & Exhibition 2017 in Houston. > ![SEG 2017 logo](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135719-1505742528/norsar.no/InFocus/seg2017.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Presentations at SEG 2017 NORSAR Presentations at SEG 2017 - Booth #1443 > TimeMonday 25th SeptemberTuesday 26th SeptemberWednesday 27th September| > 10:15 AM |The art of microseismic network design |Illumination and Imaging Analysis |Crafting the optimal seismic acquisition: MESA / NORSAR connector| > 11:15 AM |Illumination and Imaging Analysis |Using NORSAR-3D has never been so easy |The art of microseismic network design| > 12:30 PM |Using NORSAR-3D has never been so easy |LUNCH & LEARN SESSION: Crafting the optimal seismic acquisition: MESA / NORSAR connector |Using NORSAR-3D has never been so easy| > 2:00 PM |Crafting the optimal seismic acquisition: MESA / NORSAR connector |The art of microseismic network design |Illumination and Imaging Analysis| > 3:30 PM |NORSAR's traditional networking HAPPY HOUR |NORSAR's traditional networking HAPPY HOUR |NORSAR's traditional networking HAPPY HOUR| > **Monday 25th September 3:55 PM – Room 362D – Session PS 1** > Tailoring distributed acoustic sensing techniques for the microseismic monitoring of future CCS sites: Results from the field. > *M. Wilks (NORSAR) & A. Wuestefeld* (NORSAR)* > Meet researchers, technical specialists and software developers at our booth #1443 for informal discussions, presentations and software demonstrations. > Ask us for a personal presentation or a software demonstration. > We look forward to seeing you in Houston! - [Summing up the nuclear test in North Korea on 3 September 2017](https://www.norsar.no/news/summing-up-the-nuclear-test-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017): The Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea, DPRK, conducted another nuclear test on the 3rd of September 2017, their 6th in a string of tests that started in 2006. > Where did it happen? > North Korea has a test site called Punggye-ri well observed from commercial satellites and documented on the web site 38 North http://www.38north.org of the US-Korea Institute at Johns Hoskins SAIS. The mountain providing the overburden for the underground explosions is Mount Mantap situated in the northeastern, interior part of North Korea some 375 km from the capital Pyongyang. There are known to be several entrances to the mountain providing tunnels from which all the tests have been performed. The latest test was conducted using the North entrance. The map below shows the test site with the estimated locations of the five previous tests, as well as our estimate of the location of the recent explosion beneath Mount Mantap. > How large was the explosion? > NORSAR recorded the signals from the underground nuclear test explosion on our seismic stations some 7360 km from the test site. The signal took 11 minutes to travel the distance from North Korea to Norway, showing up at our instruments at 05.41 Norwegian time. We have worked thoroughly with the explosion signals to assess the seismic magnitude of this nuclear test and its explosive yield. Our assessment points to a magnitude 6.1 and an estimated yield of 250 kT. This is by far the largest of the tests performed by North Korea. The graph below shows to a common scale NORSAR’s recordings of the signals from the six North Korean tests, with the most recent and powerful explosion at the bottom. > The correspondence between the seismic magnitude and explosive yield of an underground nuclear test is associated with large uncertainty. Empirical relations have been derived for different test sites where reference yields have been available. A common relation used is > *magnitude = 0.75log(yield) + k* > where k is a constant representative for a given test site, including its geological conditions. As no reported and reliable reference yields are available for the North Korean test site, we have applied a k-value of 4.3, as has been advocated for the northern Novaya Zemlya test site. By applying a k-value of 4.3, we obtain a yield estimate of 250 kilotons TNT for the magnitude 6.1 nuclear test on 3 September 2017. > In comparison, the explosive yield of the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 was estimated at approximately 15 kilotons TNT, while the bomb dropped on Nagasaki three days later was estimated at approximately 20 kilotons TNT. Was it a hydrogen bomb? > From the seismological data alone we cannot tell the difference between conventional (fission based) bombs and hydrogen bombs, however it is known that the latter are normally associated with larger explosions. North Korea’s claim of having set off a hydrogen bomb is thus more credible this time. > The international monitoring network for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty includes stations to detect airborne radioactivity. This means that if underground explosions leak radioactive particles or gases to the air and these particles or gases hit a monitoring station, there may be an opportunity to address the question of the type of bomb. Neither our radionuclide station in Spitsbergen nor any other station in the international network has so far recorded any radionuclide data that can be associated with the recent nuclear test. What happened to the mountain afterwards? > The explosion took place under the top of the mountain with approximately 700 meters of overburden. Approximately 8 minutes after the explosion we recorded another seismic disturbance, with characteristics typical of tectonic events. This may have been a collapse in the tunnel system used for the explosions. Commercial satellites documented the effects from the explosion on the mountain, as presented by 38 North. The picture below – reproduced from www.38north.org – shows effects such as landslides and possible cratering on the mountain. Observers in Pyongyang nearly 400 km away reported movements in buildings in the city at the time of the explosion. > http://www.38north.org/2017/09/punggye090517/ - [NORSAR Software Suite 2017.3 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2017-3-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite is a common framework for NORSAR software and consists currently of NORSAR-3D, SeisRoX and MDesign. > ![Software](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132379-1579607982/norsar.no/Software/software-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Software Suite 2017.3 features a new MESA - NORSAR connector and a new Image Ray Tracer. > **The MESA - NORSAR** connector provides a direct, fast transfer of data between MESA and NORSAR. > Surveys designed in MESA can be loaded into NORSAR Software Suite. > Illumination maps computed in NORSAR Software Suite can be loaded into MESA. > The new workflow will help increase confidence that a survey design is properly-sized for a given prospect. In addition, the iterative nature of the new interface will aid the decision-making process by encouraging more testing and refining of design options. The interface is available in MESA version 15.1 and in NORSAR-3D 2017.3. > **The Image Ray Tracer** is based on the definition of the so-called Image Rays commonly described in seismic literature. > The Image Ray Tracer constructs time surfaces (time grids) corresponding to time migrated horizons from a given NORSAR-3D depth model. Image Rays are started from points in a user specified regular XY-grid at a given reference depth Z0 (usually Z0=0) in a direction vertically downward (i. e. started perpendicular to the reference plane). The rays are traced down through the model until a given model depth horizon is reached. The corresponding traveltime is multiplied by 2 (two-way) and mapped to the corresponding XY start point. > #noaccess > #noaccess - [NORSAR Software Suite 2018 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2018-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite is a common framework for NORSAR software and consists currently of NORSAR-3D, SeisRoX and MDesign. > ![Software](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/132379-1579607982/norsar.no/Software/software-banner.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Software Suite 2018 features now the option to investigate histograms and include polygon filters in Illumination maps. In addition, a normalized simulated migration map can now be generated. Furthermore, a new survey generator was added, to facilitate the generation of receiver grid surveys. > The upgrade of the Illumination functions in version 2018 allow to include or exclude areas in the survey or target domain, defined by arbitrary polygons. This new functionality allows the user to even better adapt to given limitations, such as areas without shot/receiver coverage. > #noaccess > #noaccess - [NORSAR at EAGE 2018 in Copenhagen](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-eage-2018-in-copenhagen): NORSAR will be present at the 80th EAGE Conference & Exhibition 2018 in Copenhagen. > ![EAGE 2018](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136450-1527164022/norsar.no/InFocus/EAGE-2018.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Presentations at EAGE 2018 NORSAR Presentations at EAGE 2018 - Booth #1232 > TimeTuesday 12th JuneWednesday 13th JuneThursday 14th June| > 10:15 AM |Choosing the right microseismic network |Enhancing survey design workflow: MESA / NORSAR connector |Be on fast track with NORSAR PSDM simulation| > 11:15 AM |Benefits of ray based modelling |Be on fast track with NORSAR PSDM simulation |Enhancing survey design workflow: MESA / NORSAR connector| > 12:30 PM |Be on fast track with NORSAR PSDM simulation |LUNCH & LEARN SESSION Benefits of ray based modelling |Choosing the right microseismic network| > 2:30 PM |Enhancing survey design workflow: MESA / NORSAR connector |Choosing the right microseismic network |Benefits of ray based modelling| > 3:30 PM |NORSAR´s traditional networking HAPPY HOUR |NORSAR´s traditional networking HAPPY HOUR |NORSAR´s traditional networking HAPPY HOUR| > **Tuesday 12th June 09:45 – Room C – Geomechanics I** > Dynamics of Stick-Slip Sliding Induced by Fluid Injection in a Large Sandstone Block. > *V. Oye (NORSAR), S. Stanchits (Schlumberger), N. Seprodi (Schlumberger), P. Cerasi (SINTEF Petroleum Research), A. Stroisz (SINTEF Petroleum Research), R. Bauer (Illinois State Geological Survey)* > **Thursday 14th June 09:45 - Room E – Seismic Modelling II** > Forward Kirchhoff modelling to evaluate potential interpretation pitfalls beneath sub-vertical velocity discontinuities. > *L. Zühlsdorff (NORSAR), A. Atkinson (AA Geophysical Ltd), H. Gjøystdal (NORSAR), T. Kaschwich (NORSAR), A.J.S. Wilson (Nexen Petroleum UK Ltd)* > Meet researchers, technical specialists and software developers at our booth #1232 for informal discussions, presentations and software demonstrations. > Ask us for a personal presentation or a software demonstration. > We look forward to seeing you in Copenhagen! - [ION and NORSAR complete joint software development to optimize survey design](https://www.norsar.no/news/ion-and-norsar-complete-joint-software-development-to-optimize-survey-design): HOUSTON - June 13, 2018 - ION Geophysical Corporation (NYSE: IO) and NORSAR today announced the completion of a joint marketing agreement and joint software development to optimize survey design. > ![NORSAR - ION logos](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136586-1529501934/norsar.no/InFocus/norsar_ion.png ) > After exploring integration opportunities across their respective offerings, customers validated the value of streamlining workflows across both popular software packages. This collaboration led to the creation of an easy-to-use interface to transfer ION’s industry-leading MESA survey designs into NORSAR’s world-class seismic modeling software. > The new workflow will save users significant amounts of time and increase confidence that the survey is properly designed to image a given prospect. In addition, the iterative nature of the new interface will aid decision-making by encouraging more testing and refining of design parameters. The interface is available in latest versions of MESA and NORSAR-3D. > “When we started evaluating the possibilities, the value of integrating these two industry-leading platforms was obvious to us and our clients,” commented Chris Usher, EVP & Chief Operating Officer of ION's Operations Optimization group. “The easy-to-use interface benefits our customers without the cost or delay of building out these additional capabilities ourselves.” > “We are excited about the integration, which provides access to a comprehensive acquisition design and modeling platform,” said Arve E. Mjelva, Deputy Managing Director and SVP, Seismic Modeling in NORSAR. “The seamless integration of the two products bridges the gap between design and modeling, reducing turnaround time and costs for projects.” > To learn more, visit iongeo.com/MESA http://iongeo.com/MESA or norsar.no/software/norsar-3d/ http://norsar.no/software/norsar-3d/. > **About ION** > ION develops and leverages innovative technologies, creating value through data capture, analysis and optimization to enhance critical decision-making, enabling superior returns. For more information, visit iongeo.com http://iongeo.com. > **About NORSAR** > NORSAR is an internationally recognized, independent, not-for-profit, research foundation within the field of geoscience. Our core competencies are seismology and applied geophysics, and related software development. For more information, visit www.norsar.no http://www.norsar.no. > Contacts > **ION (Investor relations)** > Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer > Steve Bate, +1 281.552.3011 > steve.bate@iongeo.com > **ION (Media relations)** > Vice President, Communications > Rachel White, +1 281.781.1168 > rachel.white@iongeo.com > **NORSAR** > Deputy Managing Director and SVP, Seismic Modeling > Arve E. Mjelva, +47 6380 5900 > Arve.Mjelva@norsar.no > *The information herein contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements may include information and other statements that are not of historical fact. Actual results may vary materially from those described in these forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements reflect numerous assumptions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include the risks associated with the timing and development of ION Geophysical Corporation's products and services; pricing pressure; decreased demand; changes in oil prices; and political, execution, regulatory, and currency risks. These risks and uncertainties also include risks associated with the WesternGeco litigation and other related proceedings. We cannot predict the outcome of this litigation or the related proceedings. For additional information regarding these various risks and uncertainties, including the WesternGeco litigation, see our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed on February 8, 2018. Additional risk factors, which could affect actual results, are disclosed by the Company in its fillings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including its Form 10-K, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks filed during the year. The Company expressly disclaims any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements.* - [NORSAR med i jordskjelvfilm](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-med-i-jordskjelvfilm): Søndag åpnet katastrofefilmen Skjelvet Den Norske Filmfestivalen i Haugesund. NORSARs Conrad Lindholm skrev kronikken som inspirerte filmskaperne. > ![Skjelvet poster. Bilde: Fantefilm.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136879-1534614256/norsar.no/InFocus/Skjelvet-Poster.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg Illustrasjon: Fantefilm.) > -- *Bølgen* var et av de største og mest spennende prosjekter jeg har satt i gang. Og har man først vært med på noe gøy vil man jo gjerne oppleve det igjen. At vi skulle lage en oppfølger til *Bølgen *var likevel aldri en selvfølge. En kronikk i Aftenposten fra 2004 skulle imidlertid sette tankene i sving på ny. Seniorforsker og geolog Conrad Lindholm skrev om et både spennende og skummelt tema: Det store jordskjelvet som rammet Oslo i 1904. Raskt ble det klart at dette kunne være et utgangspunkt for en ny katastrofefilm, sier Martin Sundland. > Sundland er produsent for kinofilmen *Skjelvet*, oppfølgeren til suksessfilmen *Bølgen *fra 2015, med Ane Dahl Torp og Kristoffer Joner i hovedrollene. Fra leserinnlegg til spenningsfilm > I *Skjelvet *blir Oslo rammet av et stort jordskjelv. Bygninger raser. Mennesker dør. Konsekvensene er enorme. > - Ja, det er fiksjon. Men store skjelv kan også ramme Oslo i virkeligheten. Det har skjedd før og kan skje igjen, sier Lindholm. > Forrige gang Oslo var rammet av et virkelig stort jordskjelv var i 1904. Den gang hadde skjelvet en styrke på 5.4. Bygninger ble skadet og mange hadde store problemer med å stå oppreist, men heldigvis ble ingen alvorlig skadet. > - Skjelvet ble registrert over et stort område, sier Lindholm. > På 100-årsdagen for Norgeshistorien største skjelv skrev han et leserinnlegg i Aftenposten, og det var nettopp dette leserinnlegget som senere skulle inspirere filmskaperne bak *Skjelvet*. Jordskjelvekspert, også på film > Ikke nok med at Lindholm inspirerte Sundland til å lage jordskjelvfilm. En av filmens karakterer, Konrad Lindblom, er sterkt inspirert av samtalene filmskaperne hadde med den virkelige Conrad Lindholm ved NORSAR. > - Det er flott at filmen bidrar til mer kunnskap om jordskjelv i Norge. Mer kunnskap og bedre planlegging, kan spare samfunnet for unødvendig ressursbruk, sier Lindholm, som er glad for at NORSAR bruker anledningen til å søke oppdatering av jordskjelv-farekartene for Norge. > *Skjelvet* har premiere over hele landet den 31. august. > ![Conrad Lindholm](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136888-1534615096/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/conraddaniellindholm-square.jpg%20%28banner%29.jpg ) > Conrad Lindholm mailto:conrad.lindholm@norsar.no er seniorrådgiver og jordskjelvekspert. - [Senter for anvendt seismologi, "Shake"](https://www.norsar.no/news/senter-for-anvendt-seismologi-shake): Norge er det landet nord for Alpene med høyest seismisitet. Det er en rekke mindre jordskjelv hvert år med større skjelv med ujevne mellomrom. > ![Volker Oye i Norsar og Liv Kari Skudal Hansteen i Rådgivende ingeniørers forening](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136721-1533717831/norsar.no/InFocus/volker_aftenposten2.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg Foto: Alf Ole Ask) > Jordskjelv kan ikke forutsees i tid eller styrke men opptrer i kjente soner. Utsatte områder er Oslo-feltet og Nordsjøen som følge av oppsprekking av jordskorpen, Vestlandet, Nordland og Finnmark som følge av landhevning, og Svalbard som følge av havbunnsspredning mellom Norge og Grønland. > Det oppstår menneskeskapte jordskjelv som følge av store eksplosjoner, større ulykker, ettervirkninger av injeksjonsbrønner (fracking), trykkfall ved olje- og gassproduksjon mm. > Ras og oppsprekking forårsaker rystelser i jorden, og kartlegges og overvåkes på samme måte som jordskjelv. > Jordskjelv som naturfare er det krav om at bygg og anlegg dimensjoneres for. Dette er hjemlet i regelverk fra EU; EuroCode 8. Det underliggende soneringskartet for jordskjelv for Norge er fra 1998 og er utdatert. Det finnes ikke tilsvarende kart for Svalbard. > Olje- og Energidepartementet eier naturfaren skred (stein, jord, snø, mm) med NVE som faginstans. Det er ikke definert noe statlig eierskap til naturfaren jordskjelv i Norge. Dette medfører blant annet at det ikke er en samlet operativ oversikt over jordskjelv, sikrede offentlige bygg og anlegg, oppdatering av kart mv. Det er heller ingen bevissthet på andre anvendelser av seismologiske data til f.eks. hendelsesoppklaring etter større ulykker. NORSAR > NORSAR er en stiftelse opprettet for å overvåke Prøvestansavtalen for atomvåpen. Vi drifter 6 lyttestasjoner på norsk jord og er en del av et internasjonalt nettverk. Stasjonene måler rystelser i jorden døgnkontinuerlig. Her fremkommer også jordskjelv og andre hendelser som får jorden til å ryste som sprenginger og ulykker. Arbeidet med Prøvestansavtalen er forankret i Stortingsvedtak i 1999 og i løpende oppdrag for Utenriksdepartementet. Vårt spesiale er seismologi som er læren om jordens rystelser, følgelig er vi eksperter på alle typer jordskjelv. Anbefaling om "jordskjelv-senter" - Senter for anvendt seismologi > Ett departement må eie naturfaren jordskjelv. Dette vil sikre koordinering av aktiviteter for å styrke kartlegging, beredskapsplanlegging og forebygging av skader samt kunnskapsutvikling. > Det er en åpenbar, stor synergi for Norge å bruke NORSARs eksisterende lyttestasjoner og kompetanse som basis for et operativt kompetansesenter for anvendt seismologi i Norge. Senterets hovedoppgaver vil være å være faglig rådgiver og utførende enhet og operativ eier av naturfaren jordskjelv. Dette vil også sikre andre anvendelser av teknologien til støtte for risikoanalyser, oppklaring av hendelser mm. > Bare kontinuerlig oppdatering av soneringskartet for jordskjelv vil spare samfunnet for millionbeløp hvert år! > Vi fokuserer denne saken sammen med Rådgivende Ingeniørers Forening slik at kunnskap om norske bygg og anlegg samles og sikres fremover. > Klikk her https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/e1xMq4/Mener-Norge-mangler-jordskjelvberedskap--Skjelvet-kommer_-vi-vet-bare-ikke-nar?spid_rel=2 for å lese artikkel i Aftenposten. > #noaccess - [NORSAR at SEG 2018 in Anaheim](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-seg-2018-in-anaheim): NORSAR will be present at the 88th SEG Conference & Exhibition 2018 in Anaheim > ![SEG 2018](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137022-1539172107/norsar.no/InFocus/SEG2018_1.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > NORSAR Presentations at SEG 2018 NORSAR Presentations at SEG 2018 - Booth #533 > TimeMonday 15th OctoberTuesday 16th OctoberWednesday 17th October| > 10:00 AM |Unparalleled survey design workflow - MESA / NORSAR |Choosing the right microseismic network |3D convolution for (time-lapse) seismic simulation and resolution studies| > 11:00 AM |Beyond classic illumination mapping |3D convolution for (time-lapse) seismic simulation and resolution studies |Unparalleled survey design workflow - MESA / NORSAR| > 12:00 PM |3D convolution for (time-lapse) seismic simulation and resolution studies |*** LUNCH & LEARN:** ***Beyond classic illumination mapping*** |Choosing the right microseismic network| > 2:00 PM |Choosing the right microseismic network |Unparalleled survey design workflow - MESA / NORSAR |Beyond classic illumination mapping| > 3:30 PM |**NORSAR's traditional networking HAPPY HOUR** |**NORSAR's traditional networking HAPPY HOUR** |**NORSAR's traditional networking HAPPY HOUR**| > **Monday 15th October 3:55PM – 208A – Detection, Location and Characterization** > Determination of source mechanisms from the Grane field ocean bottom geophone cables offshore Norway. > *N. Langet, A. Wüstefeld, V. Oye (NORSAR)* > **Tuesday 16th October 9:20AM – 205A – Studies** > Analyzing PSDM images in complex geology via ray-based PSF-convolution modeling. > *K. Jensen (University of Bergen), I. Lecomte (), T. Kaschwich (NORSAR)* > Meet researchers, technical specialists and software developers at our booth #533 for informal discussions, presentations and software demonstrations. > Ask us for a personal presentation or a software demonstration. > *** If you would like to join our Lunch & Learn session, please click here to register.** > We look forward to seeing you in Anaheim! - [Young Professionals Network](https://www.norsar.no/news/young-professionals-network): The Young Professionals Network (YPN) is a community of young scientists and technical professionals working on monitoring and verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). > ![YPN](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137476-1553065312/norsar.no/InFocus/YPN_logo.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The YPN is a meeting place where the next generation members of the CTBT National Data Centres and the Provisional Technical Secretariat can meet, discuss and establish relationships to strengthen collaborations within the CTBTO. > The YPN aims at enabling the next generation to take on formal positions at the National Data Centres, the Provisional Technical Secretariat, and the various tasks related to Working Group B through exchange of knowledge within the network, including transfer of knowledge from senior stakeholders. > The YPN has the ambition to serve as a meeting place for free-thinking where new solutions from a new generation can emerge. > The CTBTO Young Professionals web site can be found here https://ypn.ctbto.org/. A YPN flyer https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137488-1553263904/norsar.no/InFocus/YPN-flyer.pdf is also available. > Why was the initiated? > The was introduced by Norway in 2018 with the support of the Executive Secretary and the Provisional Technical Secretariat. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty has been a centrepiece of the global non-proliferation regime for more than 20 years. To ensure that there will be a new generation of experts and leaders to take the work of the CTBTO forward, recruitment of highly skilled and motivated younger scientists and technical experts is essential. > Focusing on the young will enable the next generation to be better prepared to take on formal positions within the CTBT sphere; both in the National Data Centres, the PTS and in the various tasks in Working Group B. How can I join? > To join YPN, send an email to ypn@norsar.no mailto:ypn@norsar.no. > The network is open for staff having a formal, long term employee relationship with either an NDC or the PTS. They will need to have a scientific or technical background and scope of work as well as being young. Young in this context is below the age of 40 years. > The network meets both virtually and at CTBTO related events and meetings where they get to know their peers from around the world. Network members develop joint projects, share knowledge and receive guidance from senior experts. Why should I join? > If you are a young scientist or technical expert, you should join to; > Become a better technical expert > Get linked in with the world’s leading experts in your area of work and research > Get inspired and have fun with science and technologies, make new friends from all over the world > Get on a fast(er) track for becoming a specialist in monitoring and verification technologies > Get access to ideas, research, and experts through exchanges with your peers and mentors and > learn about career opportunities > Get input and inspiration for your day-job at your National Data Centre > If you are a mentor or a manager at a National Data Centre; > Through the your younger staff members will be more knowledgeable and inspired > They will have the opportunity to develop faster scientifically and professionally through access to ideas, research, and experts > They will bring back the latest scientific developments and help your NDC stay on top of your game > They will learn about project and funding opportunities > They will ensure continued high-level deliverables from your NDC in the years to come > Encourage your colleagues to participate in the network – it will benefit all! Events > The YPN meets both virtually and at CTBTO related events and meetings. Contact us > If you would like more information; please send an email to: ypn@norsar.no mailto:ypn@norsar.no. - [Indo-Norwegian project](https://www.norsar.no/news/indo-norwegian-project): The earthquakes triggered by water level fluctuations of the Koyna and Warna reservoirs 200 km south of Mumbai are the world’s best known example of reservoir triggered seismicity (RTS). > The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, has initiated a project ‘Deep scientific drilling at Koyna (DEEPAK)’ to set up a fault zone observatory at depth. As a part of this project, NORSAR will collaborate with CSIR-NGRI on improving the accuracy of earthquake locations and fine-tuning the location of the main borehole. > The NFR-funded project «Delineation of the target fault-zone for Koyna scientific deep drilling by accurate location of microearthquakes» is a cooperation between CSIR-NGRI (CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute) in Hyderabad and NORSAR in Norway. The project deals with the seismicity triggered by the water level fluctuations of the Koyna and Warna reservoirs. The seismicity started shortly after the impoundment of the Shivaji Sagar lake by the Koyna dam in the state of Maharashtra in 1962. On the 10th of December 1967, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3 hit the region. Since then, 22 events with magnitudes larger than 5, more than 200 events with magnitudes larger than 4 as well as several thousand smaller earthquakes occurred in the region. This earthquake activity correlates strongly with the annual filling and emptying of the Koyna and nearby Warna reservoirs. > It has long been known that a change of pore pressure can cause earthquakes. Such induced earthquakes have been observed as a result of the impoundment of reservoirs, oil production, or the injection of fluids into underground formations (e.g. shale gas fracking, hydrothermal power generation, CO2 sequestration). An increase in pore pressure lowers the effective stress, such that the Coulomb failure envelope may be reached. Large engineering operations such as reservoir impoundment, mining, and large-scale quarries can also alter the stress field directly and hence cause failure in critically stressed regions. > Under the preliminary phase of the deep scientific drilling project ‘DEEPAK’, nine exploratory boreholes have been drilled to a depth up to 1.5 km by CSIR-NGRI and six of these boreholes are equipped with seismometers. Additionally, a pilot borehole has been drilled to a depth of about 3 km by MoES. The aim is to locate earthquakes as precisely as possible with the help of this borehole network, assisted by a network of 23 surface broad-band stations, such that a location for the main borehole can be found that allows researchers to drill directly through a patch experiencing these earthquakes. One of the main objectives is to focus on automatic methods to locate microseismicity on continuous data streams from the borehole seismometers and to obtain a 3D velocity model of the region. Further, we foresee that the colloborative work will enhance the understanding of the mechanism triggering the earthquakes. Honouring the Norwegian project team during their visit to CSIR-NGRI for the project kick-off meeting end of March 2019 by dressing them with ceremonial scarves featuring a traditional pattern (Pochampally)from the Hyderabad area > *Honouring the Norwegian project team during their visit to CSIR-NGRI for the project kick-off meeting end of March 2019 by dressing them with ceremonial scarves featuring a traditional pattern (Pochampally)from the Hyderabad area.* - [Young Professional Network godt mottatt i Wien](https://www.norsar.no/news/young-professional-network-godt-mottatt-i-wien): Young Professional Network (YPN) ble initiert av NORSAR og Norge sammen med det tekniske sekretariatet til Prøvestansavtaleorganisasjonen i Wien som et pilotprosjekt i 2018. > ![YPN](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137476-1553065312/norsar.no/InFocus/YPN_logo.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Nettverket har som mål å hjelpe rekrutteringen av yngre forskere og teknisk personale ved nasjonale datasentre og det tekniske sekretariatet, gjennom veiledning fra eksperter, vitenskapelig og teknisk samarbeid, og utveksling av erfaringer. Nettverket er nå etablert, og har allerede over 25 medlemmer før den offisielle åpningen i juni. > Den tekniske arbeidsgruppen, «Arbeidsgruppe B», er et av de styrende organene i Prøvestansavtaleorganisasjonen. Her møtes delegasjoner fra stater som har signert traktaten. I slutten av mars 2019 møttes denne gruppen av land for å diskutere tekniske spørsmål relatert til kontrollsystemet for prøvestansavtalen. Under åpningsinnlegget til Norge ble YPN åpnet for deltakere fra alle land og deres nasjonale datasentre. EU og flere land støttet Norge og initiativet i deres innlegg. > NORSAR organiserte også en vellykket mottakelse for nettverkets medlemmer, mentorer og sentrale personer fra det tekniske sekretariatet. Mange ser behovet for å støtte den yngre generasjonen og sikre fortsatt høy kvalitet på det vitenskapelig og tekniske arbeidet i Prøvestansavtaleorganisasjonen og de nasjonale datasentrene. En viktig støttespiller er lederen av Arbeidsgruppe B, Dr. Joachim Schultze. Han er opprinnelig forsker i kjernefysikk, med et engasjement i arbeidet med prøvestans som går helt tilbake til forhandlingene av traktaten. I filmen over kan du høre mer om Dr. Schultzes tanker rundt behovet for rekruttering og hvorfor en karriere knyttet til prøvestansavtalen er meningsfull. > Den tekniske arbeidsgruppen møtes igjen i Wien i slutten av Juni, under Prøvestansavtaleorganisasjonens Science and Technology week. Da vil den norske ambassaden i Wien være vertskap for den offisielle åpningen av nettverket, hvor Excecutive Secretary for CTBTO, Dr. Lassina Zerbo vil holde åpningstalen. > Mottakelsen i Wien samlet YPN-medlemmer, mentorer og sentrale personer fra det tekniske sekretariatet. - [NORSAR Software Suite 2019 is released](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2019-is-released): NORSAR Software Suite 2019 introduces the advanced and powerful NORSAR-2D Ray Modelling tool in a completely new user-friendly wrapping. It is the first step towards a full integration in the NORSAR Software Suite framework. > This first version unveils a sophisticated 2D Model Builder, supported on both Linux and Windows. The 2D Model Builder is available in all versions of NORSAR Software Suite. > The new 2D Model Builder allows the user to easily build complex models in 2D and expand into a 3D model. > The new 2D Model Builder contains a fully integrated digitizing tool using a background image which makes it easy to make a NORSAR model from an outcrop picture. > The 2D models can be made into a 3D (2.5D) model with a mouse click. > In addition, NORSAR-3D is extended with support for fiber optics (DAS) modelling and new functionality for VSP modelling. - [NORSAR at EAGE 2019 in London](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-eage-2019-in-london): NORSAR will be present at the 81st EAGE Conference & Exhibition 2019 in London > ![EAGE 2019](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137938-1559031479/norsar.no/InFocus/eage2019_bwide.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Meet researchers, technical specialists and software developers at our booth #421 for informal discussions, presentations and software demonstrations. > Ask us for a personal presentation or a software demonstration. > We look forward to seeing you in London! - [LØRN.TECH podcast om jordskjelv](https://www.norsar.no/news/lorn-tech-podcast-om-jordskjelv): NORSARs Volker Oye har blitt intervjuet av Silvija Seres i podcasten LØRN.TECH. I podcasten forklarer Volker mer om hvordan NORSAR jobber med jordskjelvforskning og hva forskningen kan brukes til. > ![LØRN.TECH](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137965-1559674011/norsar.no/InFocus/l%C3%B8rn-tech-logo-black%402x.png ) > - Med grunnforskning rundt jordskjelv kan vi forstå strukturen av mars, månen og jorden, men vi kan også bruke selve teknologien til andre samfunnsnyttige tema som endringer i atmosfæren eller menneskeskapte skjelv, forteller han. > Lytt og lær mer i podcasten, som du finner her https://lorn.tech/lorn-pod/380-big-data-volker-oye-jordskjelv-pa-manen-jorden-og-mars/ . Podcasten er og tilgjengelig som Apple podcast https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/380-big-data-volker-oye-jordskjelv-på-månen-jorden-og-mars/id1434899825?i=1000438875715&fbclid=IwAR0WyQpMz8aFbgorJrsyIRypMCJN8F2JHV8vlyYb1HYxXL0NaaHcCpOuZf8. - [Norge får sentral rolle i forskningsprosjekt om jordskjelvvarsling](https://www.norsar.no/news/norge-far-sentral-rolle-i-forskningsprosjekt-om-jordskjelvvarsling-1): EU har håndplukket det norske forskningsinstituttet NORSAR til å lede forskingsarbeidet for å etablere tidlig jordskjelvvarsling. Kostnadsrammen er på åtte millioner euro, vel 75 millioner kroner. Oppstarten skjer i Oslo torsdag 13. juni. > ![TURNkey](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/138033-1560341190/norsar.no/Press/logo/Logo%20TURNkey.png%20%28content%29.png ) > Hvert år forekommer det flere tusen små og store jordskjelv over hele verden. Norge er det landet med flest jordskjelv nord for Alpene. I fjor døde flere enn 3 000 mennesker, mens det i 2011 var 18 000 som mistet livet på grunn av jordskjelv verden over. Skadeomfanget av et jordskjelv kommer an på styrke, avstand til episenteret og dybden til skjelvet, hvor god infrastrukturen er og hvor god beredskapen er på hvert enkelt sted. > I etterkant av jordskjelvet nord for Roma i august 2016 som kostet flere hundre mennesker livet, bestemte EU seg for å sette i gang et forskningsprosjekt der målet er å etablere prototypen til et varslingssystem for jordskjelv. Prosjektet har fått forkortelsen TURNkey og skal samle data blant annet fra seismiske observasjoner, publikumsobservasjoner og rystningsvarsler fra mobiltelefoner i ett felles system. > − Dette er veldig spennende. Ingen land i verden har i dag et godt system som sikkert kan forhåndsvarsle jordskjelv. Dersom vi lykkes blir det helt unikt og vil kunne redde mange liv, sier administrerende direktør Anne Strømmen Lycke i NORSAR. Ulike systemer i ulike land > NORSAR, med sitt sterke fagmiljø skal lede prosjektet og vil samarbeide med 20 partnere fra 10 land i Europa. Dette er kanskje den sterkeste samling av Europeiske fagmiljøer på jordskjelvrisiko som finnes. > − Det er enorme mengder data som skal samles inn og analyseres. I tillegg har vi erfaring med at systemene fungerer ulikt i forskjellige land. Varsling av jordskjelv har vært en drøm i lang tid, sier Lycke. > Japan var lenge ledende og i dag har flere land automatiserte varslingssystemer som varsler befolkningen. Utfordringene er blant annet å kunne avgjøre lokasjon og styrke og ikke minst redusere antall feilalarmer. TURNKey prosjektet tar mål av seg til å gi vesentlige bidrag til tidlig varsling og hurtig respons og risikoreduksjon. Prosjektet skal lage en samhandlings- og informasjonsplattform for befolkningen og ulike organisasjoner. > Torsdag 13. og fredag 14. juni samles internasjonal ekspertise i Oslo for å starte opp prosjektet. Kontakt > Anne Strømmen Lycke, adm. dir NORSAR, tlf: 977 94 966 > Pressebilder og logo kan lastes ned her https://www.norsar.no/press/photos-illustrations/. > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/138002-1560339815/norsar.no/Press/PressReleases/NORSAR%20TURNkey%2012.%20juni%202019.pdf > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/138005-1573048564/norsar.no/Press/PressReleases/TURNkey_General_Presentation.pdf > Fakta > NORSAR > Stiftelsen NORSAR er et norsk forskningsinstitutt med spesialfelt innen forskning, tjenester og programvareutvikling knyttet til seismologi og anvendt geofysikk. Instituttet ble opprettet i 1968 som en del av Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Forskningsråd. Det ble omorganisert som en stiftelse 1. juli 1999. Hovedformålet er verifikasjon av Prøvestansavtalen for atomvåpen. > NORSAR på Internett: https://www.norsar.no/ og https://www.facebook.com/norsar/ TURNkey > TURNkey er et prosjekt under EUs forskningsprogram Horisont 2020. Budsjettet er på 8 mill Euro over tre år, med NORSAR som prosjektleder. Partnere er Universitetet på Island, University College London, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Mineres, University of Strathclyde, Anglia Ruskin University, samt partnere fra institutter og næringsliv. Metodikken skal utvikles og testes på 6 steder i Europa som er utsatt for jordskjelv. - [Training Workshop on Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Analysis](https://www.norsar.no/news/training-workshop-on-seismic-vulnerability-and-risk-analysis): From July 22nd to August 2nd, NORSAR were conducting two week training course on "Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Analysis" at NORSAR. > ![](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/138230-1565001951/norsar.no/InFocus/training_course_july2019.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The course was organized for five engineers from the Adaptation and Risk Reduction Division, Department of Engineering Services, settled in Thimphu, Bhutan. > NORSAR has proposed a detailed training program with the objective to guide and help the Bhutanese engineers to conduct seismic risk analysis, through: > providing basic principles for development, > proper assignment of vulnerability functions (fragility curves) to buildings, > conduct seismic risk analysis based on potential earthquake scenarios, > generate GIS-based seismic risk maps. > The course was very intense and different earthquake scenario-based risk evaluations have been carried out for three different districts in Bhutan (Punakha, Paro and Trashiyangtse) using SELENA software. The atmosphere was very nice, and the visitors were very pleased about the course. - [New data sheds further light on description of incidents reported in North-Russia](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-data-sheds-further-light-on-description-of-incidents-reported-in-north-russia): NORSAR’s analysis of seismic and infrasound data reported two separate events of explosive nature near Archangelsk in North-Russia. > The first event was registered on the 8th of August at 06:00 UTC (local time 09:00) at the infrasound station in Bardufoss (Troms, Norway). The event was also registered on seismic data, which means it must have been coupled to the ground. The practical meaning of an explosion coupling to the ground is that it took place either at the ground or in contact with it; for example on water. The timing and location of the event coincides with the reported accident in Archangelsk. > Infrasound signals registered in Bardufoss indicated that a second event took place approximately two hours later. Additional data from other stations in Norway and Finland confirms that the signal is a weaker signal, with a signature of an explosion. The direction shows a small deviation of 1-2 degrees difference from the first event to the station in Bardufoss. Further analysis of the event with additional seismic data indicate that the event also may stem from mining activity in Finland. > Media reports increased radioactivity in the area. NORSAR have no registration of increased radioactivity at our station at Spitsbergen. This station however is situated up-wind from Archangelsk and thus would not register radioactivity had there been any. The CTBTO reports that there are communication failures for the network stations situated down-wind of the site of the accident. Hence no relevant radioactivity registrations in the CTBT network is recorded. > The analysis proves that the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is useful in monitoring and confirming other man-made and natural events. The tragic incident described is not under the scope of the CTBT. > The data material is below. - [NORSAR at SEG 2019 in San Antonio](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-seg-2019-in-san-antonio): NORSAR will be present at the 89th SEG Conference & Exhibition 2019 in San Antonio > ![SEG 2019](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/138512-1568272021/norsar.no/InFocus/seg2019.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Meet researchers, technical specialists and software developers at our booth #2347 for informal discussions, presentations and software demonstrations. > Ask us for a personal presentation or a software demonstration. > We look forward to seeing you in San Antonio! - [NORSAR monitor Scandinavian seismic activity](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-monitor-scandinavian-seismic-activity): NORSAR continuously monitor seismic activity in Scandinavia through an extensive network of seismometers. > The general assumption is that there is little to no seismic activity in Norway and Scandinavia, as opposed to high-risk regions such as California, Japan, or Greece. That is not correct. The map above shows the earthquakes detected by NORSAR in the past 20 years in Scandinavia. As the map illustrates, the seismic activity is high. > The upper left of the map details an arc of earthquakes. These earthquakes originate from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The activity indicates that the American and Eurasian continents are still drifting apart. The South-West coast of Norway is also quite active, especially around the area of Bergen, one of Norway’s biggest cities. The map also shows a persistent cluster of earthquakes in the Bodø and Glomfjord area, indicating tectonic activity. > NORSAR’s extensive seismic monitoring network does not only detect earthquakes, as illustrated by the map. For example, the seismicity detected in Northern Sweden is related to mining activities in the Kiruna Mine. The NORSAR network of seismometers will detect even small explosions from quarries, or landslides like the Veslemannen. - [TURNkey](https://www.norsar.no/news/turnkey): NORSAR is leading a EU research and innovation project that is working towards more earthquake resilient societies. The TURNkey project is a 3-year project and is represented by a Consortium of 21 partners (universities, research institutes, SME’s, etc.) distributed across 10 European countries. TURNkey’s purpose is to develop a multi-sensor-based earthquake information system, facilitating Earthquake Forecasting and enabling Early Warning and Rapid Response actions. > ![](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/138046-1560341982/norsar.no/InFocus/Logo-InFocus.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Among all natural hazards, earthquakes lead to the highest number fatalities and, after severe storms, cause the second highest annual economic losses. From 2006 to 2015, Europe experienced 21 earthquake-related disasters that resulted in 1.049 fatalities, more than 18 billion Euros in economic losses, and affected 284.000 people. In the last years, risk awareness and perception towards seismic threats have increased among the public and policy makers in many European countries. These European countries have also understood how important it is to help mitigate the seismic risks, by making the best possible use of the potential of earthquake forecasting and early warning as well as by responding rapidly after an earthquake. The project, funded by the EU within the H2020 programme, addresses the topics of Operational Earthquake Forecasting (OEF), also called time-dependent hazard assessment, as well as of Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) and its use, both in real-time (during an event) and in near real-time, when rapidly responding to earthquake impacts (RRE). > The focus of is to close the gap between theoretical systems and their practical application in Europe in order to improve seismic resilience before, during and after a damaging earthquake. > The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821046. > See the homepage https://earthquake-turnkey.eu/ for more info (external link). - [GoNorth!](https://www.norsar.no/news/gonorth): This is the name for a broad consortium of geoscience researchers investigating the arctic. > ![SPITS seismic station at Svalbard](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139110-1583136533/norsar.no/InFocus/Svalbard-SPI.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The project has received support from the Norwegian government, who have stated: > *The government wants Norway to be an Arctic Ocean knowledge leader. Therefore, a total of 3 million NOK is given to the "GoNorth" project, which will contribute to researching and gaining knowledge on the marine areas north of Svalbard.* > The aim of the project is to increase knowledge about the marine conditions north of Svalbard, in the Arctic Ocean. The academic scope of the project extends from the geology of the subsurface to the ecosystems within the water column. We wish to investigate the processes behind the opening of the Arctic Ocean 60 million years ago, the dynamics of the Gakkel Ridge (a mid-oceanic spreading ridge) and the historical changes in climate over the last 50 million years as derived from sedimentary sequences. > The water column will be a study focus for marine biologists, oceanographers and require a range of technologies. The ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean topic will be cross-disciplinary. Relevant technologies will include environmental technology, ice mechanics, sensor systems and autonomous vehicles. These technologies can contribute to new and improved data collection, but their deployment can also be used for their own testing and development. Private companies have shown interest in the GoNorth project from a technological perspective, as well the business opportunities related to the technology development involved. > Education and outreach has been included in the programme, so that we can bring forth and inspire a new generation of Polar researchers. GoNorth brings together a national team of researchers and institutions to ensure high scientific quality and cost-effective use of resources. Collaboration will be key in relation to other major research initiatives such as the Nansen Legacy (‘Arven etter Nansen’) (with a focus on the Barents Sea water column) and MAREANO (seabed mapping in coastal areas). > NORSAR's contribution to the program is focused on tectonics, understanding the seafloor spreading, and studying the movements in the Earth's crust and ice caps of the area. Our stations on Svalbard and Bjørnøya will crucial in this regard. > You can read the rest of the Government's press release here https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/3-millioner-til-forskning-pa-polhavet/id2691912/. - [Nytt jordskjelvsoneringskart for Norge](https://www.norsar.no/news/nytt-jordskjelvsoneringskart-for-norge): Norge har fått et nytt og digitalt jordskjelvsoneringskart. Det betyr at utbyggere og storsamfunnet til sammen kan spare milliarder av kroner på store utbyggingsprosjekter i årene som kommer. > ![PGA](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139442-1584709819/norsar.no/Services/soneringskart/PGA_Norway.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > Stiftelsen NORSAR har etablert et nytt kunnskapsgrunnlag for norsk jordskjelvsonering basert på nye og harmoniserte data, bedre regnemodeller og metodeutvikling fra inn- og utland. Kartet viser sannsynligheten for jordskjelv og hvilket skadepotensiale skjelvene har for hele Norge, inkludert Svalbard. > Det forrige jordskjelvsoneringskartet for Norge er fra 1998 og foreligger kun i papirformat. Det omfatter ikke Svalbard. Arbeidet med den nye soneringen har vært gjennomført av NORSAR og under tett kvalitetskontroll av internasjonale eksperter. I tillegg er det gjennomført en norsk kvalitetssikringsprosess. Dette sikrer at jordskjelvkatalogen er harmonisert, de beste nye metodene er tatt i bruk for å beregne sannsynlige skjelv og deres størrelse samt skadepotensiale. Til sammen gir dette et nytt bilde av Norge og Svalbard. > Vi har også valgt å tilgjengeliggjøre resultatene digitalt i en portal. Dette sikrer bedre oppløsning av dataene, lettere oppdateringer etter hvert som vi erfarer og lærer mer, og det sikrer brukerne lett tilgang. NORSAR bidrar til å digitalisere Norge! Skadepotensialet nedjusteres > Den nye soneringen viser at skadepotensialet nedjusteres for store deler av landet. Det betyr at det er store kostnader å spare for utbyggere og samfunnet. > For å få et innblikk i dette kan du lese rapporten som Multiconsult as laget – du finner den her https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139593-1585573121/norsar.no/Services/soneringskart/Multiconsult-10216470-RIB-RAP-001.pdf. Det er store regionale forskjeller i Norge. Det er for eksempel mye å spare i Oslo- og Trondheimsområdene, og mindre å spare på Vestlandet. Rapporten fra Multiconsult viser at mange samfunnskritiske bygg- og anleggsprosjekt kan spare fra tre til ti prosent av byggekostnadene. Slike prosjekt omfatter blant annet sykehus, redningssentraler, skoler, jernbane- og veibroer. > Jordskjelv er også en del av kommuner og fylkers risikovurderinger og grunnlag for beredskapsplaner. Disse kan også i mange tilfeller justeres betydelig. > Det nye jordskjelvsoneringskartet er digitalt tilgjengelig. Dataene kan hentes ut direkte for en adresse for en utbygging eller som en tjeneste for samfunnsplanlegging. NORSAR er en uavhengig forskningsstiftelse. Tjenesten finansieres derfor ved abonnement eller enkeltkjøp via portalen som du finner her: https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart https://www.norsar.no/soneringskartDokumenter > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139551-1585221863/norsar.no/InFocus/PRESSEMELDING-NORSAR-jordskjelvsoneringskart.pdf > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139593-1585573121/norsar.no/Services/soneringskart/Multiconsult-10216470-RIB-RAP-001.pdf > PORTAL > ![Anne S. Lycke, Administrerende direktør](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133945-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28avatar_user_display%29.jpg ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > Administrerende direktør. - [75th anniversary of the first atomic bomb](https://www.norsar.no/news/75th-anniversary-of-the-first-atomic-bomb): 75 years ago, the “Trinity” nuclear test changed the world. On the 16th of July 1945, the world’s first nuclear bomb was detonated in New Mexico. > ![Nuclear Tests 1945-1996](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139871-1594888825/norsar.no/InFocus/Nuclear_Tests_1945-1996.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The “Trinity” nuclear test was the first climax in an arms race between America and Germany during the second world war. The nuclear detonation left a crater more than 300 meters wide, marking the beginning of the Atomic Age. A few weeks later, the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki wreaked havoc in Japan. > Since “Trinity”, another 2000 nuclear tests have been conducted world-wide, in the atmosphere, underground and underwater. The testing released radiation and further developed the weaponry to become hundreds of times more powerful than its first prototypes, increasing public concern. Immediately after the second world war ended, a world-wide movement to restrict the testing and use of nuclear weapons was initiated. Several international treaties were signed and ratified over the years, including the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT). However, the treaties only partially limited the testing. > Fortunately, in 1996, the United Nations adopted The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The treaty bans all forms of nuclear testing. Per today, 168 states have signed and ratified the treaty. Another 17 states have signed but not ratified it. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) was established accordingly. The organization operates one of the world's most advanced monitoring systems worldwide and conduct on-site inspections to verify that the CTBT is upheld. > Since the CTBT was adopted by the UN, only three countries have conducted nuclear tests. In 1998, India and Pakistan both carried out two sets of tests. North Korea has carried out six tests, one in 2006, 2009, 2013, two in 2016 and another one in 2017. All the North Korean tests were recorded by the CTBTO’s International Monitoring System. > In 2020, 75 years after “Trinity”, the continued monitoring and verification of the CTBT is of the utmost importance. The maintenance of a global verification system contributes to maintaining world peace and global security. At NORSAR, we are proud to operate several facilities of the International Monitoring System, doing our part to prevent that nuclear testing nor the use of nuclear weapons ever happens again. - [International Day Against Nuclear Tests 29 August](https://www.norsar.no/news/international-day-against-nuclear-tests-29-august): The International Day Against Nuclear Tests honors all victims of nuclear tests and reminds us why nuclear testing must come to a permanent end. > ![World clouds](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310052-1598384335/norsar.no/InFocus/WorldClouds.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Nuclear tests can cause devastating and harmful effects on human health and the environment. Although the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site closed 29 years ago, the region’s residents are still affected by the more than 450 nuclear tests conducted there by the Soviet Union. Commemorating the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site > In 2009, the United Nations General Assembly declared 29 August as the International Day Against Nuclear Tests. The resolution was initiated by Kazakhstan to mark the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test site on 29 August 1991. > The International Day Against Nuclear Tests is devoted to raising public awareness about the fatal consequences of nuclear explosions. > During the Cold War, a remote area on the steppe in northeast Kazakhstan became home to almost a quarter of the world’s nuclear tests. The Semipalatinsk Test Site was unoccupied, but neighboring villages still suffered from nuclear fallout and radioactive dust carried by the winds. Some inhabitants were exposed to the acute bursts from nuclear detonations, and low doses of radiation affected up to 1 million people over the course of several decades. Exposure to ionizing radiation from nuclear weapons tests has caused various genetic defects and illnesses in the region, such as birth deformities, leukemia, impotency, cancer, and PTSD. The horrific damage continues to this day as the effects of radiation can be passed down from one generation to the next. > *The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan. > Photo credit: Center for International Security and Policy (CISC), Kazakhstan.* The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty > In the years after 1945, both civil and political efforts were made to put an end to nuclear testing. Experiences from the Second World War and knowledge about the humanitarian consequences of nuclear testing led to the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) of 1996. Although the Treaty has not entered into force, it has established an important norm against nuclear tests. In the age of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, only three countries have carried out nuclear tests – India, Pakistan, and North-Korea. Nonetheless, a norm or a self-imposed moratorium on nuclear testing can never be a substitute for a comprehensive, universally binding, legal agreement. > The CTBT Organization has established a global verification system that is designed to monitor and verify compliance with the treaty. NORSAR's most important role is to be the Norwegian National Data Centre for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). It operates Norway’s field installations for the CTBT International Monitoring System and advises Norwegian authorities on matters related to compliance with the treaty. Through this work, NORSAR contributes to a safer nuclear-weapons-free world. - [NOR-FROST: A near-surface fibre optic sensing test site](https://www.norsar.no/news/nor-frost-a-near-surface-fibre-optic-sensing-test-site): NOR-FROST is the new NORwegian FibeR Optic Sensing Test site in the backyard at NORSAR! > At NORSAR construction just finished of a new and unique test facility: NOR-FROST, the Norwegian Fibre Optic Sensing Test Site. NOR-FROST is open for collaboration and welcomes experiments from third parties. > NOR-FROST is located on the premises of NORSAR, at Kjeller, Norway, just outside Oslo. Fibre optic cables have been deployed along three parallel trenches of 30 m length and 1m depth filled with concrete, gravel, and sand respectively. The trenches are 150 cm apart. Additionally, for operational purposes, a 15 m trench is oriented perpendicular to the three main trenches and is filled with normal soil. Figure 1 shows a map-view sketch of the geometry. At the end of each trench is a plastic “manhole” (Figure 2) with 1 m diameter to provide access for work and repairs such as splicing. Gravel at the bottom is intended to improve ground water drainage. Each adjacent manhole is connected with a single 11 cm-diameter, standard plastic pipe. > ***Figure 1: **Map view sketch of the NOR-FROST site. Manholes at the end of each trench allow for easy access for future expansion of the site.* > Various fibre cables from different vendors are laid out in 3 depths (at 20, 60 and 100cm) in each trench (Figure 3). Including some buffer length, this arrangement gives a total length of 350m for each cable. Empty pipes allow for retrofitting the site with more cables in the future. We also buried 3-component 4.5Hz OYO-Geospace geophones (GS11D) in the centre of each of the 3 trenches, just below the 60cm depth cables. The geophones’ Chanel 2 components are aligned parallel to the fibre cables. > ***Figure 3: **Cross-sections of the 3 trenches filled with different material. Each layer consists of various cables and empty pipes for future expansion. Yellow triangles mark the positions of geophones.* > This animation shows the path of a laser pulse along a fiber: > The cables installed permanently are: > SOLIFOS BRUsens DSTAS V13: This cable is a special sensing cable for strain, temperature and acoustic sensing (DSTAS). The outer sheath is made from a rather stiff polyamid with a rippled outer surface for better acoustic coupling. Two single-mode (SM) fibres are each in separate (tight-buffered) metal tubes. One additional SM loose-buffered fibre is in a separate tube. > NEXANS telecom TBU LSZH: This cable is designed for indoor and outdoor installation and has a central strength member (Fibre Reinforced Plastic), with a buffered structure around. The design is reinforced by a layer of glass yarns. Four tight buffered SM fibres are inside this cable. > NEXANS Multi-Purpose Cable MPC-1: This cable is designed for installation in lakes, rivers, sea, tunnels, ducts or as direct burial cable on shore. The cable consists of 12 SM optical-fibres contained inside a stainless steel tube which is also filled with water blocking compound and hydrogen scavenging material. The stainless-steel tube is covered with a polyethylene inner sheath, armoured with galvanized steel wires and then covered with a polyethylene outer sheath. > Hexatronic Nano GAHL 2/A2: This is a slim, tight-buffered cable designed for microduct installations with high durability due to its integrated strength member. It has a coated glass fibre reinforced plastic centre core for strength inside a layer of UV-cured polymer which contains the primary coated SM G.657.A1 (bend-insensitive) fibres, protected by the outer low- friction sheath. > Legacy cable: A legacy cable from the 1980s was also installed. The cable has a steel reinforced loose-tube construction and 4 multi-mode (MM) fibres. > Bare fibres: Each layer and each trench have additionally 5 SM (G.652.D) and 5 MM fibres. The MM is again of unknown specification. 5 fibres of each should provide redundancy in case of breaking during construction. Handling each 30m stretch separately proved to be the easiest way of installing these bare fibres. > All cables end inside the NORSAR lab in the basement. A patch panel with SC/APC (SM) and SC/PC (MM) connectors to each fibre allows quick access to the individual cable loop. It also allows us to patch different combinations of fibres in series for simultaneous recording. Additionally, delay fibres can be included as desired to test performances at very long offsets. > With this site in place, we will be able to do fundamental research on DAS and DTS fibre sensing technology, such as investigating DAS transfer functions. We can compare and calibrate different fibres, cables, and interrogators. Different interrogators are on site as part of our *distributed sensing instrument pool*. Furthermore, repeat measurements throughout the seasons will allow us to investigate environmental effects on DAS response in the near-surface. > NOR-FROST has been made possbile with support from the project ECCSEL Research Infrastructure for Norwegian Full-Scale CCS (ECCSEL-NFS), financed by the INFRASTRUKTUR program of the Research Council of Norway. > Here is a time-lapse video of the construction: > Below you will find some impressions from the construction: - [Handover of the Earthquake Report to Mayor Jørgen Vik of Lillestrøm Municipality](https://www.norsar.no/news/handover-of-the-earthquake-report-to-mayor-jorgen-vik-of-lillestrom-municipality): On December 10, NORSAR handed the Earthquake Report over to the Mayor of Lillestrøm, Jørgen Vik, accompanied by representatives from the County Governor of Oslo and Viken. The event was executed partly remote, with external representatives on Teams and Romerikes Blad on site. > ![Lillestrøm](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310744-1607692045/norsar.no/InFocus/OVERSIKTSBILDER-LILLESTRoM-KOMMUNE-15-10571657-%20Foto_Kjell_Arne__Jorgensen_c.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Photo: Lillestrøm kommune) > This assessment, initiated by NORSAR, is crucial to increase knowledge of risks of earthquakes in Lillestrøm. The overall probability of risks of earthquakes in Norway are low – and below average in Lillestrøm. Nevertheless, casualties of such an event is long-reaching. Therefore, knowledge is key for future contingency plans. > This assessment is done by analysing primary and secondary effects of ROS including qualitative observations of regional historical earthquake data. The report recommends updating ROS analyses from 2018 with the presented results. As our Director, Anne Lycke, put it, the risk equation is risk equals danger times vulnerability and exposure. > Lillestrøm handles this equation every day and it is inherent in all their policies. Cooperation between public sector and research results in new knowledge – and as Mayor Vik uttered, “it does not become a society without us doing it together“. The Mayor is proud of having an internationally renowned research institute in his municipality and believes the harvesting of goods is mutual. On that note, he perceives the recommendations as reasonable and feasible, and of course, he is especially happy with the assessed low risk of earthquakes. Lastly, he assures that these recommendations will take the step into policy work because knowledge commits and risk management is inevitable. - [Gjerdrum Landslide: Not triggered by earthquake](https://www.norsar.no/news/gjerdrum-landslide-not-triggered-by-earthquake): On December 30, a terrible landslide resulted in devastating casualties in Ask, Gjerdrum. Worried local citizens told the press about shakings they thought could be an earthquake before the landslide and contacted NORSAR. Based on our cooperation within Europe, we knew that quick clay could liquefy after earthquake although this has not been documented in Norway before. > ![Screenshot from interview with NRK 31.12.2020](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310955-1609947192/norsar.no/InFocus/Anne_NRK-cropped.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Now, after a throughout analysis of the data conducted by instruments nearby (red squares), NORSAR concludes there were zero observed earthquakes around the time and location of the landslide. More specifically, we investigated the 28, 29 and 30 of December and registered two minor earthquakes at 10.00am and 01.00pm on December 28 (orange circles). These, however, were under magnitude 1 and not felt by humans. > Although this was not caused by earthquake, Gjerdrum, and the area around, does hold a possibility of experiencing earthquakes. This area is a part of the “Oslofelt” and has been experiencing earthquakes at one per year on average since 1979 (blue circles). With this data in mind, NORSAR acted rapidly and eliminated any ambiguities concerning a possible earthquake triggered landslide. Knowledge commits! > This is further explained in a press release we published after the analysis: Seismic analysis on Gjerdrum landslide (Norwegian) https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310844-1609793017/NORSAR%20IKKE%20SKJELV%20GJERDRUM%281%29.pdf > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) enters into force](https://www.norsar.no/news/treaty-on-the-prohibition-of-nuclear-weapons-tpnw-enters-into-force): The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) enters into force after 50 ratifications on January 22 in accordance with Art. 15 (1). The ultimate objective of the treaty is a total elimination of nuclear weapons. > ![Photo: Eskinder Debebe / United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1310999-1611313835/norsar.no/InFocus/IN_FO_United%20Nations%20Conference%20to%20Negotiate%20a%20Legally%20Binding%20Instrument%20to%20Prohibit%20Nuclear%20Weapons%2C%20Leading%20Towards%20their%20Total%20Elimination.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Photo: Eskinder Debebe / United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination) > The negotiations for a prohibition of nuclear weapons started in 2016. They reflected a long-lasting grassroot movement, with the Nobel Peace Prize laureate, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) as a key civil society actor. It comprises 468 partner organizations in 101 countries. Their starting point was that the legality of nuclear possession and use was not subject to a comprehensive ban despite their catastrophic humanitarian and environmental consequences. > It was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 7 July 2017 and opened for signatures on 20 September 2017. The threshold of 50 ratifications for the treaty to enter into force was accomplished on 24 October 2020. As of 22 January 2021, 51 states have ratified the treaty. > But what does the TPNW ban more specifically? It includes a set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear weapon activities. These include undertakings not to develop, test, produce, acquire, possess, stockpile, use or threaten to use nuclear weapons. It also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons on national territory and the provision of assistance to any State in the conduct of prohibited activities. In short, no nuclear activities except peaceful use of nuclear energy are accepted. > The humanitarian and environmental perspectives are at the center of the TPNW. The preamble explains its motivation in the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons by the sufferings of the surviving victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the victims of nuclear tests. Art. 6 obliges states to perform environmental remediation and assistance to the victims of the use and testing of nuclear weapons. > The TPNW also mentions the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) in its preamble. The CTBT is perceived as of “vital importance” and “as a core element in the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime”. The TPNW prohibits nuclear testing but does not include a verification regime for monitoring compliance with the treaty – as the CTBT does. > Lastly, the TPNW is not ratified, nor signed, by any nuclear state. A constraint the agents of the treaty will have to overcome to accomplish their ultimate objective of the elimination of nuclear weapons. - [#WomenInScience : Meet Seismologist Annie Jerkins](https://www.norsar.no/news/womeninscience-meet-seismologist-annie-jerkins): On 11 February, we are going to celebrate the International Day for Women and Girls in Science. The United Nations General Assembly has established an annual International Day to recognize the critical role women and girls play in science and technology. > ![GenderBias](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311272-1612785052/norsar.no/InFocus/Gender_bias.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Unfortunately, there are still gender disparities within fields such as natural sciences, mathematics, and statistics. We believe all parties are beneficiaries of gender balance in science. > Throughout this week we will front some of our female colleagues and first one out is Seismologist Annie Jerkins: > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *I have a master’s degree in Geophysics from the University of Bergen and currently pursue a Ph.D. in Seismology at the University of Oslo.* > *I chose to study Geophysics and Seismology because I have always had an interest for maths and been intrigued by how this can be applied to real-world problems. When I was a child, I saw a volcano on a vacation to Lanzarote, and since then been fascinated by the earth’s inner powers.* > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *I work as a Seismologist and, as mentioned, currently pursue a Ph.D in Seismology. The topic of my Ph.D is improved understanding of earthquakes in the North Sea. The understanding of these earthquakes is important for oil and gas endeavours in the area.* > *In addition, I have been a part of the start-up of the Young Professionals Network (YPN) for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organistation (CTBTO). This is an important initiative, and its objective is to provide an adequate venue for young professionals to grow and learn within CTBO’s aims – an organisation undergoing a generational shift.* > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *If you are female and interested in science, I think you should go for it!* > *Women and men have the same preconditions to succeed in science. I also believe a good balance between female and male in work environments makes better dynamics and, thus, better results. There is an increasing number of women in science, and at NORSAR the number of women has increased drastically the past years. This has been fully positive.* > Thank for you for choosing science, Annie! - [#WomenInScience : Meet Seismologist Federica Ghione](https://www.norsar.no/news/womeninscience-meet-seismologist-federica-ghione): Day 2 of #WomenInScience – today you will meet Seismologist Federica Ghione from Italy. She holds a master’s degree in Applied Geological Sciences from the University of Pavia, Italy and is currently pursuing a PhD in Seismic Risk at the University of Oslo. > ![Johnson](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311341-1612862818/norsar.no/InFocus/social_EN_Johnson_1200x675.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *I have a master’s degree in Applied Geological Sciences from the University of Pavia, Italy. > I have always been curious and fascinated by the natural sciences since I was a kid. I remember that I had many games related to the topic and I loved to stay in contact to the nature.* > *When I was in high school and I was studying earth’s science, I started to understand some of these natural processes that amazed me. And by the end of high school, I was certain that I wanted to be a scientist.* > *So, I had no doubt when I engaged to the geology department to better understand the processes that drive the Earth and build a safer world to help the society.* > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *I work on seismic hazard and risk. Few months ago, I started the PhD on seismic risk with the University of Oslo and NORSAR. The main objective of my PhD is to perform a seismic risk assessment for the city of Oslo. * > *I am really happy to work on this field because it has a direct impact to the society. The purpose of this branch of science is to mitigate the impacts of an earthquake, therefore increasing the safety and quality of life of society.* > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *My suggestion is to ask yourself always questions about everything and never stop when you don’t receive an answer or you don’t understand something. Try to investigate and never give up. * - [#WomenInScience : Meet Senior Geophysicist Tina Kaschwich](https://www.norsar.no/news/womeninscience-meet-senior-geophysicist-tina-kaschwich): Day 3 of #WomenInScience – today you will meet our Principal Research Geophysicist and Deputy Head of Department Solutions Tina Kaschwich. Tina has been with us for over 15 years and has held various positions. > ![STEM](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311359-1612954419/norsar.no/InFocus/STEM_Jobs.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *During my school time it became pretty obvious that my strength lies in physics and mathematics, so when the time came to decide on what future career I will aim for, I got three potential suggestions: architecture, design or geophysics. After some considerations, I decided to study geophysics. * > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *I started as a Postdoc heired into an ongoing research project at NORSAR. After one year, I was offered a full position as a researcher in the seismic modelling group. Over my 15 years at NORSAR my work profile changed from only research towards administration and project management combined with technical work in various research projects. In 2020 I became deputy of the Software Solutions group. * > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *Well, independent on the sex is entering into science a decision that one should think carefully about. It is important to have confidence in your own skills and willing to discuss, defend and try scientific ideas, continuously. If one is self-driven and curious, science is the ideal choice. * > ** - [#WomenInScience : Meet Structural Geologist Anna Maria Dichiarante](https://www.norsar.no/news/womeninscience-meet-structural-geologist-anna-maria-dichiarante): Anna Maria is Italian and has a master’s degree in Structural Geology and Geodynamic of the Earth and of the Planets and a PhD in Structural Geology from Durham University. > ![Header_AMD](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311386-1613123187/norsar.no/InFocus/social_EN_strickland_1200x675.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *I studied geology. At high school, I was intrigued by minerals and rocks and fascinated about volcanos. When I started university, I quickly realized that I had an interest for the processes that shaped and continue shaping the landscape. Structural geology was a more mature choice and also relevant since I am from a region in Italy that, like many others, has been affected by destructive earthquakes in the recent past. Through field geology I wanted to find signs of these events and try to understand more. * > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *As part of the applied seismology team at NORSAR, I have been working with different international research projects that use seismicity induced by industrial processes, like CO2 storage, to interpret the subsurface. I also work within the risk and hazard team and we collaborate with municipalities to evaluate the potential hazard of earthquakes happening in Norway. * > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *Being a woman should not be an obstacle when entering science, it has not been for me and, in any case, remember that you are not alone! Seek a healthy and safe environment and be supportive to your female colleagues. Obstacles on your path might come, but a strong drive and the friendly environment you built, will allow you to overcome them. And, enjoy it!* - [#WomenInScience at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/news/womeninscience-at-norsar): On 11 February, NORSAR celebrated the International Day for Women and Girls in Science: #WomenInScience. Throughout the week we interviewed some of our female colleagues. > ![WomenInScience](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311461-1614004096/norsar.no/InFocus/WomenInScience-EN%5B2%5D.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > *Below you will find the interviews gathered:* > Anna Maria is Italian and has a master’s degree in Structural Geology and Geodynamic of the Earth and of the Planets and a PhD in Structural Geology from Durham University. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *I studied geology. At high school, I was intrigued by minerals and rocks and fascinated about volcanos. When I started university, I quickly realized that I had an interest for the processes that shaped and continue shaping the landscape. Structural geology was a more mature choice and also relevant since I am from a region in Italy that, like many others, has been affected by destructive earthquakes in the recent past. Through field geology I wanted to find signs of these events and try to understand more. * > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *As part of the applied seismology team at NORSAR, I have been working with different international research projects that use seismicity induced by industrial processes, like CO2 storage, to interpret the subsurface. I also work within the risk and hazard team and we collaborate with municipalities to evaluate the potential hazard of earthquakes happening in Norway. * > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *Being a woman should not be an obstacle when entering science, it has not been for me and, in any case, remember that you are not alone! Seek a healthy and safe environment and be supportive to your female colleagues. Obstacles on your path might come, but a strong drive and the friendly environment you built, will allow you to overcome them. And, enjoy it!* > Principal Research Geophysicist and Deputy Head of Department Solutions Tina Kaschwich has been with us for over 15 years and has held various positions. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *During my school time it became pretty obvious that my strength lies in physics and mathematics, so when the time came to decide on what future career I will aim for, I got three potential suggestions: architecture, design or geophysics. After some considerations, I decided to study geophysics.* > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *I started as a Postdoc heired into an ongoing research project at NORSAR. After one year, I was offered a full position as a researcher in the seismic modelling group. Over my 15 years at NORSAR my work profile changed from only research towards administration and project management combined with technical work in various research projects. In 2020 I became deputy of the Software Solutions group.* > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *Well, independent on the sex is entering into science a decision that one should think carefully about. It is important to have confidence in your own skills and willing to discuss, defend and try scientific ideas, continuously. If one is self-driven and curious, science is the ideal choice. * > ** > Seismologist Federica Ghione from Italy. Federica holds a master’s degree in Applied Geological Sciences from the University of Pavia and is currently pursuing a PhD in Seismic Risk at the University of Oslo. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *I have a master’s degree in Applied Geological Sciences from the University of Pavia, Italy. > I have always been curious and fascinated by the natural sciences since I was a kid. I remember that I had many games related to the topic and I loved to stay in contact to the nature.* > *When I was in high school and I was studying earth’s science, I started to understand some of these natural processes that amazed me. And by the end of high school, I was certain that I wanted to be a scientist.* > *So, I had no doubt when I engaged to the geology department to better understand the processes that drive the Earth and build a safer world to help the society.* > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *I work on seismic hazard and risk. Few months ago, I started the PhD on seismic risk with the University of Oslo and NORSAR. The main objective of my PhD is to perform a seismic risk assessment for the city of Oslo. * > *I am really happy to work on this field because it has a direct impact to the society. The purpose of this branch of science is to mitigate the impacts of an earthquake, therefore increasing the safety and quality of life of society.* > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *My suggestion is to ask yourself always questions about everything and never stop when you don’t receive an answer or you don’t understand something. Try to investigate and never give up. * > Norwegian-American Seismologist Annie Jerkins in currenty pursing a Ph.D. in Seismology at University of Oslo while working at NORSAR. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field?** > *I have a master’s degree in Geophysics from the University of Bergen and currently pursue a Ph.D. in Seismology at the University of Oslo.* > *I chose to study Geophysics and Seismology because I have always had an interest for maths and been intrigued by how this can be applied to real-world problems. When I was a child, I saw a volcano on a vacation to Lanzarote, and since then been fascinated by the earth’s inner powers.* > **What do you work with at NORSAR?** > *I work as a Seismologist and, as mentioned, currently pursue a Ph.D in Seismology. The topic of my Ph.D is improved understanding of earthquakes in the North Sea. The understanding of these earthquakes is important for oil and gas endeavours in the area.* > *In addition, I have been a part of the start-up of the Young Professionals Network (YPN) for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organistation (CTBTO). This is an important initiative, and its objective is to provide an adequate venue for young professionals to grow and learn within CTBO’s aims – an organisation undergoing a generational shift.* > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > *If you are female and interested in science, I think you should go for it!* > *Women and men have the same preconditions to succeed in science. I also believe a good balance between female and male in work environments makes better dynamics and, thus, better results. There is an increasing number of women in science, and at NORSAR the number of women has increased drastically the past years. This has been fully positive.* - [51 years of the Non-Proliferation Treaty](https://www.norsar.no/news/51-years-of-the-non-proliferation-treaty): Today, 5 March, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) entered into force 51 years ago. It opened for signature 1 July 1968 and entered into force 5 March 1970. The Treaty is described as the most important disarmament and arms control treaty of nuclear weapons. > ![Banner](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1311703-1614944211/norsar.no/InFocus/the-blowup-K6fYXynxZYY-unsplash%281%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The Non-Proliferation Treaty is of vital importance for international endeavors in nuclear disarmament. The Treaty was negotiated and adopted in a political climate characterized by the Cold War’s arms race, fear of proliferation and increased risk of use, and, thus, made the world a less safe place. > The Treaty recognizes the US, Russia, the UK, France and China as five Nuclear Weapons States. The states which have acquired nuclear weapons after 1968 are, hence, not recognized by the NPT as Nuclear Weapons Sates. In 1995, the NPT Review Conference, arranged every fifth year, extended the due date of the Treaty's objectives to indefinite – unlike the 25 years set in 1968. > **Three Pillars** > The Non-Proliferation Treaty contains three pillars. These are non-proliferation, disarmament and the right to peaceful use of nuclear energy. > Non-Proliferation means that Nuclear Weapons States cannot transfer nuclear weapons, explosives or assist other states to acquire such weapons. Non-Nuclear Weapons States cannot acquire or control nuclear weapons or explosives or receive assistance to develop. In addition, the NPT refers to safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency to secure compliance. Thus, the Treaty is dual: States cannot give or receive nuclear weapons or knowledge of how to develop them. > Art. VI expects Nuclear Weapon States to, in good faith, work toward active measures for the disarmament of nuclear arms. This article represents the only binding obligation to nuclear disarmament Nuclear Weapons States have under international law. > The last pillar is the right to peaceful use of nuclear energy. Art. IV recognizes all states’ universal right to the development of nuclear energy, and to harvest goods of international cooperation in the realm. Without exceptions, this development must be done in compliance with the pillar of non-proliferation and safeguards by the IAEA. > **CTBT and NPT: Complementary Treaties?** > In 1996, 26 years after the NPT entered into force, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was adopted by the UN General Assembly and opened for signature. The CTBT bans all nuclear tests and explosions and has over the years established a norm against testing – despite not having entered into force. > Member states of the NPT perceives the CTBT as a key contributor to the non-proliferation regime and an example of how international treaties and cooperation can move us toward a world without nuclear weapons. The test ban makes it more challenging for states with intentions to develop these weapons to do so and constrains the Nuclear Weapons States’ further development and modernization of current arsenals. > The CTBT is presented as an international treaty that continuously builds bridges between Nuclear Weapons States and Non-Nuclear Weapons States. The objective to find common ground between states was highlighted during the NPT Preparatory Committee in 2019. More than 75 NPT member states ascribed the CTBT to a bridge-builder role in their opening statements. > **NPT in 2021** > In 2021, the NPT has 191 States Signatories. India, Israel, Pakistan and South Sudan have not signed the treaty, whilst North Korea chose to withdraw in 2003. > The NPT Review Conference 2020 had to be postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is now announced that the conference will be held in August 2021 in New York or digitally. - [Large nuclear test in North Korea on 3 September 2017](https://www.norsar.no/news/large-nuclear-test-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017): The seismological observatory NORSAR at Kjeller, Norway, has detected the latest underground nuclear test by North Korea. > ![North Korea nuclear explosions](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135665-1504512084/norsar.no/Press/Pictures/20170903-DPRK_6events_NORSAR_array.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > NORSAR has recorded signals from an underground nuclear test explosion conducted by North Korea at its Punggye-ri test site on 3 September 2017. NORSAR has estimated the explosive yield at 120 kilotons TNT, based on a seismic magnitude of 5.8. In comparison, the explosive yield of the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 was estimated at 15 kilotons TNT, while the bomb dropped on Nagasaki three days later was 20 kilotons TNT. > The figure above shows at the bottom the seismic recording of the latest test in North Korea made at NORSAR’s station in Hedmark, Norway. The five upper traces show recordings at the same station for the five preceding tests, conducted by North Korea in 2006, 2009, 2013 and 2016 (two explosions in 2016). Today’s test is as can be seen from this figure clearly the strongest so far. > The test site in North Korea is located at a distance of 7360 km from NORSAR’s seismic station in Hedmark. Given that the seismic waves take approximately 11 minutes to propagate from North Korea to Norway, the measurements indicate that this explosion took place at 03:30 UTC. > The figure below shows the estimated locations within the Pungggye-ri test site of the five previous tests (red dots). The tests are conducted in the tunnel system inside the mountain. The area of the likely location of the most recent test is indicated in the figure. Some additional work is required in order to estimate a precise location. > North Korea claims that this was a test of a hydrogen bomb; the same claim was made for previous tests. It is not possible from the seismic data alone to determine if this was a test of a hydrogen bomb, but we can say in general that the credibility of the claim increases with increasing explosive yield. Possible leakage of radionuclides may be registered later and may indicate the type of bomb. These data may be available in a matter of weeks, if there is a leakage from the test site. > The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Organization in Vienna, Austria has issued a press release on the occasion of the seismic signals from North Korea today. The press release can be found here http://www.ctbto.org/press-centre/press-releases/2017/ctbto-executive-secretary-lassina-zerbo-on-the-unusual-seismic-event-detected-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/. > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135667-1504512486/norsar.no/Press/PressReleases/2017-0903-DPRK.zip > ![Anne S. Lycke is CEO at NORSAR.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133948-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28banner%29.jpg ) > For more information, contact NORSAR CEO Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no, mobile +47 97 79 49 66. - [ACT - Accelerating CCS Technologies](https://www.norsar.no/news/act-accelerating-ccs-technologies): ACT is an international initiative to establish CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) as a tool to combat global warming. > ![ACT logo](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313399-1642606023/Accelerating%2BCCS%2Blogo%2Bfinal%2BRGB%2B300dpi.png ) > ACT means Accelerating CCS Technologies, and the ambition of the 16 partners is to fund research and innovation projects that can lead to safe and cost-effective CCUS technology. > The first ACT Call for project proposals was published in 2016 and resulted in eight projects that were started autumn 2017. The second ACT Call was published 2018. The budget for the call was € 31 M and 12 new projects started autumn 2019. > The third ACT Call was published in 2020. The budget for the call is € 27M and 12 new projects are planned to commence in autumn 2021. > Read more here http://www.act-ccs.eu/. - [ENSURE: How to Ensure Safe Carbon Capture and Storage](https://www.norsar.no/news/ensure-how-to-ensure-safe-carbon-capture-and-storage): NORSAR will lead a newly funded research project on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Together with partners, the project has been allocated funds from the Norwegian Research Council and will take us one step closer to safe storage of CO2. > ![ENSUREstor](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312855-1635959820/norsar.no/InFocus/NORSAR_Verdenskart%5B1%5D.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The project, ENSURE – effective monitoring of long-term site stability for transparent carbon capture and storage hazard assessment –, receives funds from the European Union’s ERA NET Cofund program called ACT, which is a subsidiary of Horizon 2020, a European research and innovation program. ACT, short for Accelerating CCS Technologies, is an international venture to support research, development and innovation in CO2-management. The venture comprises 16 countries and regions and is coordinated by the Norwegian Research Council. > ENSURE started in October 2021 and has a timeline of three years. The superior objective of ENSURE is to establish that microseismic monitoring technologies are not solely resilient and cost-effective, but a publicly accepted utility for verifying the integrity of CO2-storage sites. To establish this, NORSAR has eight partners from seven countries, among them are industrial actors such as Shell, Total, BP and ASN. The header image illustrates NORSAR’s partners, spread across Europe and North America. > – Safe storage of CO2 is crucial to succeeding with large-scale carbon capture and storage. Our objective with this project is to find the most applicable and cost-efficient method to ensure this. We now record and collect real field data at industrial-scale CO2 storage sites, testing a variety of new, innovative concepts to ensure that the most relevant data is used to conduct CO2 storage monitoring. I have great faith in it succeeding, says Volker Oye, Head of Research and seismologist at NORSAR. > **A complex research venture** > ENSURE will be led by NORSAR’s Bettina Goertz-Allmann and it includes three Work Packages. The first Work Package will identify factors that allow us to take decisions on the monitoring results and to which level of confidence the monitoring can be applied. This directly results in recommendations for most cost-effective monitoring networks. The second Work Package is about analyzing the integrity and stability of the storage sites and researchers will compare data and interpreted results from these sites, respectively. The third and last Work Package is about mapping stakeholders’ opinions on CO2 storage, in addition to dissemination of research results. > – It has been a rigorous application process where we have set up a solid research framework with great partners. I am looking forward to finally starting the project, says Bettina-Goertz-Allmann, Project Manager of ENSURE and seismologist at NORSAR. - [CCS is gaining interest in Europe](https://www.norsar.no/news/ccs-is-gaining-interest-in-europe): The 2021 climate summit in Glasgow is over. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seen as a crucial solution in achieving the tightened climate goals in Europe. With the establishment of Langskip, the world is looking over at Norway. NORSAR will lead a prominent project on safe storage in collaboration with several international players. > ![StorCCS](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1312944-1637742963/norsar.no/InFocus/Bilde%20til%20art.%20CCS%20%282%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > It is possible to store large amounts of CO2 on the Norwegian shelf. NORSAR is an internationally recognized foundation with core expertise in seismology and geophysics. The new project consists of several partners, including Shell, Total, BP and Alcatel Submarine Networks as well as the University of Alberta, INGV (Italy) and MRCI (US institutes Battelle and Illinois State Geological Survey). > The distribution of funds comes from the EU's Accelerating CCS Technologies (ACT) program, located under Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The overall goal of the project is to establish micro-seismic monitoring technologies as a widely accepted tool for verifying the integrity of CO2 storages. > **The project will examine the European population's sense of security** > Ensuring credible, independent, and secure monitoring of CO2 storage is a crucial component of gaining CCS support among the population and decision-makers in Europe. > One of the challenges associated with carbon capture and storage in Europe is discussions about the risk related to its safety. These fears have put CCS as a climate solution under pressure. Now the first major survey of people's perceived risks and opinions about carbon storage will be examined. > - Safe storage of CO2 is crucial for successful large-scale carbon capture and storage. Our goal with the project is to find the most useful and cost-effective way to monitor and verify storage. The climate problem is international, and international cooperation is therefore a key to progress, says NORSAR's CEO, Anne Lycke. > **Includes an important collaboration with SINTEF** > At the recent round table conference on secure storage, SINTEF and NORSAR signed a cooperation agreement on technology for verification and secure storage of CO2. > - We are very pleased that strong research environments such as SINTEF and NORSAR collaborates in such a meaningful project as this, this, says Executive Vice President of SINTEF, Morten Dalsmo. > NORSAR have for a long time worked to include other research environments in Norway on safe storage. > - The Norwegian environment is leading CCS efforts worldwide and we are happy to unite the Norwegian efforts within storage monitoring, says CEO Anne Lycke. > Read more about the project here https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/norsar-skal-lede-nytt-forskningsprosjekt-om-co2-lagring and direct questions to CEO Anne Lycke on 977 94 966. - [TURNkey in 2021: Halfway assessment and annual meeting](https://www.norsar.no/news/turnkey-in-2021-halfway-assessment-and-annual-meeting): So far this year, the European cooperation has received their halfway evaluation from the European Commission and held its annual meeting between the participants and partners in the project. > ![TURNkey meeting ](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313562-1643979322/Coverbilde_TURNkey.png%20%28content_full_width%29%281%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > **Research for a safer Europe** > NORSAR is leading the EU project TURNkey, which will help save lives and reduce future economic cost in Europe. Earthquakes are the natural hazard that leads to the most deaths and, after severe storms, contribute to the second most annual economic losses. > TURNkey is a three-year project that will reduce the gap between theoretical frameworks and practical use and advise stakeholders on damage limitation before, during and after a devastating earthquake. In this way, TURNkey will contribute to reducing earthquake risk and reducing possible, future social and economic losses. > **Halfway assessment ** > In February, TURNkey participants met with the EU Commission for a halfway review of the project's progress. The overall impression is that the project is going well. > Most milestones set for initial reporting have been reached and deliveries have been delivered on time or with short delays. There have also been some postponements and changes to the work plan due to Covid-19, but the commission acknowledges that it is beyond the project's control and praises the management for good handling. The delays have been related to the installation of seismic sensors. Nevertheless, most sensors are installed and there is still time left for completion before the year is over and the work delivered is described as of high scientific-technological quality. > **Annual meeting ** > Due to COVID-19 restrictions, it was not possible to conduct a physical meeting of the TURNkey participants and partners. Nevertheless, more than 60 people attended a full day of digital lectures and events on 16 June. > External participants from the Scientific Advisory Board of Japan and the United States participated to learn more about the latest updates. Version 2.0 of the TURNkey platform was presented with a simulated event and the results of a new round of interviews with Stakeholder stakeholders were discussed among all partners. In addition, presentations were made of other similar EU projects such as RISE and SensEQuake. > Following these, a large group of researchers was given an innovative challenge: to present their research in just 90 seconds (with one slide available) to summarize their publication. > See footage from the day: > TURNkey 2nd Consortium Meeting (June 16, 2021): Pitch Session on Earthquake Early Warning: > https://www.youtube.com/playlist?app=desktop&list=PLwkV99isV3rpQPdu_tUfa7k9pkSqZwhea > TURNkey 2nd Consortium Meeting (June 16, 2021): Pitch Session on Operational Earthquake Forecasting: > https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwkV99isV3rowMG9vsm9zg8OYoDPV7HIY > TURNkey 2nd Consortium Meeting (June 16, 2021): Pitch Session on Rapid Response to Earthquake: > https://www.youtube.com/playlist?app=desktop&list=PLwkV99isV3rqCIkrbO_oxcXY7aWrDnjN4 - [TURNkey: Newsletter October 2021](https://www.norsar.no/news/turnkey-newsletter-october-2021): TURNkey is an EU-funded project led by NORSAR where the overall goal is to connect theoretical systems and their practical use in Europe to improve seismic resistance before, during and after a harmful earthquake. After the summer of 2021, several activities have been completed. > ![October TURNkey](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313819-1645006631/NORSAR%2C%20Norconsult%20AS%2C%20Alcatel%20Submarine%20Networks%20Norway%20%281%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > From 2006 to 2015, Europe experienced 21 earthquake-related disasters that resulted in 1.049 fatalities, more than 18 billion Euros in economic losses, and affected 284.000 people. In the last years, risk awareness and perception towards seismic threats have increased among the public and policy makers in many European countries. These European countries have also understood how important it is to help mitigate the seismic risks, by making the best possible use of the potential of earthquake forecasting and early warning as well as by responding rapidly after an earthquake. > TURNkey (Towards more Earthquake-resilient Urban Societies through a Multi-sensor-based Information System enabling Earthquake Forecasting, Early Warning and Rapid Response actions) is a three-year EU-funded project led by Norsar involving 20 other partners from 10 European countries. The overall goal is to link together theoretical systems with practical use in Europe to improve seismic resistance before, during and after a harmful earthquake. > **Finished projects ** > The end of the summer coincided with the closure of several project activities and the dissemination of the achieved results. An important stage to demonstrate the TURNkey developments was the ESC2021 (37th General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission), held online from the 19th to the 24th of September 2021. In particular, TURNkey and RISE (Real-time earthquake rIsk reduction for a resilient Europe) jointly organised Session 18 "Towards operational forecasting of earthquakes and early warning capacity for more resilient societies", where the great synergy between the two European projects was shown once again. > Another important dissemination activity carried out in the last months is the TURNkey participation in the Service1 - Module B (Helping projects from the portfolio to design and execute a portfolio dissemination plan) of HRB (Horizon Result Booster). This service takes place after Service 1 - Module A (Identifying and creating the portfolio of R&I project results), which ended in June 2021, and will last for about three months. It will enable the target Project Group (PG) to have professional support in designing an effective and combined dissemination plan. > Both Work Package 3 (Assessment of ground motions before, during and after an earthquake), Work Package 4 (Physical and systemic vulnerability estimation for rapid loss prediction updating), and Work Package 5 (Decision Support Systems (DSSs) for real-time (OEF and EEW) and near real-time (RRE) disaster prevention and risk communication) were completed at the end of September 2021, and marked a milestone in the project. Two of the interesting results from these Work Packages are presented in the October 2021 newsletter https://mailchi.mp/0feaeddc248f/turnkey-project-newsletter-14933371. > The next milestone for the project will be to deliver the final version of the TURNkey platform at the end of January 2022. The TURNkey platform will provide acceptable results and assist actors in taking various risk reduction measures before, during and after a devastating earthquake. In the last months of the project and until May 2022 (when the project ends), the focus will be on testing and validating the platform with those who have different areas of responsibility within first aid, critical infrastructure, and business organizations. - [TURNkey Newsletter: January 2022](https://www.norsar.no/news/turnkey-newsletter-january-2022): In a new newsletter from January 2022, TURNkey presents results from Work Package 4 and Work Package 5 which have been completed. The demonstration of the TURNkey platform will be delivered shortly. > ![January 2022](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313804-1645006525/NORSAR%2C%20Norconsult%20AS%2C%20Alcatel%20Submarine%20Networks%20Norway.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png Foto: TURNkey) > There are only a few months left until the end of TURNkey and the demonstration of the TURNkey platform, scheduled for the end of April in Alicante, Spain. Most of the Work Packages (WPs) have been completed and with them all the related activities that have led to the achievement of all the set objectives. > In the newsletter from January 2022 https://us20.campaign-archive.com/?u=57a2c423b39cc385f73762443&id=825a5e19ee, TURNkey present the results of WP4 (Physical and Systemic Vulnerability Estimation for Rapid Loss Prediction Updating) and WP5 (Decision Support Systems for real-time and near real-time disaster prevention and risk communication), both officially completed in autumn 2021. A final joint WP4&5 meeting was held online last December, facilitated by BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, WP4 Coordinator) and UCL (University College London, WP5 Coordinator), and joined by many consortium members. The event summarized the scientific results achieved in each task and took stock of the work completed since the start of the project. > **Achievements in Work Package 4** > The main objective of WP4 was the development of a Rapid Earthquake Loss Prediction Model to estimate the losses immediately after an earthquake (i.e., Rapid Response to Earthquakes). To this end, the following successive steps have been completed: > Evaluation and development of physical vulnerability models (Task 4.1) > Estimation of the functionality losses of Critical Infrastructure Systems following an earthquake (Task 4.2) > Application and test of structural health monitoring methods based on information acquired from the sensors (Task 4.3) > Collation of online citizen accounts after an earthquake (Task 4.4.1) > Procedure for Rapid Earthquake Loss Prediction (Task 4.5) > **Achievements in Work Package 5** > The main objective of WP5 was the development and testing of Decision Support Systems (DSSs) for real-time (Operational Earthquake Forecasting, OEF; and Earthquake Early Warning, EEW) and near-real-time (Rapid Response to Earthquakes, RRE) disaster prevention, integrating frameworks, methods, models, and datasets from WP3 and WP4. To this end, the following successive steps have been completed: > Development of stakeholder performance metrics (Task 5.1) > Community resilience and recovery models (Task 5.2) > Development of DSSs for OEF and EEW (Task 5.3) > Development of a DSS for post-event rapid response, also accounting for aftershocks (Task 5.4) > Development of protocols for response, emergency management, and safety communication (Task 5.5) > Read more about the project on the TURNkey wesite here https://earthquake-turnkey.eu/. - [The international day for women and girls in science!](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-international-day-for-women-and-girls-in-science): On the 11th of February, the UN celebrates the international day for women and girls in science! During the last decades, the global community have made a lot of effort to inspire women and girls in the field of science. However, women and girls continue to be excluded from participating to the fullest. > ![Women in Science](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1313753-1644505560/women_and_girls_in_science-2022.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The purpose of the celebration is to increase the representation of women in scientific disciplines. Gender equality is crucial for the realization of the UN's goals for sustainable development, specifically goal five on gender equality. Since the turn of the millennium, gender equality has been central to the work of the UN and international organizations, with some startling results. > **The background** > The UN established the day in 2015. The aim was to encourage women and girls to reach their potential as researchers and innovators. The day was adopted through Resolution A / RES / 70/212, which emphasizes that it is extremely important that women and girls have access to education and training in science and technology. At the same time, the resolution emphasizes that women should have an equal right to full employment in these fields. > The international community has been working to increase the number of female researchers for several years. However, the effort meets resistance. Despite the fact that more women have access to education, social norms still affect the opportunities for women. This means that many women are still underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM = Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics). These disciplines are fundamental for sustainable development. Low female participation means less influence for women while the areas have a smaller supply of knowledgeable people - this has an impact on the development of society. > - Women belong in the scientific disciplines. Yet academic stereotypes prevents this. It is time to recognize that greater diversity creates more innovation, said UN Secretary-General António Guterres on the occasion of the celebration last year. > **Women in the important arenas** > The Covid-19 pandemic has increased the existing gender inequality, especially for female researchers who are early in their careers. The theme for last year's celebration was thus an increased female representation in the scientific fight against the pandemic virus. > The seventh celebration https://www.un.org/en/observances/women-and-girls-in-science-day/assembly takes place this year in a virtual format from the UN headquarters in New York, focusing on women's work and influence within sustainability goal number 6, clean water and sanitation. NORSAR's expertise in real-time monitoring of seismic events is also used, among other things, to detect leaks in water pipes. About thirty percent of all the water obtained from drinking water sources in Norway today disappears before it reaches consumers. As drinking water pipes experience leakage and water loss, the water supply in Norway becomes more vulnerable to pollution. > This year's international celebration aims to recognize the role of women in research, not only as recipients, but also as actors who create lasting change in challenging areas such as water shortages. According to the UN, billions of people will not have access to clean drinking water and safe sanitation and hygiene services by 2030, unless the current effort quadruples. > **NORSAR** > As an international research foundation, NORSAR aims to create a safer world by conducting research on the earth's vibrations. In order to realize these goals, it is crucial for us to hire the most competent employees. Being able to choose from more women will also be invaluable for the development of tomorrow's society. > Last year https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/womeninscience-at-norsar, NORSAR marked UN Day for Women and Girls in Research by interviewing several of the foundation's female employees. Women and girls in science are an important celebration internationally as well as in Norway. We are happy and proud to have increased our proportion of women in recent years to 33%! - [ENSURE : The work package acquiring data from the field examples is well under way! ](https://www.norsar.no/news/ensure-the-work-package-acquiring-data-from-the-field-examples-is-well-under-way): Data collection from a downhole fiber cable has now commenced in Canada, allowing the project team to compare events registered by fiber, surface geophone arrays and downhole geophone instrumentations. > ![ENSURE case study sites](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314122-1647640410/ENSUREimage.png ) > Also new data from France comparing geophone nodes, seismometers and various fiber cables are being collected. > The outcome of these studies may provide evidence that monitoring can be conducted more cost effective by using new technology. Communicating this to partners, authorities and other stakeholders to build trust in the data and their interpretation will be an important task in the project. - [New article in Science - Compiled recordings of the huge 2022 Hunga eruption](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-article-in-science-compiled-recordings-of-the-huge-2022-hunga-eruption): Science has published a new article regarding atmospheric waves and global geophysical observations of the January 15th, 2022 Hunga eruption, Tonga. Norwegian institutes have contributed. > The Hunga volcano erupted on January the 15th 2022. This eruption, the largest since the 1883 Krakatau eruption, was recorded all around the globe from the underground to the edge of space. A huge effort from 76 scientist, including Norwegian institutes (NORSAR and NGI), recordings from both spaceborne and ground-based instrumentation are compiled in a new article in Science. > **The Hunga volcano eruption ** > On the 15th of January 2022, the Hunga volcano erupted about 65 km north of the capital of Tonga, Nuku’alofa (4:20 am local time). This is a once-in-a-century event that produced remarkable atmospheric waves that were recorded globally by a variety of sensors. The most prominent atmospheric wave was the so-called Lamb wave that was recorded circling around the globe four times within six days. > The Hunga main pressure wave is comparable in amplitude to that of the 1883 Krakatau eruption but over an order of magnitude larger than those generated by the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. The frequency content of the event spans a very wide band (from inaudible to audible sounds). Accounts of audible sound were reported across Alaska as far as 10,000 km from Hunga (compared to ~4,800 km for Krakatau 1883). Audio signals consist of short-duration signals consistent with repeated “booms” reported by observers. These are the furthest documented accounts of audible sound, which is likely related in part to global population increases and advances in societal connectivity. > The explosion caused seismic waves corresponding with an earthquake of magnitude 5.8. Seismic signals were also recorded at NORSAR's seismic stations on mainland Norway, Svalbard, and at the Troll station in Antarctica. > **A community effort ** > Scientist from 17 countries, are releasing a new study in Science titled “Atmospheric waves and global seismoacoustic observations of the January 2022 Hunga eruption, Tonga”. The study reports global multi-technology geophysical observations of the explosion. Experts from various fields such as seismology, acoustics, satellite imagery, ionospheric science, and hydroacoustic collected data from around the globe, processed, and analyzed them within a month from the eruption. This study was made possible by the large amount of open and freely-available data and software used for processing, analysis, and display. > A link to the paper can be found here https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7063. > **The IMS system is fundamental for global monitoring ** > The main goal of the International Monitoring System (IMS) is to verify the compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). This objective is achieved through the deployment of geophysical instruments around the globe to detect signatures of nuclear explosions that might indicate violations of the Treaty. However, the use of IMS data goes way beyond nuclear monitoring. This is once again showcased by this new collaborative paper using data registered by IMS stations including NORSARs own station IS37 in Bardufoss, Northern Norway https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/enorm-trykkbolge-registrert-etter-vulkaneksplosjonen-pa-tonga?fbclid=IwAR20sTpueRnYW3SRia4KbAnp9wi-GfLcvXSxmbuaP7veXFYYmkiq3mvyg5s. The IMS network significantly improve the station coverage with highly-accurate arrays all around the globe. > *Figure: **Background image composition generated with satpy, https://satpy.readthedocs.io, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.596324* > The picture above illustrates the atmospheric waves generated by the Hunga, Tonga eruption from the analysis performed in the paper on the 6.2 micron channel superimposed on the true color composition from GOES-17 geostationary satellite. - [NORSAR technology listed!](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-technology-listed): Today, the company Nordic Technology group (NTG) was listed on the stock exchange. This group includes Wavetrains Systems, which 12 years ago set itself the goal of making it safer to cross train tracks. Research and development from NORSAR has made this possible. > Wavetrains Systems owns and develops a warning system for passing unsecured crossings on railways. By listening for sound in the train tracks, the company will be able to determine when a train is approaching and alert lighting systems at the crossings. Read more about Wavetrain Systems (in norwegian) here https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/norsar-teknologi-pa-bors. > In 2010, NORSAR and Wavetrains Systems https://www.wavetrain.no/ entered into an agreement that gives Wavetrains Systems exclusive rights to utilize the method for measuring acoustic wave propagation in train tracks. The technology, which is patent-protected in several countries, can be used to detect incoming trains. This technology makes it possible to detect lighter trains at a distance of 2,5 km and heavier trains at a distance of 5 km. > Learn more about the innovative Level Crossing Warning System in the video below. > Read the Euronext press release here https://www.euronext.com/en/about/media/euronext-press-releases/nordic-technology-group-lists-euronext-growth-oslo. - [MEDiate](https://www.norsar.no/news/mediate): The Multi-hazard and Resilient-informed system for Enhanced Local and Regional Disaster risk management (MEDiate) project will contribute to enhanced assessment of disaster risks and to improved disaster risk management and governance. > ![ logo](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315148-1665660870/norsar.no/InFocus/-logo-DEF.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > is a Horizon Europe project starting October 2022 and is funded under the Disaster-Resilient Society 2021 call. > In the next three years, the Consortium, coordinated by NORSAR and consisting of 18 partners from 7 European Countries, involving a multi-disciplinary team of meteorological, environmental, social and geophysical scientists, civil and risk engineers, information technologists, business economists and managers, and end-users, will work together to ensure that delivers solutions that are user-led and supported by appropriate technology. > will develop a decision-support system (DSS) for disaster risk management by considering multiple interacting natural hazards and cascading impacts using a novel resilient-informed, service-oriented and people-centred approach that accounts for forecasted modifications in the hazard, vulnerability and exposure. > More information on the webpage https://mediate-project.eu/. > Follow us on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/mediate-project. > ![Dr. Abdelghani Meslem, Project coordinator, NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/139168-1583830443/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/abdelghanimeslem-square.jpg%20%28avatar_user_display%29.jpg ) > Dr. Abdelghani Meslem mailto:abdelghani.meslem@norsar.no > Project coordinator, NORSAR - [Global DAS monitoring month February 2023](https://www.norsar.no/news/global-das-monitoring-month-february-2023): The IRIS Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Research Coordination Network (RCN) is coordinating a global measurement campaign of fibre systems in the period 1-28 February 2023. > ![Map of potential participants](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315447-1672319422/Bilder/GloablMonthMap_2022-12-29.png Potential participants) > The IRIS DAS RCN https://www.iris.edu/hq/initiatives/das_rcnis coordinating a global measurement campaign of fibre systems. The campaign is planned from 1 Feb – 28 Feb 2023 and shall contain DAS systems of triggered data from teleseismic events (>M5, USGS catalogue). We are looking for contributions from academia and industry (downhole, pipeline, …) > We envision a campaign where multiple DAS systems are recording at the same time in different regions of the globe for a certain time, such that we can look at teleseismic earthquake. That way we could find out how a global monitoring system based on DAS should look like. We hope that there are a few interesting global EQs during that period, and each participant can upload triggered data window to a central storage location. This would thus also help to identify bottle-necks in data format, storage, and legal issues. Scientifically, this dataset should also allow for very interesting research! > **Specifications** > What: Global EQ DAS data campaign > When: 01 - 28 Feb 2023 > Legal: Creative Commons > Format: Down-sampled, native interrogator format > Support: Some examples of support files are provided below > **Readme.txt https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315588-1675104403/Bilder/README-NORSAR_Array.txt **with description of the data, site, cable and contact > **coordinates.kml ** https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315585-1675104367/Bilder/NORFOX_Channels.kmlcontaining the lat/lon/elev locations of each channel (if available) > **coordinates.csv https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315586-1675104379/Bilder/NORFOX_Channels.csv **containing relative locations (if coordinates are sensitive) > **meta.json** https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315587-1675104392/Bilder/NORFOX_meta.json meta-data as described by the RCN working group https://github.com/DAS-RCN/DAS_metadata > **my_format_reader.py https://github.com/ASN-Norway **a reader for the data format (Python, Matlab, C++, Julia, ...) > The output of the reader should be strain or strain-rate. > Data: > 100Hz DAS data, convertable to strain or strain-rate > spatial sampling ~20m, > 1 hour per event (3600sec) > **List of relevant earthquakes** > Earthquakes of magnitude 5 or lager will be the basis for this campaign. Note that data should include 1 hour (3600sec) after the reported origin time. We will use events identified by the USGS, and the full catalogue can be found here: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/ https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/ > You can also get email notifications from USGS: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/ens/ https://earthquake.usgs.gov/ens/ > They also offer an output in JSON format. A link **specifically for the Feb 2023 period** is provided for your conveniece here: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query.geojson?starttime=2023-02-01%2000:00:00&endtime=2023-02-28%2023:59:59&minmagnitude=5&orderby=time https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query.geojson?starttime=2023-02-01%2000:00:00&endtime=2023-02-28%2023:59:59&minmagnitude=5&orderby=time > **Continuous day** > There is strong interest for some research in continuous data. We thus declare > **February 14th 2023, 00:00 - 23:59 UTC ** > as the period where 24h of data shall be shared, if possible. Note that this data shall be *down-sampled to 50Hz*. > **Data upload to PubDAS** > PubDAS is a repository for DAS data hosted by the University of Michigan (see the paper by Spica et al. https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/3574/). > You first need to create a Globus ID https://www.globusid.org/create. With that ID please then contact Ƶack Spica (zspica@umich.edu mailto:zspica@umich.edu) to get access to the PubDAS-upload folder https://app.globus.org/file-manager. Search for the collection "*PubDAS-upload", *and set is as bookmark. > Ƶack provides an intro on how to upload and access data here https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1KukkptdmZxABi-t-bx4TFUbCdZSzf3KoGtG8aIYuv7I/edit?usp=sharing. Spica et al. https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/3574/ has a list of the most important tutorials at the end of the paper. > Events (1-hour sections of down-sampled data) can be uploaded either successively as they are available (preferred approach), or as a single batch at the end of the month. Please give your folders a unique name (e.g. ./PubDAS/UniversityName/SiteName/2023/02/03/[Timestamp].h5) > We will double-check if everything complies with requirements (folder structure, sampling rate, required files, etc). We then make the data publicly available. > Data upload will be closed on March 31st 2023, 12:00 UTC (i.e., at noon London time) > List of events > Source time (UTC)MagnitudeLatitudeLongitudeDepth| > |- |- |- |- || > ![Senior Research Geophysicist / Technology Lead Fiber Optics](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315366-1670240648/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/andreaswuestefeld_square.jpg%20%28timeline%29.jpg ) > Andreas Wüstefeld mailto:andreas.wuestefeld@norsar.no > Senior Research Geophysicist / Technology Lead Fiber Optics - [We celebrate #WomenInScience!](https://www.norsar.no/news/we-celebrate-womeninscience): On 11 February, we celebrate the International Day for Women and Girls in Science. The aim is to increase the representation of women within scientific disciplines. Get to know some of our female colleagues! > ![large group photo](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315714-1676104726/story%20banner%20happy%20%23WomenInScience%21.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > Although more women have access to education today than ever before, many opportunities and choices for women are still affected by social norms. This leads to women beeing underrepresented in disciplines such as Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). These are areas that are fundamental to creating sustainable development. > Europe's talent shortage in research and science is best solved by motivating more women to immerse themselves in professional fields where academic stereotypes throughout history have slowed down diversity. Low female participation means that the areas have less access to knowledgeable people. > NORSAR's vision is to create a safer world through outstanding research on the earth's vibrations. In order for the employees to be able to work together towards this vision, it is essential that the company recruits human capital from the best and broadest knowledge base. > Throughout the week we have interviewed some of our female colleagues here in the building! > **What do you work with at NORSAR? ** > I am a postdoc in NORSAR and the Center for Geophysical Forecasting. I am doing research on using seismic noise to look at changes in the ground and monitor potentially dangerous structures, such as quick clay. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field? ** > After watching a documentary about Yellowstone National Park in the USA, I decided to study geosciences. > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > Accept challenges and learn by doing. > **What do you work with at NORSAR? ** > I work with Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). We are looking at using optical fibers to detect vibrations. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field? ** > I studied physics and mathematics at NTNU in Trondheim. I chose my major mainly because I thought physics was fun in high school. As I got further into the course of study, I found the section on optics within physics to be particularly interesting. Therefore, I specialized with a master's in optics, and further with a doctorate in optical properties. > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science? ** > It is important to follow your gut feelings and choose what you think is fun and interesting. If you gain energy from your job, you know you have made the right choice. My advice is not to do only the things that are considered right all the time. > **What do you work with at NORSAR? ** > I am an earthquake engineer working on seismic hazards and risks at NORSAR since 2021. Since then, I have participated in seismic hazard and risk assessment projects. I was a key member of TURNkey project and currently on the MEDiate project. > **What did you study – and why did you choose this field? ** > I gained the B.Eng degree in Civil Engineering in 2014, M.Sc in Earthquake engineering and disaster management in 2016 and PhD in earthquake engineering and applied seismology in 2021. The reasons for my choice are two-fold, family influence and personal interest. My father is an experienced structural engineer, and has inspired me to be an engineer solving problems with practical solutions. As I continue on the journey to becoming an earthquake engineer, I get more and more interested in this field. I have experienced many strong earthquakes and witnessed the devastating consequences of these events. This keeps me motivated and I am happy to contribute to that through my work at NORSAR. > **Do you have any recommendations for women and girls who consider science?** > Be confident in yourself when you are exploring the science world. Science is a long journey that may or may not have a clear destination. Remind yourself to be motivated and curious during the journey. Equally important, enjoy your life! - [2022 - A snapshot](https://www.norsar.no/news/2022-a-snapshot): 2022 was a good year for us at NORSAR. In this year's snapshot, you can read about our important work within the test ban treaty, fiber technology, safe and transparent storage of CO2 and our work on a safer society against natural hazards. > ![2022 A SNAPSHOT](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1316302-1681299427/norsar-innblikk-2122-full.content-en.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > Despite the fact that we started the year by returning to good working days and a social life, 2022 ended up being an unusual year, nevertheless. On February 24, Ukraine was invaded, and we immediately lost communication with our listening stations. A new effort to monitor explosions near the nuclear power plants began by expanding the applications of the technologies used to monitor nuclear weapon test explosions. > NORSAR's vision is to create a safer world through outstanding research on the earth's vibrations. Our important societal mission is a major driver for creating good results. In this year's snapshot, we highlight our important work within the the test ban treaty, fiber technology, safe and transparent storage of CO2 and our work on a safer society against natural hazards. > Read 2022 - A SNAPSHOT https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2022/ here. > We thank our partners for their cooperation in 2022 and look forward to more exciting projects in the coming years! - [New national infrastructure for fiber technology!](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-national-infrastructure-for-fiber-technology): New opportunities for research on the use of fibreoptic sensing technology! NORSAR has established a new large-scale research facility at Stendammen, Løten, called the NORFOX array. > ![Stendammen, Løten](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318570-1683191206/FULL%20CONTENT%20STENDAMMEN.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > In April, NORSAR's new research facility for testing fibreoptic sensing technology at Løten was ready for use by the research community. The facility has been named NORFOX array. The infrastructure is part of the Norwegian contribution to ECCSEL ERIC and financed by The Research Council of Norway. The facility is the the largest purpose-built fibre-optic sensing infrastructure designed for seismological research. > Using optical fibres for sensing ground vibrations, has huge potential for various geophysical monitoring applications. This includes helping to accelerate the development of cost-effective monitoring for industrial-scale geological CO2 storage. > NORFOX consists of 5 arms, each approximately 1.7 km long. Each arm has two different fibre-optic cables, buried 50 cm beneath the forest floor. > *Photo: Vjus* > A major advantage is that the infrastructure is co-located with the NORES seismic array, providing high-quality data that can be used to compare and calibrate the new fibreoptic-data. > The cables offer the capability for state-of-the-art geophysical sensing technology. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (or DAS) is an emerging technology, that converts standard communication fibres into a linear array of discrete vibration sensors. > In addition to NORFOX, the fiber optic infrastructure consists of the following components:   > - NOR-FROST – a fibre optic sensing test site in the grounds of NORSAR  > - 2 DAS- and 1 DTSS portable interrogators that can be connected to standard and specially designed fibreoptic cables. > Interested? Contact us for more information. > ![Volker](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133657-1716281874/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/volkeroye-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > **Volker Oye** > Head of Research / Head of Department Applied Seismology - [Longstanding collaboration with US](https://www.norsar.no/news/longstanding-collaboration-with-us): This week, NORSAR played host to representatives from AFTAC, a highly valued cooperation partner dating back to the early 1970s. > AFTAC https://www.16af.af.mil/Units/AFTAC/, also known as the US Air Force Technical Applications Center, has a distinguished legacy in technological advancements. Their long-standing collaboration with NORSAR centers around data exchange and the joint pursuit of improving methodologies for the detection of nuclear tests. > *From the top left corner: Elin Marie Hellum, Ben Dando, Jon Magnus Christensen, Brian Pope, Tormod Kværna, Volker Oye, Mitchell Solomon, Bill Junek, Anne Strømmen Lycke, Robert (Mac) McLaughlin. * > The focal point of this week was the regular follow-up meeting, known as the "Joint Scientific Commissions Meeting," held annually. This year's meeting took place in our facilities at Kjeller, where representatives from NORSAR and AFTAC engaged in productive discussions covering various aspects of detection technologies, with a particular emphasis on seismology. The agenda also featured scientific presentations and a demo of our state-of-the-art NOR-FROST fiber facility https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/nor-frost-a-near-surface-fibre-optic-sensing-test-site. > On the first day of the meetings, a representative from the Norwegian Foreign Ministry joined NORSAR and AFTAC, emphasizing the partnership's significance beyond scientific collaboration. > We are excited to continue and further enhance this crucial and inspiring collaboration over the next years to come! - [Seismic signals recorded from an explosion at the Kakhovka Dam in Ukraine June 6th, 2023](https://www.norsar.no/news/seismic-signals-recorded-from-an-explosion-at-the-kakhovka-dam-in-ukraine): NORSAR has analysed seismic signals from regional stations in connection with the collapse of the dam in Ukraine on Tuesday 6. June 2023. > ![Kherson, Ukraine](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318721-1687430404/norsar.no/InFocus/Ukraine-Kherson-DamExlposion-06Jun23.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png ) > Data from regional seismic stations from Romania and Ukraine, show clear signals on Tuesday 6 June at 2:35 a.m. and 2:54 a.m. (local time in Ukraine). The time and location correspond to reports in the media about the collapse of the Kakhovka dam. The signals are consistent with an explosion and are not what would be expected for a dam collapse. We are unable to determine the type of device that was used to generate the explosion based on the seismic data. > We can determine the time of the explosions to within a margin of seconds. Both explosions are located with an uncertainty of approximately 20-30 kilometers around the dam. This uncertainty is due to the distance from the dam to the sensors (approximately 500-600 km), the distribution of sensors used for the location, measurement uncertainties, and unknowns related to the propagation of seismic waves in the Earth. A reliable magnitude is challenging to determine but we estimate a value of between 1 and 2 for the second explosion. We are unable to estimate an explosive yield based on our observations. > The figure below shows signals recorded at seismic sensors in Ukraine that are located approximately 530 km away from the dam. > Updated 22.06.23 > ![Ben Dando](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315891-1716281831/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/benjamindando-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Ben Dando mailto:benjamin.dando@norsar.no > Head of Department Test Ban Treaty Verification - [Meet Joanna, our new postdoctoral Researcher!](https://www.norsar.no/news/meet-joanna-our-new-postdoctoral-researcher) > ![Joanna](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318669-1687356754/Banner%20Joanna.png ) > Joanna Holmgren is joining NORSAR as part of the VISTA Center for Modeling of Coupled Subsurface Dynamics (CSD) https://www.uib.no/en/vista-csd at the Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen. Her project focuses specifically on investigating the stress field at the COSO geothermal field. The CSD’s primary objective is to develop fundamental knowledge and educate next-generation researchers to understand how subsurface fluid injection and extraction results in deformation, fault reactivation, and fracturing. The center targets critical and fundamental research questions through mathematical and numerical modeling and data analysis. > *Illustration: University of Bergen * > Collaborating with the USGS Earthquake Science Center, Joanna will be working with microseismic data from a local monitoring network, computing focal mechanisms, and studying rupture patterns, to gain insight into temporal and spatial changes in the stress field linked to the tectonic deformation and nearby fluid injections. > - I’ve just finished a 3-year PostDoc at Bristol University where I worked on a few different projects. > Joanna's previous work primarily focused on understanding earthquake source properties related to fluid-induced microseismicity in hydraulic fracturing and deep geothermal sites. Additionally, she examined ground motions of earthquakes in the southern East African Rift System and conducted an active-source DAS pilot study at the UK Geoenergy Observatory research facility in Glasgow. Joanna completed a PhD at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, and a Masters at Uppsala University, Sweden, both involving research on induced seismicity. > - I am very excited to start working here at NORSAR with its wide knowledge base and expertise! Everyone has been welcoming and friendly and I look forward to joining the team. > We are eager to have Joanna begin her new role at NORSAR with us! She brings valuable expertise and experience in understanding earthquake source properties, ground motions, and active-source DAS. We look forward to collaborating with her on exciting projects to come! - [Pushing boundaries to understand Venus' interior](https://www.norsar.no/news/pushing-boundaries-to-understand-venus-interior): The next three years, the researcher project AIR, will assess the feasibility of exploring Venus’ interior using Balloon-borne seismology. > ![Photo: NASA/JPL ](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318753-1728301844/AIR-banner.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Photo: NASA/JPL ) > The planetary science project "Airborne Inversion of Rayleigh waves", or AIR, will be led by NORSAR’s Quentin Brissaud and involve numerous renowned international institutes including the University of Oslo (UiO), Institutet för rymdfysik (IRF) in Sweden, Caltech and NASA in the USA. > AIR’s team will assess the viability of using sound waves generated by underground seismic activity to constrain the subsurface structures of terrestrial planets, especially Venus. AIR builds on recent research that has demonstrated that the sound signature of seismic waves, generated by seismic events, can be recorded from high-altitude balloons. This new field of research is called balloon-borne seismology and is considered to be one of the only ways to investigate Venus' interior where surface temperature and pressures are too harsh to use conventional techniques. However, there is a long away ahead before being able to fully exploit balloon-borne infrasound data efficiently and automatically. AIR will be a steppingstone in this field by significantly improve our understanding of planet-atmosphere couplings and build tools to prepare for future planetary missions. > The project is funded by the Research Council of Norway as a Young researcher project and will involve a post-doctoral researcher working at NORSAR as well as a PhD student from Caltech to develop new modelling and inversion techniques. **In August 2023, we will advertise a 2-year post-doc position at NORSAR. Keep an eye out for the official vacancy announcement. ** > **Balloon-borne seismology ** > On Earth, our understanding of its internal structure comes primarily from seismic waves collected by seismic instruments at the ground. However, the tremendous pressure and temperature conditions of Venus prevent any deployment at its surface. Therefore, the interior structure of Venus remains largely unknown due to lack of in situ observations. > Yet, the mechanical coupling between the ground and its atmosphere enables the seismic energy to be transmitted into the atmosphere as low-frequency acoustic waves carrying information about the seismic source and the subsurface properties. > While infrasound is traditionally recorded at ground-based stations, recent studies have demonstrated that balloon platforms can be used to monitor seismic activity from the atmosphere, and this for a low operational cost. > **The Airborne Inversion of Rayleigh-waves project ** > AIR will build a better understanding of the impact of seismic events on the atmosphere by exploiting historical balloon pressure data collected by the Jet propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) during large-scale balloon campaigns. Large-scale analyses and modelling of seismically induced infrasound signatures will allow AIR to build a direct link between source, subsurface properties, and sound signatures. The research will push the envelope of balloon technologies for the detection and analysis of natural and man-made events on Earth and beyond. > https://www.norsar.no/projects/air/ > https://prosjektbanken.forskningsradet.no/en/project/FORISS/335903 > What is... > **Infrasound? ** > Infrasound describes sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz. Infrasound cannot be heard by the human ear but can travel over great distances and be recorded by microbarographs on the ground or at higher altitudes. Man-made sources of infrasound include nuclear explosions and other major explosions, rocket launches, and supersonic aircrafts. Natural phenomena that generate infrasound include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteors, and storms. > **Rayleigh waves?** > Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave that travel over large distances along the surface of solid material, here a planet's surface. These waves carry a lot of information about the type of material they propagate into and have been used to infer Earth's interior structures. Rayleigh waves are typically produced on the Earth by earthquakes, meteors, or volcanic eruptions.![Q8](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1318783-1688045529/QB.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Quentin Brissaud, mailto:quentin.brissaud@norsar.no > Research Scientist - [Detecting Water Leaks with Fiber Technology](https://www.norsar.no/news/detecting-water-leaks-with-fiber-technology): At NORSAR, we are continuously testing and developing technologies to utilize our expertise in vibration measurement and fiber optics for purposes of social benefit. Over the previous few years, we have investigated the possibility of using fiber optic sensing technology to detect water leaks in the pipeline network. The results are promising. > ![water leak in pipe](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1319338-1693911405/norsar.no/InFocus/shutterstock%20vannlekkasje.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > **Cost-effective solution ** > Norway is among the countries of Europe with the largest share of drinking water loss during transportation from source to consumer, with approximately 30% lost according to SSB. The cost to society is significant – approximately 354 million NOK per year, estimated by Norsk Vann. The primary cause of the water loss is leaks in the aging water pipes. In an attempt to address the challenge, NORSAR, in the period from 2019-2023, has researched the possibility of using fiber optic sensing technology to identify the leaks. This technology is a cost-effective method that measures vibrations over long distances with great accuracy. > **How does fiber optic sensing work? ** > Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a technology that uses regular fiber optical cables made for telecommunication purposes to detect vibrations in the ground. The system uses a so-called interrogator, which, using laser beams, registers the tiniest of vibrations in the optical fiber cable. These measurements provide continuous and accurate localization of the vibrations along the whole length of the cable. One of the most significant advantages of DAS technology is its high spatial resolution, being capable of achieving a measurement sampling density as low as one meter over a stretch of up to 170 kilometers. Another advantage of this technology is its ability to utilize existing fiber optic cables. Norway has a well-developed network, with approximately 90% of the population living near a fiber optic network that is possible to connect to. > This methodology is not entirely new: DAS technology has been used to monitor pipelines in the petroleum industry for over a decade. However, even though the technology has been well established within that sector, there are significant differences between pipelines, contents, and pressure contexts, which necessitates further development of the existing technology to be suitable for use in water distribution networks. > **Results from testing and trials ** > In collaboration with Hallingplast, NORSAR has made a full-scale test site in Ål, Hallingdal to develop and test methods for detecting leaks in water pipes. Additionally, extensive testing of the technology has been conducted in partnership with IVAR and through the research project LeakNor. We have also performed tests on existing pipeline networks. > *Construction of the Hallingplast test site. Photo: NORSAR* > The results show that it is possible to detect leak signatures using DAS technology. However, the quality of the observations is influenced by several factors, such as the distance between the fiber cable and the pipe or leak, the size of the leak, the water pressure, and ground conditions. Moreover, testing in controlled environments has given more reliable results than under natural conditions. > A major challenge in using existing fiber networks to detect water leaks is that fiber cables often do not run in the same trenches as water pipes. Additionally, getting access to dark fibers near water pipes from operators may be a challenge. > **Need for further research ** > Based on our findings, we believe that DAS technology has the potential to become a commercial method for detecting water leaks. However, further research and technology development are needed to address the specific challenges related to water distribution networks. > **Contact us for collaboration or more information ** > If you are interested in collaborating with us or want more information about our research on fiber optic sensing, please feel free to get in touch. > https://www.vvsaktuelt.no/20-partnere-med-i-leaknor-prosjektet-196254/nyhet.html > ![Arve Mjelva](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/134405-1716281812/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/arveemjelva-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Arve E. Mjelva mailto:arve.mjelva@norsar.no > Deputy CEO / SVP Solutions - [Seismic signal detected in the vicinity of the Balticconnector gas pipeline](https://www.norsar.no/news/seismic-signal-detected-in-the-vicinity-of-the-baltic-connector-gas-pipeline): NORSAR has recorded seismic signals near the Balticconnector gas pipeline in the Baltic Sea. The signals indicate a possible explosion at around 01:20, local time in Finland, 8 October 2023. > Seismologists at NORSAR have analyzed data from the Finnish seismic network, including a group of sensors called the FINES seismic array. Data shows a clear event at 01:20, Finnish time, which corresponds with the approximate time that the media reports a drop in pressure in the pipeline. We are unable to determine if the event was caused by a suden release of gas under high pressure, due to rupturing of the pipeiline, or from the detonation of an explosive. > The Figure below shows clear seismic beam signals at the FINES array in southern Finland. The calculated beam points to a signal origin SW of the array. > The event has been located approximately 40 km north of Paldiski, Estonia close to where the Baltic Connector pipeline crosses the Nord Stream 1 pipeline. The magnitude of the event has been estimated at 1.0 on the Richter scale, which is much lower than the Nord Stream explosion detected in September 2022. > **Common questions** > **Why was the event not found earlier?** > The event was relatively small – it has a magnitude of approximately 1. We were able to find it by first looking at the FINES seismic array (part of the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty). NORSAR have expertise in seismic array processing, which can be used for identifying weak signals. We have discussed our findings with other seismological institutes from the Nordics where there is broad agreement with the findings. > **What does the waveform show?** > The figure shows the P-wave and S-wave signals recorded at a seismic array (called ‘FINES’) in Finland. The P-wave and S-wave are different types of seismic waves, which travel at different speeds. The P-wave is the first to arrive and the S-wave is the second to arrive. We can use these different waves to estimate a location, origin time and size of the event. Using a seismic array such as FINES, which is a group of multiple sensors placed in a certain configuration, we can enhance signals from different locations for improved detection. The two 'beams' therefore show the enhanced P-wave and S-wave signals for our estimated location. > **Was it definitely an explosion?** > There was a sudden energy release that caused an explosive signal. We cannot be sure of the exact cause – for example, sudden rupturing of the pipeline, or detonation of an explosive charge. > **How large was the event?** > The seismic event had a magnitude of approximately 1 on the Richter scale. We are still estimating what this means in terms of an explosive yield but we are confident that it is equivalent to less than 100 kg TNT. The sudden release of pressure on the pipeline contributes to this size estimate and there are many unknowns in this estimation. > ![Ben](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315891-1716281831/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/benjamindando-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Ben Dando mailto:ben@norsar.no > Head of Department Test Ban Treaty Verification - [Kjølv Egeland is NORSAR's New Senior Researcher](https://www.norsar.no/news/kjolv-egeland-is-norsar-s-new-senior-researcher): We are strengthening our capacity in political analysis. > ![Kjølv Egeland](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1319876-1699019745/norsar.no/InFocus/Kj%C3%B8lv.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > With more than five decades of experience in monitoring nuclear tests, NORSAR has become a leading center of scientific expertise within the field. Now, we are expanding our capacity in political analysis, and thrilled to announce social scientist Kjølv Egeland as the newest addition to our team. > Kjølv Egeland joined NORSAR as a full-time senior researcher in the fall of 2023. He is a social scientist who specializes in the fields of international security and nuclear disarmament, with extensive research and studies conducted at the University of Oslo, the University of Oxford, and Sciences Po in Paris. Kjølv’s award-winning research has appeared in acknowledged journals such as International Affairs, Contemporary Security Policy, and Security Studies, and his doctoral thesis explores the development of international nuclear disarmament institutions. Complementing NORSAR’s existing technical expertise, this forms a solid basis for multidisciplinary research within the field. > I’m very excited to be joining the amazing team at NORSAR. I’m looking forward to pursuing interdisciplinary projects at the intersection of nuclear disarmament policy, verification, and international law. I think NORSAR is the perfect place for that. > The work is already well underway. Earlier this autumn, NORSAR, in consortium with Sciences Po and the Hamburg Institute for Peace Research and Security, was awarded a research grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The project will examine the bureaucratic politics of nuclear alliances by investigating the influence of substate actors in the formation of United States and allied nuclear policy, and NORSAR is covering the case of Norway. > norsar and nuclear monitoring > NORSAR’s core activity is the monitoring of potential nuclear test explosions, having served as the Norwegian national data center for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) since 1999. We advise the Norwegian authorities on matters related to compliance with the treaty and operate six international monitoring stations on Norwegian territory. - [NORSAR's management system is ISO certified](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-s-management-system-is-iso-certified): ISO 9001:2015 ensures quality at every level. > ![ASL_JMC ISO certificate](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320193-1706607372/norsar.no/InFocus/IMG_5492.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > In December 2023, NORSAR received the certificate confirming that the foundation's management systems meet the requirements of ISO 9001:2015 – Quality Management Systems. Our customers can now have even greater confidence that we operate with efficient systems ensuring quality in our operations. > Throughout 2022 and 2023, our management system underwent a revision with the goal of improving the quality and efficiency of all our work processes. The ISO 9001:2015 certification confirms that our management system complies with the highest international standards for quality management and that we operate in accordance with mandated and legal requirements. > "At NORSAR, we have a strong focus on quality, continuous progress, and customer satisfaction, but there is always room for improvement. The process of ISO certification has been a valuable opportunity for us to work more systematically on improving our management system and ensuring that our processes function as they should," says CEO Anne Strømmen Lycke. > The certification was conducted by DNV. - [NORSAR Celebrates Women and Girls in Science](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-celebrates-women-in-science): In 2024, despite progress, women are still underrepresented in the fields of science and technology. This International Day of Women and Girls in Science, we celebrate our female researchers at NORSAR! > ![ The majority of the women affiliated with NORSAR as researchers and in other roles.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320301-1707490711/norsar.no/InFocus/WIS%20alle%20med%20ramme.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png women norsar) > The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is annually on February 11th and is dedicated to encouraging more women and girls to pursue careers in science. In STEM fields – science, technology, engineering, and mathematics – have gender barriers and social norms historically limited their participation. Efforts to close the gender gap in science are essential for ensuring diversity and unlocking the full potential of scientific innovation. > At NORSAR, we recognize the importance of fostering an inclusive work environment, not only as a competitive advantage but also as a success criterion for recruitment, well-being, and outstanding results. We are proud to have a strong representation of women at NORSAR! > For the occasion, we have interviewed some of our female researchers, delving into their experiences and career choices as #WomenInScience. As we celebrate their accomplishments today, we also reaffirm our commitment to empowering and supporting women in their pursuit of excellence in science and technology. > **Can you introduce your work at NORSAR? ** > I work as a research geophysicist in the applied seismology group. My work mainly consists in processing microseismic data in different application fields (more industry-related, such as Carbon Capture and storage and geothermal energy, or more environmental research, such as rock-slope monitoring). > **What did you study, and what inspired you to pursue this field? ** > I first studied geophysics and then specialized in seismology during my PhD. I have always had a broad interest in science, and as a person who likes nature and the outdoors, I came to geophysics because of the “geo”. > **What advice would you give to other girls and women considering a career in science? ** > Find a work environment that allows you to grow and build skills at your pace. You don’t need to be a genius to be a scientist, the strength of a team lies in its diversity, so there is definitely a place for women willing to contribute to science in a way. > **Can you introduce your work at NORSAR? ** > I am a senior research geophysicist in the Applied Seismology group. I started my job at NORSAR in 2007. From the beginning, I was working on analyzing microseismicity – tiny earthquakes – occurring often in connection with human activities underground, such as mining, hydrocarbon and geothermal exploration or impoundment of dams. I mainly,analyze the source mechanisms of such events, which gives indications on subsurface processes and also can be interpreted to derive information on the stress field, which otherwise is difficult to obtain. Related to this, I often need to forward model waveforms from earthquake sources to receivers. > I also enjoy leading projects and work packages, especially including many participants from different institutes and countries, since I love integrating the different puzzle pieces to form a bigger picture – and in addition, you usually get to know a lot of competent researchers that also are very nice people forming a “research family” for the duration of the project. > **What did you study, and what inspired you to pursue this field? ** > I studied geophysics at the University of Münster (Germany), followed by a doctoral thesis at the University of Hamburg modelling the ascent of dykes at mid-ocean ridges - starting only to work on seismology during my first postdoc contract. After school, I found it rather difficult to choose a subject, since I was interested in so many areas, not only natural sciences, but also languages and teaching, for example (becoming a teacher at a school for the blind or a journalist were also very high up on my list). > In fact, I made my decision after visiting an open house at the Technical University of Berlin to study geoengineering. That was a brand-new subject at that time and also very multifaceted, combining different topics such as geology, mineralogy, deposits and engineering, but after one year, I decided that the subject was too broad, and I’d rather pick one of the topics to study in more depth. Geophysics was the one that was most interesting and challenging. So, my study path wasn’t quite straight, but involved some narrowing down of the topic. > **What advice would you give to other girls and women considering a career in science? ** > Study the topic you are really interested in. Especially in science where you target the yet unknown instead of following well-known pathways, it sometimes may feel as if you are stumbling from one hurdle to the next, having to solve a myriad of smaller problems to contribute to a bigger solution. However, if the topic is close to your heart, this feels more like detective work instead of being frustrating. There is nothing like the moment you finally reach a new insight. > Geosciences are becoming more and more important, being able to contribute to the big challenges of our time – especially climate change and natural hazards. It is incredibly fulfilling to have a job that is contributing to much-needed solutions and being of value for our society (which of course is true also for other sciences in other ways). > Despite equality not having been fully reached even in West European countries, being a female in science has become easier during the last decades. Especially (but not only) within younger males, the mindset changed noticeably that females can contribute equally well to scientific discoveries. > **Can you introduce your work at NORSAR? ** > I work in the applied seismology department at NORSAR as a senior researcher and I am the technology lead of induced seismicity. These days I focus my research on microseismic monitoring of Carbon Capture and Storage and geothermal applications. I am interested in better understanding the connection between fluid injection operations and the link to induced seismicity. > **What did you study, and what inspired you to pursue this field? ** > I studied Geophysics at Karlsruhe University in Germany and at the University of California San Diego with a focus on seismology. My largest inspiration was my older brother who also studied geophysics and my general interest in geoscience. I first started my career path towards becoming a professional dancer but then completely changed directions pursuing a career in science instead. > **What advice would you give to other girls and women considering a career in science? ** > My main advice would be to follow your interests and choose a field within science that can keep you motivated. Believe in yourself and your own abilities. There are many different career path opportunities in science including academia, research institutes, and industry and it is important to choose a path that is best aligned with your interests and goals. - [Meet Marouchka, our new postdoctoral researcher!](https://www.norsar.no/news/meet-marouchka-our-new-postdoctoral-researcher): Marouchka Froment joined NORSAR in February as a postdoctoral researcher in the AIR project. > ![Marouchka](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320358-1709536659/Bilder/Bilde%20Marouchka.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg Marouchka with a miniature model of the planet her work will revolve around – Venus. ) > Why are conditions on Venus so drastically different than on Earth? The answer can only be found by understanding the planet’s interior structure, which is what the team working on the AIR project has set out to contribute to. AIR (Airborne Inversion of Rayleigh waves) https://www.norsar.no/projects/air/ is funded by the Research Council of Norway and led by NORSAR, with numerous renowned international institutes as partners, including the University of Oslo (UiO), Institutet för rymdfysik (IRF) in Sweden, Caltech, and NASA. > The newest addition to the AIR team at NORSAR is Marouchka Froment, who recently received her PhD in Earth Sciences from the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris in France. Her research aimed at understanding the seismic source of meteorite impacts and was conducted between IPGP and the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. > I was lucky to be involved in the NASA/InSight mission which operated the first seismometer on the surface of Mars between 2018 and 2022. It recorded the first ever “marsquakes” and detected several seismic and acoustic signals generated by impacts on the planet’s surface. In my work, I used seismic source theory and numerical modelling to improve our understanding of these signals and performed inversions of the atmospheric and subsurface structure of Mars using data recorded by InSight. Planetary seismology is only at its beginning but remains the most powerful tool to understand what is going on below a planet’s surface. I am excited to continue in the field with this project focusing on Venus! > The goal of the AIR project is to determine if the subsurface properties of Venus can be inferred from pressure oscillations recorded by a balloon-borne pressure sensor. Venus’ atmosphere is so dense that the ground shaking produced by Venus quakes excites infrasound waves in the air. The signatures of these Rayleigh waves can then be recorded high above the surface, where the temperature and pressure of the hot planet drop to conditions much more tolerable for electronic instruments. > This is a very new field and there is a lot of work to do to determine what such coupled infrasound would look like on Venus, how sensitive they are to subsurface properties and source location, and what are the best methods to invert them. My postdoc research will address these questions by adapting and applying seismo-acoustic modelling tools to Venus, and by testing and evaluating different inversion approaches. Ultimately, I hope to develop several new tools for balloon seismology with the AIR team at NORSAR, and assess its potential for future Venus exploration missions. > We are thrilled to welcome Marouchka to us, as her experience and expertise undoubtedly will be of great value to the AIR team and NORSAR. > NORSAR’s experience with analyzing infrasound and seismic data is important for this project, and I am excited to learn new state-of-the-art methods for signal detection and inversion through interactions with my colleagues here and at the University of Oslo. The team has been most welcoming and done everything to give me a smooth landing in Norway. Now I can’t wait to start digging into the clouds of Venus! - [2023 - A Snapshot](https://www.norsar.no/news/2023-a-snapshot): Excellent teamwork gave results! Get an insight into our work in 2023: monitoring compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and innovative solutions for the benefit of Norwegian society and our clients worldwide. > ![NORSAR 2023](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320492-1710860781/NORSAR-innblikk-2023-toppbilde-ENG%283%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > In 2023, we witnessed the emergence of a new normal: wilder, warmer, wetter is a reality also in Norway, and there is war in Europe, heightened tensions, and unrest in many parts of the world. This influences our work, and in the past year we have applied our knowledge and expertise across a number of different fields. > New technological solutions are attracting attention! We are making use of our technology and expertise from the CTBT to document explosions in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Ukraine. Our efforts have gained international attention, along with the documentation that the Kakhovka Dam was intentionally destroyed, putting the civilian population at great risk. The UN has asked for the documentation which could prove useful in a potential investigation of war crimes. > Read our 2023 Snapshot here! https://www.norsar.no/about-us/2023/ > We thank all our partners for their cooperation in 2023, and look forward to more exciting projects in the years to come! - [Radionuclide station in Svalbard renewed after 20 years of operation](https://www.norsar.no/news/radionuclide-station-on-svalbard-renewed-after-20-years-of-operation): After two decades of reliable service, the radionuclide station RN49 on Platåberget, west of Longyearbyen on Svalbard, has been renewed. Last week, an expert team was on site to ensure that the station meets the CTBTO’s standards for monitoring stations. > ![Fra venstre: Espen Arntzen, KSAT, Aleksandr Tarasov, CTBTO, Karolina Paquin, KSAT, Morten Sickel, NORSAR, og Herbert Gohla, CTBTO. Foto: KSAT](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320522-1711365830/Bilder/NOX49-March2024.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg From left Espen Arntzen, KSAT, Aleksandr Tarasov, CTBTO, Karolina Paquin, KSAT, Morten Sickel, NORSAR, & Herbert Gohla, CTBTO. Photo: KSAT) > The station is part of the global network consisting of 79 stations continuously measuring radioactive substances in the atmosphere to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) which prohibits nuclear test explosions. RN49 is the only Norwegian radionuclide station in the network, and the only radionuclide station on Svalbard. > **Global network of monitoring stations ** > In the event of a detonation of nuclear weapons or an emission from a nuclear power plant, radioactive substances not naturally present will be released. If the release occurs above ground or there are leaks from an underground explosion, the radioactive substances will be released into the atmosphere and transported rapidly and over long distances by air currents. The monitoring systems are highly sensitive, and detecting substances not naturally produced is a clear indication of a man-made event. Therefore, the verification system ensuring compliance with the Treaty has a global network of monitoring stations using various technologies to detect possible explosions. In addition to RN49, NORSAR operates five other stations on Norwegian territory: four seismic and one infrasound station. > **Location is important ** > To obtain the best possible measurements, the station must be located in an area with good air exchange, stable power supply, and available operational personnel. In Longyearbyen, the only location that met all of the requirements was KSAT’s antenna area on Platåberget. > *Aerial view of the KSAT area on Platåberget. Photo: KSAT* > **Necessary renewal ** > RN49 was originally commissioned as an air filtration station in 2002. In 2012, it was expanded to sample noble gases. This is a more complex procedure that is only performed at 39 of the 79 stations in the network. By 2022, both parts of the station had been in continuous operation for 10 and 20 years, respectively, and it was time for a renewal. Key components of the noble gas station were replaced in the early summer of 2022, and most of the particle station was renewed in the late summer of 2023. After the renewals, the stations underwent a testing phase. > **Revalidation required ** > For the station to be formally reinstated as part of the international network, it must be recertified by the CTBT Organization (CTBTO). This process includes an assessment of the station’s performance, operating systems, available expertise, and documentation. This week, an expert team from CTBTO went on inspection together with NORSAR’s senior engineer Morten Sickel. Initially, the noble gas station will undergo recertification. The time for recertification of the particle station has not yet been determined but is expected to take place in 2024. > *CTBTO experts, Aleksandr Tarasov & Herbert Gohla, conducting their inspection. *Photo: NORSAR > **Serving several purposes ** > Although the station is primarily installed to detect tests of nuclear weapons, they have also proven useful in detecting emissions from industrial processes and accidents both in Europe and Asia, including after the Fukushima accident in 2011. However, none of these events posed threats to humans or nature in Svalbard. > In Norway, the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) is the authority handling radioactive events. They use data from RN49 together with data from their own mainland stations to develop a situational understanding after major emissions. Data from the stations are also of interest to atmospheric scientists, as they can be used to verify and develop models for the transport of substances in the atmosphere. - [The book about NORSAR is now available online!](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-book-about-norsar-is-now-available-online): “NORSAR and the Nuclear Test Ban” documents our over 50 years of efforts for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty – NORSAR contributed to the negotiations leading up to the Treaty and have been central in the development of the Treaty’s verification regime. The book was initially released in print format in early 2023 and is now available to everyone in a digital version! > ![The book NORSAR and the Nuclear Test Ban](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320532-1712047124/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Boklansering.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg Photo: Frank Helmrich) > Monitoring compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is NORSAR’s most important task. In 1999, we were appointed as the national data center for the Treaty by the Norwegian Parliament, and we advise Norwegian authorities on Treaty-related matters in addition to operating six monitoring stations on Norwegian Territory. > “NORSAR and the Nuclear Test Ban” takes you through over 50 years of test ban history from NORSAR’s perspective. Researchers from NORSAR played important roles in the creation of the Treaty’s verification system before it was adopted by the UN in 1996 and continue to have central roles in its development to this day. The book recounts the ups and downs over several decades of changes in both political and technological conditions, with the dynamics between national and international stakeholders in the test ban community as its backdrop. > *The three authors photographed for the occasion of the book release in January 2023. From left: Tormod Kværna, Frode Ringdal, and Svein Mykkeltveit. *Photo: NORSAR > The book is a collaborative effort between Frode Ringdal, Svein Mykkeltveit, and Tormod Kværna. All three authors have extensive experience at NORSAR and have held important positions in test ban monitoring work. **“NORSAR and the Nuclear Test Ban” can be read HERE https://indd.adobe.com/view/4cc77c72-1821-415d-b4f0-497861b5e91c or downloaded below.**Download the book > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320623-1712654741/Dokumenter/NORSAR%20and%20the%20Nuclear%20Test%20Ban.pdf > About the authors > **Frode Ringdal **began his tenure at NORSAR as a researcher in 1969, just a year after its establishment. Frode was the director of NORSAR from 1977 to 1997. He contributed significantly to the method development for test ban monitoring. He was also an important resource in the preparations and negotiations for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. > **Svein Mykkeltveit** has worked at NORSAR since 1979. In recognition of his efforts towards Norwegian contributions to nuclear disarmament, Svein was honored with the King’s Medal of Merit in 2020. This prestigious award acknowledges outstanding achievements both for Norway and humanity. > **Tormod Kværna** is a seismologist who has worked on research related to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Tormod joined NORSAR in 1984, and in 2016 he assumed the leadership role for a working group within the CTBTO, succeeding Frode. - [Furthering a strong collaboration with the US](https://www.norsar.no/news/building-on-a-longstanding-partnership): Last week, a delegation from NORSAR was in the USA to participate in the annual knowledge exchange with AFTAC, a highly valuable and long-standing collaborator for us. > ![Group picture](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320634-1713182572/Bilder/JSC%20Group%20picture%203.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg ) > The partnership between NORSAR and AFTAC (US Air Force Technical Applications Center) dates back to the early 1970s and is centered around data exchange and our joint efforts to improve methods for detecting nuclear tests. AFTAC sports an impressive history with scientific advancements and is a valued partner to NORSAR. > Representatives from both institutions convene for annual follow-up meetings termed Joint Scientific Commissions Meeting. Following a successful visit to us last year, this year’s gathering was hosted at Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. > The week was spent engaging in fruitful discussions on scientific advancements in the field of test ban monitoring and the implementation of new methods such as fiber technology and machine learning in the verification work. NORSAR shared results from our seismic array near Hornsund on Svalbard and our plans for two new arrays, one seismic and one infrasound, near Troll in Antarctica as part of the TONe-project https://www.npolar.no/tone/. The yearly scientific exchange is both interesting and mutually beneficial. > We thank our hosts for a rewarding week and look forward to continuing our strong collaboration! - [- We inspectors are like specialized forensic technicians](https://www.norsar.no/news/we-inspectors-are-like-specialized-forensic-technicians): NORSAR’s Morten Sickel is a radionuclide expert in the CTBTO’s On-Site Inspection team. > ![Morten Sickel packing up a tent base together with fellow inspectors from the Netherlands and Thailand under an exercise. Photo: CTBTO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320899-1718607724/norsar.no/InFocus/Sammenpakking.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Morten Sickel packing up a tent base together with fellow inspectors from the Netherlands and Thailand under an exercise. Photo: CTBTO) > Once the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) enters into force, state parties can request an On-Site Inspection (OSI) if there is suspicion that a hidden nuclear test has been conducted. Until then, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Organization (CTBTO) are building inspection capacity to be fully ready for when the Treaty enters into force. OSIs are one of the three components in the CTBT’s verification regime, designed to monitor compliance with the nuclear test ban. > Morten Sickel is a senior engineer at NORSAR, and in the CTBTO he is an OSI inspector specialized in radionuclide analysis and also part of a team responsible for operating the IT systems. He started his OSI training in the autumn of 2016. > **A large and time constrained operation** > During an OSI, the team of inspectors travel to the site where a nuclear test is suspected to have been conducted to look for physical evidence. Most of the inspectors are professionals within one of the inspection techniques, which are seismology, geophysics, radionuclide analysis or visual observations. > We inspectors can be viewed as specialized forensic technicians – we are sent to look for evidence to determine what has happened. > *Norwegian, Spanish, Thai, and Australian inspectors collaborating on conducting field measurements as part of an exercise earlier this year. *Photo: CTBTO > If a vote decides that an OSI is to be performed, rules within the CTBT guides the execution. With a limited number of inspectors and a designated time frame, it is crucial to have the logistics in order. > We are 40 inspectors at the most, and normally have 60 days at our disposal – the time limit can be extended to 130, but only with good reason. Therefore, the team has to work efficient. Because an inspection in theory can be conducted anywhere, we have to be highly self-sufficient, and have equipment to build ourselves a tent base to work from. > The inspected state is only obligated to supply the inspectors with water, fuel, and vehicles, so the CTBTO are prepared to transport all other necessary equipment. This can constitute over 100 tons of cargo: from advanced equipment to conduct field work through servers, clients for data analysis and reporting, and generators and cables to tents, tables, chairs, and folding cots. > *Necessary equipment must be packed and transported. Here from an exercise in september 2023. *Photo: CTBTO > Worst case scenario, we’re looking at 130 days sleeping in tents and eating dry food. We do, however, hope that it will be possible to set up an arrangement providing accommodation and catering for the duration of the inspection. > **Training is essential** > CTBTO’s team of inspectors is composed of professionals from all over the world. They regularly meet for training, as role awareness and clear division of tasks is crucial to ensure smooth executions of inspections. > *Upon returning to base after field work, the inspectors must be checked for radioactive substances. *Photo: CTBTO > In the initial phase of an inspection I, together with the other inspectors, will work on setting up our base. I must also be ready to assists others if the need for base maintenance or other logistic tasks arise. We are also ready to help each other whenever possible: if a geophysicist needs a helping hand in field work I’ll step up, and if I am ever in need of assistance when acquiring samples or performing measurements, I can for instance ask one of the seismologists to come with. > The inspectors are currently in the middle of an intense training program to prepare for an integrated field exercise that is being held in Sri Lanka in 2025. Ahead of the field exercise there will be a three week build up exercise in Hungary starting today, Monday June 17th. > *Inspectors from all over the world regularly gather for trainings and exercises. *Photo: CTBTO > See Morten expand on his work as an OSI inspector: > https://www.ctbto.org/our-work/on-site-inspection - [NORSAR’s presence on the ISSW 2024](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsars-presence-on-the-issw-2024): Next week NORSAR will participate in the International Snow Science Workshop in Tromsø, the world’s largest conference on snow and avalanches. > ![Skred over vei i Hammerfest kommune i 2013. Foto: Tore Nilsen, NTB](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321627-1726743580/norsar.no/InFocus/Skred%20over%20vei%20i%20Hammerfest%20kommune%20i%202013%20Foto%20Tore%20Nilsen%20NTB.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Skred over vei i Hammerfest kommune i 2013. Foto: Tore Nilsen, NTB) > The conference gathers stakeholders, scientists and snow professionals from all around the world to address and discuss the ongoing discourses within the snow community. > NORSAR will present our innovative solution for avalanche monitoring based on fiber optic sensing. Our CEO Anne, Head of Solutions Arve and senior researcher Guro will be present with a stand, and Guro will give a presentation about Automated avalanche monitoring, detection and classification system powered by distributed acoustic sensing. > Fiber optic sensing is a new technology that can be utilized to monitor and detect avalanches hitting the road as well as vehicles in the same area. Simultaneous monitoring of traffic and avalanches is invaluable for search and rescue operations, and by closing the road in time, one can prevent further traffic from entering the danger zone. > During the winter 2022/2023, a pilot system was installed in Holmbuktura, southeast of Tromsø. Furthermore, automatic detection algorithms can identify vehicles and categorize them by type, velocity, and direction, all without the need for images to ensure privacy compliance. This data, coupled with accurate avalanche detection, enhances road safety and aids search and rescue efforts, particularly in sparsely populated areas.  > Avalanches pose significant safety challenges both in Norway and in other parts of the world. The need for an advanced avalanche warning system is evident, particularly in regions such as Troms and Finnmark, who have approximately 200 avalanche points on county roads alone. Nationwide, there are around 1,500 avalanche points, half of them with adjacent avalanche zones. The economic burden of physically protecting all avalanche-prone locations is estimated to be NOK 70 billion. The introduction of a fiber-optic avalanche warning system emerges as a life-saving and cost-effective solution. > ![Guro Svendsen, Senior Research Scientist](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315006-1663598440/Bilder/Brukere/GKS.JPG%20%28avatar_user_display%29.jpg ) > Guro Svendsen mailto:guro.svendsen@norsar.no > Senior Research Scientist - [Meet Wasja, Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellow at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/news/meet-wasja-marie-sk-odowska-curie-fellow-at-norsar): We are excited to welcome Wasja Bloch to NORSAR, who joined us at NORSAR in August as a scholar of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship. We are looking forward to the collaboration! > ![Wasja NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321811-1728643170/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Wasja.norsar.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Wasja is a seismologist with a background in structural geology. He earned his B.Sc. at the University of Göttingen https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. at Freie Universität Berlin https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/index.html. Before coming to NORSAR, he was involved in research projects at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/centre/ and The University of British Columbia https://www.ubc.ca/, where he investigated subduction zone processes and sequences of tectonic earthquakes. > The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) postdoctoral fellowship https://marie-sklodowska-curie-actions.ec.europa.eu/actions/postdoctoral-fellowships offers talented researchers to build their research career through international mobility. The program is the European Union’s reference program for doctoral and postdoctoral training, supporting researchers’ careers and foster excellence in research and innovation. > At NORSAR, Wasja will work on developing relMT, a software to compute relative earthquake moment tensors. The seismic moment tensor is crucial for understanding sources of subsurface shaking, like earthquakes. Wasja’s project aims at creating an open-source software that can efficiently determine moment tensors for weak seismic events, with little data requirements. The new algorithm can lower the magnitude threshold for analysis by 2 to 3, potentially increasing the number of resolvable moment tensors by a factor of 100 to 1000. > This enhanced capability can improve our understanding of subsurface stress changes, aiding in the safe operation of zero-carbon energy technologies, such as enhanced geothermal systems or underground CO2 storage. The software could help to detect early signs of faults activation and cap-rock failures, reducing risks, improving public acceptance, and protecting investments. > Additionally, the software can support various scientific studies, including those related to tectonic or volcanic activity, underground mining, the analysis of acoustic emissions in laboratory experiments, or sources of chemical or nuclear explosions. - [NORSAR assesses new site for research infrastructure in Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-assesses-new-site-for-research-infrastructure-in-antarctica): Next Antarctic summer, NORSAR will install new, advanced measurement instruments—the southernmost instruments on solid rock. These devices will provide valuable insights into the structure of the Earth's crust, ice movements, and atmospheric dynamics. > ![Operations Engineer Ravn Rydtun documents the site using high-precision GPS.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321967-1732874112/Bilder/Befaring%20Armlenet%2C%20Antarktis.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Documenting the new site using high-precision GPS.) > Next Antarctic summer, NORSAR will install new, advanced measurement instruments—the southernmost instruments on solid rock. These devices will provide valuable insights into the structure of the Earth's crust, ice movements, and atmospheric dynamics. > Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are key drivers of the Earth's oceanic and atmospheric systems. Processes occurring at the southern end of the globe impact the entire planet, and melting ice can lead to dramatic increases in global sea levels. > Plans for a new research station and infrastructure will allow Norway to continue its longstanding polar research tradition and contribute to global scientific efforts. NORSAR is part of the Norwegian team that, through the Troll Observatory Network (TONe) project, aims to deliver new research infrastructure in Queen Maud Land. > Since 2012, NORSAR has operated a single seismometer, known as "Lille Trille," in Queen Maud Land. Now, additional instruments will be installed in an array formation, providing more accurate data on ice movements and seismic activity, including earthquakes. A separate array for atmospheric sound measurement, known as infrasound, will also be installed, offering valuable data for weather and climate models. > **Optimal Site for High-Quality Measurements** > To achieve precise measurements, it is essential to place instruments in areas with minimal background noise. The Norwegian government is evaluating the construction of a new research station in Queen Maud Land, with a directive for renewable energy solutions like wind turbines. Since NORSAR’s instruments are highly sensitive and wind turbines generate ground vibrations, a new site, Armlenet—11 km from the Troll station—is being inspected. NORSAR believes this is a suitable area for high-quality measurements. While being outside the established power grid is a challenge, NORSAR has extensive experience with off-grid operations in Svalbard's demanding climate and is well-prepared for the task. The observatory will be made autonomous to minimize the need for maintenance. > Capturing detailed images with a drone to plan for equipment transport and placement. > Equipment has already arrived in Antarctica, and logistics are on track to begin data collection in spring 2026. The infrastructure is part of the TONe project, led by the Norwegian Polar Institute and funded by the Norwegian Research Council. The TONe project is a significant national investment that will create unique opportunities for Norwegian and international research. > Learn more about the TONe project: Troll Observing Network (TONe) – Norsk Polarinstitutt https://www.npolar.no/en/tone/ > https://www.npolar.no/en/tone/ - [The Research Council of Norway's evaluation of NORSAR: ‘Ground-breaking studies and advanced technology’  ](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-research-council-of-norway-s-evaluation-of-norsar-ground-breaking-studies-and-advanced-technology): The Research Council of Norway highlights NORSAR's pioneering work in seismology and earthquake monitoring in a new evaluation of Norwegian scientific research institutes. > ![Science station Bardufoss](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321995-1732181020/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Anne.JonM.Bardufoss.Hovedbilde.JPEG%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > “NORSAR excels in seismology, earthquake monitoring and related research. Their cutting-edge studies and advanced technology provide valuable insights into seismic activities and support their positive impact on society,” writes The Research Council of Norway. > As part of the report, NORSAR is described as a world leader in seismic event detection. > An international panel of experts recently evaluated the research institutes on behalf of The Research Council of Norway. The evaluation is carried out approximately every 10 years to map the level of Norwegian research. The report also provides input for further development of the various institutes' research work. > “Naturally, we are very proud and pleased with the conclusions of the evaluation report. NORSAR is a small research institute with major tasks that are becoming increasingly important for governments and citizens in the tense world situation we are currently experiencing. We have managed to attract some of the world's most talented researchers in our fields, and of course, they deserve all the credit for the conclusions drawn from The Research Council's evaluation”, says Anne Lycke, CEO of NORSAR. > The Research Council particularly emphasises NORSAR's research in seismology and earthquake monitoring. > “With an extensive network of seismic stations, and fibre optic cables newly installed and maintained, NORSAR's sophisticated monitoring systems enable the detection and analysis of earthquakes detection, contributing to global monitoring efforts and aiding disaster management and early warning systems.” > This includes NORSAR's role as a national data centre for monitoring compliance with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, NORSAR's network of fibre, infrasound and seismic stations for monitoring earthquakes, and support for innovation to improve scientific solutions for safer societies. > Read the evaluation report from The Norwegian Research Council here https://www.forskningsradet.no/siteassets/publikasjoner/2024/evalnat/norsar-final-report.pdf. - [The scientific basis for NORSAR's digital zoning map is published](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-scientific-basis-for-norsar-s-digital-zoning-map-is-published): In an article published in the Journal of Seismology, NORSAR presents an updated earthquake catalogue and a new method for estimating earthquake hazard in Norway. > ![soneringskart](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322531-1737555058/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Skjermbilde%202025-01-22%20145928.png%20%28content%29.webp ) > In the research article Earthquakes and seismic hazard for Norway and Svalbard https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10950-024-10270-z published in the Journal of Seismology this week, Conrad Lindholm, Hilmar Bungum, Federica Ghione, Abdelghani Meslem, Chen Huang & Volker Oye, present an updated and more complete earthquake catalogue, as well as a new method for estimating earthquake hazard using improved statistical models. > The work is the scientific basis for the digital service the Zonation map http://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/, which simplifies seismic design for small and large construction projects according to the European standard Eurocode 8.   > According to Head of Research, Volker Oye, one of the biggest challenges of this research was estimating seismic risk with limited data: > "Both historical and digital earthquake data for Norway are relatively sparse, making it difficult to develop robust models for the possibility of future earthquakes. In addition, Norwegian ground conditions are characterised by minimal sediment coverage near the surface, which requires some special assumptions in the analysis". > Oye points out that older studies of national earthquake risk, for example from 1998, are based on older datasets and inadequate methods: > "The 1998 map lacks the precision and completeness that the new model offers. The inclusion of Svalbard is also new. The model provides a comprehensive assessment of seismic hazard for both mainland Norway and Svalbard". > Article authors: Conrad Lindholm, Hilmar Bungum, Federica Ghione, Abdelghani Meslem, Chen Huang & Volker Oye. > NORSAR launched the Zonation map service http://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/ in 2020 - a digital service that can generate point analyses for all locations in Norway and Svalbard. The tool provides detailed assessments of how seismic activity can affect different types of buildings. > NORSAR is continuously working to improve Soneringskart to make the solution even more user-friendly and adapted to customer needs. > https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/ > ![Volker](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1319170-1716281854/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/VO%20%28nytt%29.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Volker Oye mailto:volker.oye@norsar.no > Forskningsleder / Avdelingsleder Anvendt Seismologi - [Celebrating the 10th anniversary of #WomenInScience](https://www.norsar.no/news/celebrating-the-10th-anniversary-of-womeninscience): On February 11th, the United Nations celebrates the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, a day dedicated to recognizing the achievements of women in science and inspiring the next generation of female scientists. > ![Women at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322635-1739200691/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/WomenInScience-banner.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Globally, women face challenges in entering and excelling in scientific careers across all levels of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Despite significant progress in recent decades, women and girls remain underrepresented in these fields, limiting their potential contributions to innovation and scientific advancement. > Similarly, the percentage of women in senior positions within research management organizations continues to be disproportionately low. > On February 11th, the United Nations celebrates the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, a day dedicated to recognizing the achievements of women in science and inspiring the next generation of female scientists. 2025 marks the 10th year of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science! > At NORSAR, we are committed to fostering an inclusive scientific environment where women thrive and reach their full potential. > By sharing the stories and experiences of our female scientists and employees, we hope to inspire girls and young women to pursue careers in STEM disciplines. In celebration of this year’s anniversary, we have interviewed three women at our foundation to highlight their work at NORSAR and share their career experiences within STEM. **From NASA to NORSAR ** > Marouchka Froment is French and joined NORSAR in early February 2024 as a postdoctoral researcher in the AIR (Airborne Inversion of Rayleigh waves) https://www.norsar.no/prosjekter/air/ project. > - I first completed two years of general education in science and engineering, and then continued with Physics. I liked fundamental Physics, but what I enjoyed most was applying Physics to the exploration of our world and our solar system. This is why I finally chose to specialize in Geophysics for my master’s and PhD. > As a PhD student, Marouchka became part of a large international science team supporting the NASA InSight mission https://science.nasa.gov/mission/insight/science/. InSight's goal was to learn more about the history and evolution of Mars using geophysics. The project concluded in 2022. > - Being exposed to so many areas of science and engieering at the same time, was an amazing and mind-opening experience for me. It confirmed that I had made the right choice, Marouchka explains. > - Today, I enjoy the connections between my different fields of study. For example, fluid and continuum mechanics have direct applications in seismology, or to understand the ever so slow motion of the Earth's interiors. Mathematics also play a crucial role in solving everyday challenges, such as locating earthquakes or imaging the subsurface. > *What advice would you give to girls and women considering a career in science? * > - Science has a paradoxical trait, which is that answering one single question ends up raising many more. It is like an infinite rabbit hole that we humans explore with our never-ending curiosity. That is why we need more scientists today than ever before. > - People become scientists for many different reasons. Many love the intellectual reward of solving problems and advancing society in small steps. Others find pleasure simply in learning new things every day, while some seek to make sense of the world we live in. Know what drives you, and let it guide you. **More than 40 years at NORSAR: From operator in 1983 to Chief Analyst, Earthquakes, in 2025. ** > NORSARs chief earthquake analyst, Berit O. Paulsen, began at NORSAR in 1983 as an operator. > - I started working in the data basement, copying collected data onto large magnetic tapes because computers at the time had no storage capacity. If researchers needed to look at the data, they would ask me to set up the magnetic tapes and they would read the data from them. > Another coincidence led her into analysis. > - Bernt Kristian Hokland, who was an analyst at NORSAR at the time, needed help. I started small and had the talent, necessary math skills and patience to learn something that took time to understand. > *What was it like to work at NORSAR in the 1980s as a woman compared to today? * > - When I started at NORSAR, there was only one other woman here as far as I remember, she was a programmer. There were no women among the researchers, but there were several in the administration. Sometime later in the 1980s, the first female researcher was employed. In the early 1990s, another woman was hired, and eventually more. Anne, the CEO of NORSAR, has had a strong focus on hiring women over th past 10 years, and it's probably also been the case that more girls are now choosing to study in this direction, which is great. > *Berit in the computer room to NORSAR in 1984..* > Today, Berit’s title is 'Chief Analyst Earthquakes'. Her main task is routine analysis and the publication of bulletins online, quality control of data, and writing monthly reports on our stations that are sent to the Comprehensive Test-Ban-Treaty Organization (CTBTO) in Vienna. Berit also responds to inquiries from people who call and e-mail NORSAR with questions on earthquakes, such as whether there has been one. > *How have you seen the inclusion of women in research develop during your time at NORSAR? * > - From being an entirely male-dominated environment for many years of my career, to becoming a working environment with many women, the development has been very positive and gratifying to follow! > *Berit in 2025 at her office analysing earthquakes.* > - I think it's important in a workplace to have a good gender balance, and not least that there are more younger people who have each other's support and find something to do together in their free time too. My clear opinion is that more women in research is a big plus for NORSAR! **Gender balance in focus ** > Anne Strømmen Lycke is stepping down as CEO after eleven years as NORSAR’s top manager. Before joining NORSAR, Anne worked as a geologist in the energy sector. > *How have you observed the development of gender equality and the inclusion of women in STEM fields throughout your career? * > - When I started studying geology at NTH (now NTNU), only 9 percent of the students on campus were girls - most of them in architecture and chemistry. Today, the gender balance is much better, even in fields that used to be 'boy courses'. That is great for ensuring access to bright minds and fostering more ingenuity! > *What are the biggest challenges to achieving gender equality in the research sector, and how is NORSAR addressing them? * > - I think the answer depends on which part of the research you look at. I believe this is slowly but surely leveling out as the role models become more visible. At NORSAR, we have had this on the agenda and actively recruited women for many years. > *Anne Strømmen Lycke. Photo: Frederik Neumann, Felix Feature* > - I'm very happy about our female scientists and analysts’ contributions of ingenuity and knowledge, in addition to the contributions to a more diverse and better working environment. > **What advice would you give to girls and women considering a career in science, technology, engineering or mathematics? ** > Go for it! Pursue what you enjoy, and success will follow! - [Three years of war in Ukraine – what can seismic data tell us about the war?](https://www.norsar.no/news/three-years-of-war-in-ukraine-what-can-earth-movements-tell-us-about-the-war): NORSAR has demonstrated how seismic and infrasound technology can track explosions and monitor threats to critical infrastructure in real time in Ukraine. > ![Ukraine-school](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322672-1740052127/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Ukraine%20960x366.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > February 24, 2025, marks three years since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The war has become the largest in Europe since the second world war, causing massive destruction to civilian infrastructure, significant loss of life on both sides, and the displacement of millions of Ukrainians. > Since the invasion in February 2022, the world has watched events unfold from afar while struggling to separate truth from propaganda. Information from governments and military sources can be incomplete, distorted or falsified for tactical and political reasons. In an environment where the lines between truth and falsehood are increasingly blurred, solid, unbiased and independent evidence is crucial. > As Norway’s National Data Centre for the Comprehensive Test-Ban-Treaty (CTBT), NORSAR’s primary responsibility is to monitor compliance with the nuclear test ban treaty. However, technical advancements have enabled NORSAR to monitor much more than earthquakes and nuclear tests. > **Seismic monitoring of explosions in Ukraine ** > During the ongoing war in Ukraine, NORSAR has demonstrated for the first time how seismic data can be used as an objective tool for monitoring active conflict zones. Seismometers, which measure ground vibrations, and infrasound sensors which detect pressure waves in the atmosphere, can record the impact of violent explosions caused by bombs and missile strikes. By analysing data from seismic stations, NORSAR has been able to determine the timing, location, and scale of explosions occurring in Ukraine in near real-time. > *Map over the Kyiv-region of Ukraine. The triangles show seismic sensors and the blue dots show explosions that have been captured.* > **Documenting attacks and monitoring nuclear plant explosions ** > NORSAR's seismic monitoring has provided crucial insights into military actions in Ukraine. On May 20, 2022, almost four hours before the mayor of Malyn publicly confirmed a missile attack, NORSAR’s automatic alert system had already detected three explosions near Malyn’s train station between 05:39 and 05:40 UTC. > Similarly, when the Kakhovka Dam collapsed on June 6, 2023, causing widespread flooding and a humanitarian crisis, seismic and infrasound data revealed two explosions believed to have triggered its destruction – offering critical evidence amid conflicting reports. > Beyond tracking military strikes, seismic data also plays a crucial role in assessing threats to critical infrastructure including the Ukrainian nuclear power plants. This monitoring capability is crucial for providing early warnings of incidents that could result in radioactive fallout, allowing Norwegian authorities to assess potential radiation hazards and respond effectively. > In 2023, a team of scientists – led by NORSAR’s Head of Department for Test-Ban-Treaty Verification, Ben Dando – published a scientific article in *Nature* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06416-7 on conflict monitoring in Ukraine. They presented an extensive catalogue of explosions close to the Kyiv region, revealing far more explosions than what was publicly reported. Moreover, the data provides unique insights into the conflict dynamics of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. > This research, as featured in Nature, was widely reported by international media including an extensive feature in *The New York Times* https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-war-russia-attacks-seismic-waves.html?smid=url-share. Several other media outlets, including *Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2023/09/06/scientists-track-russiaukraine-war-in-real-time-using-seismic-data/, **Der* *Spiegel* https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/krieg-in-der-ukraine-forscher-analysieren-erdbebenwellen-a-77d47fc0-81fa-4948-8a20-3594cbb48f59?sara_ecid=soci_upd_KsBF0AFjflf0DZCxpPYDCQgO1dEMph*, El Pais https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-08-31/seismographs-record-tremors-from-the-war-in-ukraine.html, Science et Avenir https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/fondamental/geologie/guerre-en-ukraine-suivre-les-explosions-en-temps-reel-grace-aux-donnees-sismiques_173670* and *New Scientist https://www.newscientist.com/article/2389758-earthquake-sensors-are-tracking-bombing-attacks-in-ukraine/* covered NORSAR’s research, highlighting its impact on conflict monitoring. > *Facsimile of NORSAR's coverage in international media. * > **Expanding monitoring capabilities with fibre-optic sensing ** > Fibre-optic sensing is a complementary technology that can further enhance monitoring capabilities. It transforms existing telecommunication cables into vast networks of virtual sensors capable of detecting signals through the air, ground or water. This flexibility makes it well suited for monitoring activity including sabotage operations or threats to critical infrastructure, both onshore and offshore. > **Conflict monitoring, ceasefire verification and situational awareness ** > Independent, data-driven conflict monitoring is more important than ever. Seismic and fibre-optic sensing technologies can play a crucial role not only during active conflicts but also in ceasefire verification and situational awareness. By providing objective, high-resolution data on explosions and other military actions, these methods ensure accurate reporting, facilitate humanitarian aid deployment, and support investigations into violations of international humanitarian law. > In addition to monitoring explosions in Ukraine, NORSAR has collaborated with Nordic research partners, analysing the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline explosions in the Baltic Sea. Seismic analysis confirmed at least four separate blasts, providing key evidence that was later reported byThe Guardian. Such monitoring capabilities are essential for identifying threats to critical infrastructure, including nuclear power plants, energy grids, and subsea pipelines. > By continuously advancing these technologies, NORSAR is setting a new standard for conflict monitoring, ensuring greater transparency, accountability, and security in times of crisis. > ![Ben Dando](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/131176-1716280816/Bilder/Brukere/benjamindando.jpg%20%28avatar_list%29.jpg ) > Ben Dando mailto:ben@norsar.no > Head of Department Test Ban Treaty Verification - [2024 - A snapshot](https://2024-norsar-annualreport.no): In a time of global unrest and uncertainty, our efforts to research and monitor the Earth’s movements for a safer society are more important than ever. In this report we highlight key events and achievements in 2024 and share some news from the first quarter of 2025. > ![2024 - Et innblikk](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322898-1742309072/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Forsidebilde_web.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) - [NORSAR promotes unique research opportunities at Stendammen Science Park](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-promotes-unique-research-opportunities-at-stendammen-science-park): NORSAR is now marketing its research station at Løten both nationally and internationally to attract researchers in seismology, geophysics, environmental monitoring and advanced sensor technology. > ![Stendammen Science Park](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322930-1742910234/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/L%C3%B8ten.vinter.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > NORSAR Science Park @ Stendammen is a year-round facility available for research, development and testing of technology. The science park is located in a quiet and remote forest area outside Løten, which provides favourable conditions for seismological research. > *Explore more through this presentation https://indd.adobe.com/view/917209ff-6756-47a4-b3b7-7f97df070a6b* > Researchers can analyse and compare three cutting-edge technologies for monitoring the Earth's movements: seismic, infrasound, and fiber optics. > Additionally, Stendammen offers more than 50 years of continuous, high-quality seismometer data. > With access to three advanced seismic technologies, a unique database and the remote location of the station, the site is ideal for researchers exploring new methods and technologies in seismology, geophysics and environmental monitoring. > *Take a closer look at the technologies here: * > With access to three advanced seismic technologies, a unique database and the remote location of the station, the site is ideal for researchers exploring new methods and technologies in seismology, geophysics and environmental monitoring. > The board of NORSAR recently visited Stendammen to look at the facilities. Jon Magnus Christensen, head of the National Data Centre, and senior engineer Morten Sickel from NORSAR presented the facilities, technologies and research opportunities at the station. > **Contact us:** > For more information about availability and costs, please contact Jon Magnus Christensen http://jon.christensen@norsar.no, Head of National Data Center. > https://www.norsar.no/services/norsar-science-park-stendammen/ > https://www.norsar.no/in-focus/new-national-infrastructure-for-fiber-technology > ![Jon Magnus Christensen](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/135960-1716280845/Bilder/Brukere/jonmagnuschristensen.jpg%20%28avatar_user_display%29.jpg ) > Jon Magnus Christensen mailto:jon.christensen@norsar.no > Head of the National Data Centre - [New doctoral scientist at NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-doctoral-scientist-at-norsar): We congratulate Federica Ghione, seismologist at NORSAR, for successfully defending her thesis on seismic hazard and risk assessment for Oslo at the Department of Geosciences, at UiO. > ![Federica Disputas](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323179-1747816660/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Federica-Disputas.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Newly graduated doctor Federica Ghione (no. 3 left) pictured with the assessment committee and one of the supervisor. From left: Scientist Annabel Händel, main supervisor Volker Oye, Federica Ghione and Professor Benedikt Halldórsson.) > Seismologist at NORSAR, Federica Ghione, successfully defended her doctoral thesis at the University of Oslo on the 20th of May. > Originally from Italy, Federica first joined NORSAR in 2018 as a student trainee. She holds a master’s degree in Applied Geological Sciences from the University of Pavia, Italy. In 2020, she began her PhD in seismic hazard and risk assessment at the University of Oslo. > As part of her PhD, Federica has been working at NORSAR on assessing the risks posed by earthquakes to buildings, infrastructure, and populations in urban areas. The findings are crucial for urban planning, guiding better preparedness for potential earthquakes and ensuring that safety standards align with current risks. By identifying vulnerable areas, the research study can help local authorities, policymakers, and city planners make informed decisions for future construction and risk mitigation strategies. > In her PhD study, Federica provides a detailed seismic hazard and risk assessment for Oslo, an area that has historically been considered to have low seismic risk, but still vulnerable due to its geological conditions and building stock. The study combines data and information from the different key components (hazard, exposure and vulnerability) to provide estimates of the seismic risk. > ***Seismic risk components: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.** The left side shows a low-risk scenario where limited exposure (desert landscape with sparse population) reduces potential impacts, despite the presence of seismic hazard. The right side represents a high-risk scenario where significant exposure (urban landscape) and vulnerability (buildings susceptible to damage) increase the potential impact of an earthquake. Figure/Illustration: Federica Ghione.* > * > Federica during her disputas* > Although Oslo is not prone to major earthquakes, certain areas are more vulnerable due to local ground conditions and building types. Federica’s research integrates fieldwork and advanced data analysis, including investigations of building typologies, ground conditions and fault structures, to identify zones at higher seismic risk. > Federica's doctorate was completed at the Department of Geosciences in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo. Her supervisors were Head of Research at NORSAR Volker Oye and Prof. Anita Torabi, UiO. > The opponents were Prof. Benedikt Halldórsson, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, and scientist Annabel Händel, Seismic Hazard and Risk Dynamics Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. > The chair of the defense was Prof. François Renard, Department of Geosciences, UiO > Read more about the defense here: Dissertation - Federica Ghione. https://www.mn.uio.no/geo/english/research/news-and-events/events/disputations/2025/basins/ghione.html > The PhD thesis is available to read from the UiO research arhive here https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/118859. > **Congratulations!** - [80 Years Since the First Detonation of a Nuclear Bomb](https://www.norsar.no/news/80-years-since-the-first-detonation-of-a-nuclear-bomb): Today, July 16, 2025, marks the 80th anniversary of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon – the event known as the Trinity test. > ![atomic bomb](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323368-1752653743/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/mindre%20eksplosjon.istock.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > On July 16, 1945, in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico, the United States conducted the first-ever atomic explosion. This marked a turning point in world history. Just three weeks later, nuclear bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. > Since then, more than 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted – on land, underwater, and underground. The development and testing of nuclear weapons have had far-reaching political, humanitarian, and environmental consequences. > * The Trinity bomb explosion* > In the aftermath of the Second World War and the nuclear bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the international community mobilised to curb nuclear weapons development. Landmark agreements followed, including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear-Weapons (NPT), which entered into force in 1970, and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), adopted in 1996. > The CTBT prohibits all forms of testing of nuclear weapons. To date, 178 countries have signed and ratified the treaty, while nine others have signed but not yet ratified it. Despite not having formally entered into force, the CTBT has had a strong normative impact. Since 2000, only a few tests have been conducted, with North Korea being the only state to carry out nuclear tests in recent years. > As a result of the treaty, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) was established. It operates one of the most advanced global monitoring systems in existence, with more than 300 stations capable of detecting nuclear test explosions anywhere in the world. > Eighty years after the Trinity test, nuclear weapons still pose a serious challenge to global security. Although the number of tests has decreased significantly, the work of non-proliferation, disarmament, and verification remains as critical as ever. Maintaining and strengthening the global verification system is a cornerstone of international efforts to nuclear non-proliferation. > NORSAR, which represent Norway’s national data centre and technical expertise in the CTBTO, operates key seismic monitoring stations and contributes world-leading expertise in nuclear test detection. At NORSAR, we are proud to operate several facilities of the International Monitoring System, doing our part to prevent that nuclear testing nor the use of nuclear weapons ever happens again. Our work is a vital contribution to global peace and security. - [NORSAR present at WGB65 in Vienna](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-present-at-wgb65-in-vienna): This week, NORSAR is attending Working Group B (WGB65) in Vienna, one of the technical working groups of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO). > ![clouds](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323595-1756919228/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/WorldClouds.png%20%28full_width%29.png%20%28banner%29.webp ) > Last week saw the start of the 65th session of Working Group B (WGB) in Vienna. The technical working group is one of the governing bodies of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) and brings together the 187 states that have signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. > This week, discussions continue under WGB65, where NORSAR is represented. Among other things, discussions focus on how to maintain, further develop and operate the global network of stations that constitute the treaty's verification regime. The network consists of approximately 300 stations worldwide, and Norway has six of these, which are operated by NORSAR. > NORSAR contributes expertise in seismology and the monitoring of earthquakes and explosions. We have several representatives who are actively involved in ensuring the further development of the verification regime. > *Panel at WBG * > Next week, it all concludes with the CTBT: Science & Technology Conference 2025, which will take place at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna. Here, over 1,000 participants from the fields of science, technology, politics and academia will gather to strengthen the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). NORSAR will participate with both lectures and technical contributions in a broad international forum where researchers and experts meet to discuss the latest scientific and technological advances related to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. - [NORSAR's Kjølv Egeland attended a panel discussion at Eidsvoll](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-s-kjolv-egeland-attended-a-panel-discussion-at-eidsvoll): NORSAR's Kjølv Egeland participated in a panel discussion on Norwegian security policy at Eidsvoll. > ![Kjølv i panel](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323648-1758027029/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Kj%C3%B8lv%20-%20panel%20-%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > On Saturday, 6 September, NORSAR's Kjølv Egeland participated in the ‘Election Party at Eidsvollsbygningen’ organised by Eidsvoll 1814, a division of the Norwegian Folk Museum. > Egeland sat on a panel with Halvard Leira from NUPI and discussed Norwegian security policy. > *Kjølv Egeland * > The technical discussion was followed by a political debate between Himanshu Gulati (Frp), Tone W. Trøen (H), Thorbjørn Merkesdal (V), Une Bastholm (MDG), Sigbjørn Gjelsvik (Sp), Sverre Myrli (Ap), Kirsti Bergstø (SV), Joachim Espe (Rødt) and Geir Tveit (Krf). - [NORSAR participated at the CTBTO Science & Technology Conference 2025 in Vienna](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-participated-in-the-ctbto-science-technology-conference-2025-in-vienna): NORSAR was present at this year's Science & Technology conference in Vienna. > ![Andreas W. i panelsamtale på SnT2025](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323664-1758285962/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/IMG_4848.JPG%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > From 8 to 12 September, NORSAR attended this year's CTBTO Science & Technology Conference (SnT2025) in Vienna. The conference brought together over 1,000 participants from around the world – researchers, diplomats, technologists and students – at the Hofburg Palace. > *Sofus from NORSAR presents his poster at SnT* > The SnT conference is an important meeting place for showcasing new technology and research that strengthens the monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Several of NORSAR's experts participated in presentations and panel discussions, and contributed actively to the Young Professionals Network (YPN), which brings together young researchers and professionals in the field. > Through collaboration, networking and knowledge sharing, the conference contributes to the development of new solutions for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty – work in which NORSAR plays a central role. - [NORSAR at IMAGE 2025 in Houston](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-image-2025-in-houston): NORSAR was present at IMAGE 2025 in Houston. > ![IMAGE](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323684-1758290028/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/IMG_0593.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > At the end of August, NORSAR participated in the IMAGE conference in Houston – one of the largest international meetings in applied geoscience and energy. With more than 8,000 participants from 93 countries and 260 exhibitors, the conference is a key arena for sharing knowledge, presenting new solutions and building networks across the industry. > For NORSAR, this is a valuable opportunity to meet partners, customers and professional communities from around the world, and to keep up to date with the latest trends and technologies. > We would like to thank everyone for the many good conversations and look forward to further cooperation! - [19 years since North Korea's first nuclear test explosion](https://www.norsar.no/news/19-years-since-north-korea-s-first-nuclear-test-explosion): Today, 9 October 2025, marks 19 years since North Korea conducted its first nuclear test explosion. > ![Hydrogenbombe](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323328-1752652272/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/3.%20MikeHydrogenBombe.Flickr.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > On 9 October 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test explosion in North Hamgyong Province. The explosion was relatively low in yield – estimated at around 1 kiloton – and marked a dramatic breach of the international norm against nuclear testing established by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). > Despite the fact that the CTBTO's International Monitoring System (IMS) was only 60% operational at the time, the test was quickly detected by more than 20 seismic stations around the world. > Since 2006, North Korea has conducted five further tests. In 2009, 2013, two in 2016 and one in 2017, the latter – in September 2017 – being the most powerful and described as a hydrogen bomb. > *Overview of nuclear test explosions* > These test explosions have contributed to shape today's security policy landscape and demonstrate how crucial international monitoring and non-proliferation efforts continue to be. - [NORSAR attended an international conference on nuclear disarmament and nuclear safety in Kazakhstan](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-attended-an-international-conference-on-nuclear-disarmament-and-nuclear-safety-in-kazakhstan): NORSAR Director Birger Steen attended an international conference in Kazakhstan, where experts discussed future opportunities for nuclear safety and cooperation. > ![Birger m.fl. på konferanse](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323735-1760698687/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/IMG_6439.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Last week, NORSAR Director Birger Steen attended the international conference “Semipalatinsk Test Site: Legacy and Prospects for Scientific-Technical Potential Development” in Kazakhstan. > The conference brought together representatives from research institutions, government agencies, and international organizations to discuss the legacy of the Semipalatinsk test site—one of the most important locations in the history of nuclear testing—as well as future opportunities for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nuclear safety and energy. > Between 1949 and 1989, a total of 456 nuclear bomb tests were carried out, both above and below ground, at Semipalatinsk. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan's then president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, closed the site to further testing. Today, the area stands as a symbol of both the long-term consequences of nuclear testing and the importance of international cooperation to secure former test sites and prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. > The annual conference serves as an important platform for discussion on research, technology development, and measures to strengthen the global non-proliferation agenda. > - Thirty years of experience with the Test Ban Treaty has taught us that research and technological development can play a key role in peace efforts. We have also learned that it is a great advantage if the technology is ready for use when the geopolitical situation allows diplomats to take action. This lesson may prove relevant and valuable in 2025 as well, says Birger Steen, Director of NORSAR. > The conference was organized by Kazakhstan's Ministry of Energy, in collaboration with the country's Academy of Sciences, the National Nuclear Center, Kazatomprom, and several leading research and technology institutions. > Among the main topics were: > Nuclear safety, materials research, and the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste > Developments in hydrogen energy and controlled fusion processes > Radioecology and medical monitoring of areas affected by previous nuclear tests > Monitoring and remediation of radioactively contaminated areas > Strengthening the global non-proliferation regime and verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) > As a key player in seismic monitoring and verification of the Test Ban Treaty, NORSAR's participation in the conference is an important part of the ongoing work to promote international cooperation and technological development in nuclear security. - [NORSAR at the OSCE Structured Dialogue](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-the-osce-structured-dialogue): Dr Kjølv Egeland from NORSAR gave a presentation during the OSCE's ‘Structured Dialogue’ on 21 October. > ![OSCE](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323765-1761311762/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/osce.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > On 21 October, Dr Kjølv Egeland of NORSAR gave a presentation on conflict monitoring and new innovations in verification to dozens of ambassadors and military advisors in the format of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe’s “Structured Dialogue”. > The Structured Dialogue, which is currently managed by the Norwegian delegation to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), offers a standing, informal working group to discuss security challenges in the OSCE area. The aim of the dialogue is to foster mutual understanding and a common basis for a way forward for security in Europe. > NORSAR’s Jon Magnus Christensen was also present for the dialogue and took part in a number of small-group meetings with OSCE stakeholders. NORSAR will be back in Vienna in December for a follow-up meeting on arms control and verification. - [NORSAR at Girl Tech Fest in Lillestrøm](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-at-girl-tech-fest-in-lillestrom): Last week, NORSAR participated at Girl Tech Fest in Lillestrøm. > ![Girl Tech](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323785-1762248745/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Girl%20Tech%202025.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Last Thursday, NORSAR participated in the Girl Tech party at Lillestrøm Library. Girl Tech is an initiative from the Girl Tech Association and the National Centre for Science Recruitment (NSR), and aims to increase interest in science and technology among girls. > Throughout the day, participants got to explore and test technology in practice, meet female role models from technology professions, and experience how technology can be used to create, solve problems, and contribute to social development. > NORSAR contributed with a popular and engaging activity where participants got to jump earthquakes! Through jumping and movements, the girls could see how seismic waves are recorded on real measuring instruments, just as researchers at NORSAR do when studying earthquakes. > *GirlTech Fest participants jumps an earthquake* > They learned about the structure of the Earth's interior, what causes earthquakes, and how even small movements from concerts, traffic or jumping Girl Tech participants can be measured by sensitive seismic equipment. > Research shows that girls' interest in science often declines after the age of 12, despite the fact that they perform just as well as boys. Girl Tech Fest therefore provides girls with a unique arena where they can experience technology on their own terms – through play, learning and mastery. - [Kjølv Egeland on Trump's statements about nuclear testing](https://www.norsar.no/news/kjolv-egeland-on-trump-s-statements-about-nuclear-testing): NORSAR's Kjølv Egeland comments on President Trump's statement about possible nuclear testing. > ![nuclear tests](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323378-1752654031/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Nuclear%20tests%201945-2020_NORSAR.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > NORSAR's Kjølv Egeland was interviewed by several Norwegian media outlets in connection with the US President's much-discussed statement on nuclear testing on 30 October. > On the social media platform Truth Social, Trump wrote: ‘Because of other countries' testing programmes, I have instructed the Department of War to start testing our nuclear weapons on an equal basis. That process will begin immediately.’ > Egeland pointed out that it was unclear whether the president was referring to missile testing or actual nuclear test explosions. During Trump's previous term as president, the US accused Russia of conducting small test explosions or other activities in violation of the Test Ban Treaty on Novaya Zemlya in the Arctic. > NORSAR is closely monitoring the old Russian test site and has not recorded any suspicious incidents. Russia's last known test explosion took place on Novaya Zemlya in 1990. > Read the interview on TV2 here https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv2.no%2Fnyheter%2Futenriks%2Ftrumps-atomvapen-melding-onsker-a-sende-et-signal%2F18239829%2F&data=05%7C02%7Cmaren.dahle%40norsar.no%7Cb1dc0545e2874aca7a3308de1ad49c00%7C00fde374a714438b92a2135efd2bfd30%7C0%7C0%7C638977697619984381%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=karhpQURWgE7oPh834Xkhyw3C3HdnBUbq5PVgJZCLKI%3D&reserved=0 and Nettavisen here https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nettavisen.no%2Fnyheter%2Fnye-atomtrusler-trump-blir-med-pa-dansen-til-putin%2Fs%2F5-95-2700177&data=05%7C02%7Cmaren.dahle%40norsar.no%7Cb1dc0545e2874aca7a3308de1ad49c00%7C00fde374a714438b92a2135efd2bfd30%7C0%7C0%7C638977697620019438%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=7kiF6d8%2FUUTuZGl4ezN%2FAIn3qtIMbpKJloQ5a1EWIMc%3D&reserved=0. Kjølv also wrote an article in Aftenposten about the matter, which you can read here https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/eM2jlK/usa-og-atomvaapen-vil-donald-trump-snu-atompolitikken-paa-hodet. - [Marouchka Froment and team demonstrates how balloons could be used to explore Venus interiors](https://www.norsar.no/news/marouchka-froment-and-team-demonstrates-how-balloons-could-be-used-to-explore-venus-interiors): This week, Marouchka Froment, Quentin Brissaud, Sven Peter Näsholm and Johannes Schweitzer published the first demonstration of a seismic inversion using signals recorded by balloons. > ![Venus](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323867-1764078002/Venus.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > The internal structure of a planet informs us about its formation and evolution. Scientists have probed Earth’s interiors for more than a century using seismology, but what lies beneath the surface Venus remains a mystery. > Very few probes have been sent to Venus so far, and due to its very hot and dense surface, no seismometer was ever deployed on the ground. As part of the AIR project (Airborne Inversion of Rayleigh waves, funded by a FRIPRO grant of the Norwegian research council), researchers at NORSAR investigate whether Venus seismology could be performed from the air, without using a traditional seismometer. > The same way a drum emits sound when it vibrates, ground shaking following an earthquake (or a venusquakes) generates inaudible acoustic waves in the atmosphere, called infrasound. In 2021, infrasound from a major earthquake in the Flores Sea, Indonesia, was recorded by four balloons floating at about 18 km altitude. > In a recent study published in *Communications Earth & Environment*, Marouchka Froment showed that the signals from these balloons could be used to reveal information on the earthquake location, but also on the subsurface structure of the Earth. This is a compelling demonstration that balloon-based seismology could be used in the future to unveil the secrets of Venus interiors. > You can read the full article here https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02917-7, and if you want to a read a story that digs deeper into the science behind the paper you can find that here https://communities.springernature.com/posts/balloon-seismology-enables-subsurface-inversion-without-ground-stations. > Learn more about the AIR project here https://norsarair.github.io/. - [The work began at NORSAR's new station in Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-work-began-at-norsar-s-new-station-in-antarctica): On Saturday, Ravn and Morten were able to start work on site for the new NORSAR station, approximately 50 minutes from Troll in Antarctica. > ![felt](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324585-1768995236/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/Morten%20ute%20i%20felt%20.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Christmas dinner will be enjoyed with around 30 other Norwegians at the Troll station. It will taste good and be relatively relaxed. Everything has gone according to plan so far since arriving at Troll on Thursday and being able to start work on the new NORSAR station on Saturday. > For three months, they will be in Antarctica in temperatures of up to minus 30 degrees Celsius, building a brand new station for NORSAR. It was supposed to be established at Troll, but because the government has decided to upgrade the Troll research station and, among other things, build a wind power station for green energy, NORSAR had to move the measuring station away from this facility. > *Fieldwork* > The direct cause is the noise that the wind turbines will generate. The observatory will be made autonomous to limit the need for supervision. That is what we will be building in the coming weeks, says Ravn, continuing: > - Because the weather now looks set to be good, with little wind, we hope to be able to get out there and start work perhaps as early as this weekend. > It takes about an hour to travel by tracked vehicle from Troll to where we will set up the station. Of course, it's nice to get off to a good start. Then we can celebrate Christmas with a clear conscience. > We will be following Ravn and Morten over the coming weeks as they establish the new NORSAR station in Antarctica. - [NORSAR and Norway contribute to mapping the destruction in Ukraine](https://www.norsar.no/news/article-6563): It goes without saying that Minister of Foreign Affairs Espen Barth Eide is extremely busy these days. We at NORSAR are very grateful that he nevertheless prioritized visiting us yesterday, directly after a week at the World Economic Forum in Davos. > ![Fem menn](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324742-1769447594/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/IMG_8615%20%281%29.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > It was an interesting dialogue about operations and future opportunities to make our society safer and more resilient, both nationally and internationally, given the geopolitical situation and the climate challenges that are having a major impact. > - It was very valuable for us at NORSAR to be able to show what we contribute today – and what we can contribute even more in the future. In the world we live in now, and with the way geopolitical and climate challenges are developing, we at NORSAR believe we have a great deal to contribute,” says CEO Birger Steen of NORSAR following the visit by Minister of Foreign Affairs Barth Eide. > **The topics of discussion were linked to the main pillars of NORSAR’s areas of expertise and strategy.** > NORSAR’s core competence is knowledge of the Earth’s vibrations—both natural and man-made—and describing them in real time through automated recording and analysis. We have been working in this field for more than 50 years. It is our societal responsibility to share and disseminate knowledge in order to make the world safer and more secure—in short, more resilient. > NORSAR has a highly valuable and sensitive monitoring network > Through NORSAR’s extensive network of fiber-optic, infrasound, and seismic stations, we are able both to “listen” to the Earth and to monitor weather- and climate-related phenomena, ranging from landslide risks in unstable mountain areas to movements in ice around Greenland, Svalbard, and the polar regions. The instruments are extremely sensitive and can detect very small vibrations. This also enables us to identify man-made disturbances and share data that can contribute to improved preparedness and response to undesirable events. > Seismic instruments are highly sensitive and can detect even small vibrations. In addition to natural seismic activity, our monitoring stations can therefore register man-made events and help clarify them. When the war in Ukraine broke out in 2022, our technologists automatically established monitoring of the areas surrounding the country’s nuclear power plants to ensure independent information about bombings. This contributes to the overall situational awareness used by Norwegian authorities to assess the risk of radioactive fallout over Norway. > *Senior research scientist Guro Svendsen and Barth Eide* > Our software is used to solve a wide range of tasks and can, among other things, be applied to the optimization of seismic surveys; evaluation and planning; seismic modeling and simulation; and the generation of synthetic seismic data. By improving seismic data acquisition, processing, and analysis, NORSAR’s software can provide better subsurface imaging and help reduce risk and costs in oil exploration. > Seismic modeling is a particularly important tool in the acquisition and processing of seismic data. We therefore work continuously to further develop our seismic modeling techniques. NORSAR’s modeling technology, such as our seismic ray-tracing modeling, is among the most advanced on the market. > NORSAR’s software products are used by leading oil companies worldwide. The products are supported by experienced sales, services, and support teams from our headquarters in Norway, as well as through a global network of representatives. - [Newsarchive](https://www.norsar.no/news/newsarchive) - [The station and facility are in place and transmitting data.](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-station-and-facility-are-in-place-and-transmitting-data): The NORSAR trio Nils K. Schøyen, Morten Hervik and Ravn Rydtun can enthusiastically report from Antarctica that everything is going according to plan. > ![Remote NORSAR station in Antarctic rocky terrain with clear blue sky background.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324952-1770117305/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/DJI_20240506064230_0005_D.JPG%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Remote NORSAR station situated on rocky Antarctic terrain under a clear blue sky.) > The NORSAR trio Nils K. Schøyen, Morten Hervik and Ravn Rydtun can enthusiastically report from Antarctica that everything is going according to plan and the new station, an hour’s track vehicle drive from Troll, has been set up. > “The facility is up and running and sending data. We still need to adjust the instruments before the data is usable. There are a few small improvements to be made before we reach the final test phase,” says Morten. > Over the past week they have completed the installation. The container is fully built and the batteries are charged by the solar panel. The final infrasound installations have also been built. > “The work as a whole has gone surprisingly well. It was a big task, we don’t hide that, but following the ‘how to eat an elephant’ principle, we’ve taken one bite at a time,” explains Ravn and continues. > “The best thing now is to see all parts of the project fitting together and working. We are in good spirits and ready for the last weeks and completion.” > “We have now completed most of our work and there remains some troubleshooting on our diesel generator.” > Installed 10 seismic points, meaning ten seismometers lowered into steel wells placed in boreholes at 4 metres depth. > Installed 9 infrasound points, meaning assembly of these “shower heads” – wind noise reduction branches, which will eliminate pressure and wind noise caused by the wind. > Transported the container out with the assistance of the Norwegian Polar Institute and one of their “Troll beasts” (Prinoth Panther XL), a massive tracked transport machine. > Assembled the steel framework around the container, which holds the solar panels (12 units), wind turbines (3 units) and communication equipment (mobile data antenna and Starlink in redundancy). > The steel frames and container were supplied by Varia, the diesel generator by Coromatic, wind turbines by APRS World, communication by COM4 and UPS, while solar panels were supplied by DELTA. > 8 lead batteries serving as a buffer bank for wind turbine charging. > Installed 20 x 250Ah lithium batteries, 63kg each. These are hopefully charged by the wind turbines during the polar night so that the diesel generator can be used as little as possible. > Without any charging, this UPS can keep the station running for 3 weeks. > Background > In close and good cooperation with the Norwegian Polar Institute, a seismo-acoustic array station is to be established, funded by the Research Council of Norway. A network of several seismometers and infrasound sensors (acoustic sensors) placed in a geometric pattern to improve detection, localisation and characterisation of seismic events (such as earthquakes, explosions, volcanic activity) and atmospheric sound. > It was originally to be established at Troll, but because the government decided to upgrade the Troll research station and among other things build a wind power station for green energy, NORSAR had to move the measurement station away from this facility. The direct cause is the noise the wind turbines will create. Additional funding for moving the station came from the Ministry of Climate and Environment (KLD). > Morten and Ravn explain what they have been working on since New Year’s: > The time has mostly been spent on container work. The container arrived a couple of days after New Year’s with transport from the ice edge. They were delayed a few days due to bad weather on the way in and had to stop until conditions improved. > We unloaded the container and built and fixed the walls on it. The transport out was carried out with one of the station’s “Troll beasts”. A 50-ton monster with side loader for loading and transporting containers. In short, a tracked truck. We had to wait a few days as the route up to Armlenet had to be re-secured with ground-penetrating radar. During the previous transport of an excavator out to Armlenet, one of these machines barely broke through the ice. We received the green light and set off. > After a three-hour drive, we got to Armlenet with the precious cargo and placed it on the base frame. We bolted the top and bottom frames together using various straps and pulleys to press everything tightly together. Finally, we built a platform and stairs for access to the container. > We have had a few days of bad weather, which allowed us to test how the construction holds up. Now work has begun to convert this into a power station. We will install one tonne of batteries, along with solar panels and wind turbines. When we have electricity up and running, we can begin adjusting the sensors and receiving the first data. > It is a full storm here now, so we are not working on the station as long as the storm rages. > https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/godt-var-full-fart-og-norsar-er-fulltallige-i-antarktis > https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/vi-har-nadd-nye-milepaler-i-antarktis-siden-nyttar > https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/arbeidet-startet-pa-norsars-nye-stasjon-i-antarktis - [Norway's largest research project is starting now!](https://www.norsar.no/news/norway-s-largest-research-project-is-starting-now): NORSAR is one of 18 research institutes and universities participating in Norway's largest research project ever. POLAR SEA 2050 with kick-off Thursday 5th February! > **Two billion kroner, 18 institutions and ten years of research on the world’s northernmost sea. > Join the kick-off for the research programme Polhavet 2050 at Arctic Frontiers.** > *The research vessel Kronprins Haakon in the ice during the Arctic Ocean expedition 2022. The vessel will be central to the research of Polhavet 2050. **Photo: Trine Lise Sviggum Helgerud, Norwegian Polar Institute*** > By 2050, the Arctic Ocean will be ice-free during summer. This opens up new shipping routes and resource exploitation, but also unknown consequences for climate and ecology, possible major changes in fish stocks, and great power rivalry of unknown extent. > At Arctic Frontiers, we start the research collaboration that will find the answers we need for good governance of the northern areas and a safe geopolitical future. Over the next ten years, 18 Norwegian institutions will research, observe and analyse the future Arctic Ocean across a broad scientific spectrum. > We invite you to the kickoff for Polhavet 2050 to mark the launch of Norway’s largest research programme ever. The coming ten years will be incredibly important for our shared future in the Arctic. > **When: Thursday, 5 February 2026, 11.00 am – 12.30 pm** > **Where: Arctic Frontiers, Margarinfabrikken at The Edge Hotel, Tromsø** > **You can also follow the event on YouTube: > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMsSE-6aXug https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMsSE-6aXug** > We are political scientists, oceanographers, economists, biologists, geophysicists, lawyers, climate researchers, technologists, social scientists, seismologists, mathematicians, engineers, humanists and physicists – practically all kinds of scientists. In addition, there will be infrastructure on land, water, and in the air, plus a highly necessary support team. > The 18 institutions will together contribute one billion kroner of their own resources, as well as one billion kroner from the Research Council of Norway. Furthermore, numerous international research environments, institutions and research funders from around the world have shown great interest in the research programme. - [NORSAR to hire Business Controller](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-soker-etter-business-controller-2): NORSAR is establishing a new position as Business Controller. Also to ease the administrative burden for the researchers. > As a Business Controller at NORSAR, you will have overall responsibility for the financial monitoring of a broad portfolio of national and international research projects. The role is both strategic and operational, serving as an important link between researchers, management, and the CFO. > You will be a key contributor to improved financial management, more efficient processes, and reduced administrative burden for the researchers. > The position reports to the CFO, and once well established in the role, it may also involve acting as the CFO's deputy in reporting to senior management and the board. > **Main responsibilities include:** > Budgeting, forecasting and reporting to management and the board > Accounting follow-up and invoicing for both national and international projects > Financial project control from project initiation to final settlement > Financial reporting in accordance with contracts and funding agreements > Assisting researchers with contract management with national and international partners > Working with international agreements, currency issues and financial structures > Further development, streamlining and automation of financial processes > Active use and further development of the project management system (InstiPro) > **Read more about the position – listen to the podcast about the position – and apply here:** > https://meyerhaugen.no/ledige-stillinger/stilling-464874/ > Vacancies - Business Controller https://meyerhaugen.no/ledige-stillinger/stilling-464874/ - [NORSAR and Norway contribute to mapping destruction in Ukraine](https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/bidrar-til-kartlegging-av-odeleggelser-i-ukraina/id3147316/): Read the press release from the Government here > ![Norwegian government press release webpage with text and navigation menu at top.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324842-1769501320/Bilder/Skjermbilde%202026-01-27%20kl.%2009.06.54.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) - [Good weather, full speed and NORSAR is at full strength in Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/news/good-weather-full-speed-and-norsar-is-at-full-strength-in-antarctica): NORSAR's IT manager Nils K Schøyen is in place and the installation is progressing quickly. The focus is now on the installation of the power station. > ![Person in red winter clothing standing on snow with vehicles and tents in the Antarctic. Text: IT-sjefen i Norsar, Nils K. Schøyen, er på plass i Antarktis](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324702-1769417039/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/IMG_8590.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp NORSAR's IT Manager, Nils K. Schøyen, is on-site in Antarctica.) > Morten Hervik, Ravn Rydtun and Nils K. Schøyen have now started the work of turning the solar panel and the rest of the equipment they brought with them in the container into a power station. > - We are going to install a set of batteries, along with solar panels and wind turbines. Once we have the power up and running, we can start calibrating the sensors and receive the first data, explains Nils K. Schøyen. > Background: > In close and good collaboration with the Norwegian Polar Institute, a seismo-acoustic array station funded by the Research Council of Norway will be established. This is a network of several seismometers and infrasound sensors (acoustic sensors) placed in a geometric pattern to improve detection, localisation and characterisation of seismic events (such as earthquakes, explosions, volcanic activity) and sounds in the atmosphere. > It was originally planned to be established at Troll, but because the government has decided to upgrade the Troll research station and among other things install a wind power plant for green energy, NORSAR had to move the measurement station away from this facility. The direct reason is the noise the wind turbines will create. The extra funding to relocate the station came from the Ministry of Climate and Environment (KLD). > Morten and Ravn share what they have worked on since the New Year: > The time has mostly been spent on container work. The container arrived a few days after the New Year with the transport from the ice edge. They were a few days delayed due to bad weather while on the way in, and had to stop until the weather improved. > We managed to unload the container and the walls were erected and attached inside it. The transport out was carried out with one of the station’s "Trolldyr". A beast of 50 tonnes with a side loader for loading and transport of containers. In short, a tracked truck. We had to wait a few days as the route up to Armlenet had to be secured again with ground radar. On the previous transport of an excavator to Armlenet, one of these machines had barely broken through the ice. We got the green light and set off. > Various equipment in Arctic landscape > After a three-hour drive, we got up to Armlenet with the valuable cargo and placed it on the bottom frame. We bolted together the top and bottom frames using various straps and pulleys to press everything together. Finally, we built a platform and stairs that provide access to the container. > We have had a few days of bad weather, during which we tested how the construction holds up. Now the work has started on turning this into a power station. We will install one tonne of batteries, together with solar panels and wind turbines. Once we have the power running, we can start calibrating the sensors and receive the first data. > https://www.norsar.no/news/we-have-reached-new-milestones-in-antarctica-since-the-new-year > https://www.norsar.no/news/ahead-of-schedule > https://www.norsar.no/news/the-work-began-at-norsar-s-new-station-in-antarctica - [- We have reached new milestones in Antarctica since the New Year](https://www.norsar.no/news/we-have-reached-new-milestones-in-antarctica-since-the-new-year): NORSAR's Morten og Ravn have completed a new milestone, the container with framework is built, and we are ready to start the installation of power generation. > ![Large industrial container and machinery on a snowy, icy ground under a pale sky](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324653-1768995236/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/kopntainer%20p%C3%A5%20trolldyret.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Morten Hervik and Ravn Rydtun report that milestones have been reached and the work has proceeded as planned. > Right up until now. > - We have now had – and still have – a few days of bad weather. That's completely fine, as it gives us a small test of how the construction holds. Next week we will start working on converting this into a power station. We will install one tonne of batteries, together with solar panels and wind turbines. Once we have the power running, we can begin to calibrate the sensors and receive the first data. > Background: > In close and good cooperation with the Norwegian Polar Institute, a seismo-acoustic array station is to be established, funded by the Research Council of Norway. A network of several seismometers and infrasound sensors (acoustic sensors) placed in a geometric pattern to improve detection, localisation, and characterisation of seismic events (such as earthquakes, explosions, volcanic activity) and atmospheric sound. > It was originally intended to be set up at Troll, but because the government has decided to upgrade the Troll research station and, among other things, to establish a wind power station for green energy, NORSAR had to relocate the measuring station away from this facility. The direct reason is the noise that the wind turbines would create. The extra funding to move the station came from the Ministry of Climate and Environment (KLD). > Morten and Ravn explain what they have been working on since the New Year: > The time has mostly been spent on container work. The container arrived a few days after the New Year with transport from the ice edge. They were delayed by a few days due to bad weather on the way, and had to stop until conditions improved. > We unloaded the container and the walls were constructed and attached to it. The transport out was carried out with one of the station's "Troll beasts". A 50-ton beast with a side loader for loading and transporting containers. In short, a tracked truck. We had to wait a few days as the route up to Armlenet had to be re-secured with ground radar. During the previous transport of an excavator to Armlenet, one of the machines almost went through the ice. We got the green light and set off. > After a three-hour drive, we reached Armlenet with the precious cargo and placed it onto the base frame. We bolted together the top and bottom frames using various straps and pulleys to press everything together. Finally, we built decking and stairs which provide access to the container. > Now we are getting a few days of bad weather, which provides a small test of how the construction holds. Next week we will start the work to convert this into a power station. We will install one tonne of batteries, along with solar panels and wind turbines. When we have the power up and running, we can begin to calibrate the sensors and receive the first data. > https://www.norsar.no/news/overnight-on-the-troll-and-straight-to-the-safety-course > https://www.norsar.no/news/ahead-of-schedule > https://www.norsar.no/news/the-work-began-at-norsar-s-new-station-in-antarctica - [Bluhm appointed acting leader for the Arctic Ocean 2050](https://www.norsar.no/news/bluhm-appointed-acting-leader-for-the-arctic-ocean-2050): NORSAR is one of 18 universities and research institutions that make up a consortium called the Arctic Ocean 2050. In the 2026 state budget, the Government has committed to funding research in the Arctic Ocean with NOK 1 billion over the next ten years. > In an interview with UiT and Polhavet 2050, Bluhm says she is looking forward: > – With my experiences from 7 years in the Nansen Legacy project in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean, I believe I can contribute to the programme with both knowledge and enthusiasm, says Bodil Bluhm, professor at the Department of Arctic and Marine Biology. > The massive research project, which is national and the largest in Norway's history, will set sail already in May 2026 and have a special focus on the lesser-known, central, and deep part of the Arctic Ocean – as well as its connections to adjacent areas. > – In 2026, we are preparing the transition from the preparatory phase, where the working group is developing a 10-year plan and a 3-year implementation plan, to the operational phase. We are doing this with the newly established leadership team consisting of Arild Sundfjord (NP), Asgeir Sørensen (NTNU), Elana Rowe (NUPI) and Helene Langehaug (NERSC), as well as research leaders and their deputies. Since the programme office will be at UiT at the BFE faculty, it was natural to have the interim leadership there as well, says Bluhm. > – I am humbled by this opportunity and a little overwhelmed by the scope of the tasks ahead of us. But I look forward to turning «team work to dream work», she says. > The position Bluhm is acting in will be advertised during January with the aim of having a project leader in place during the autumn. > – The fact that Bodil has agreed to step in as acting leader of the programme is absolutely central and important for the start-up. She is an internationally highly recognised and respected researcher in the field with extensive experience from polar regions. She has also been central in the recently completed Nansen Legacy project, and therefore has much relevant experience both academically and organisationally, says Jørgen Berge, chairman of Polhavet 2050 and Vice-Rector for Research and Development at UiT. - [Ahead of schedule](https://www.norsar.no/news/ahead-of-schedule): NORSAR's engineers Ravn (26) and Morten (38) have travelled to Antarctica and Troll. They are going to establish a new station where NORSAR listens to the earth. > ![Equipment placed on bare ground with snow-covered mountain range in the background](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324614-1768995236/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/antarktis_foranskjema02.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > For three months, they will be in Antarctica in temperatures of up to 30 degrees below zero, building a completely new station. They have already completed just over two weeks and are well ahead of schedule thanks to excellent cooperation with the Norwegian Polar Institute. In addition, the weather has been favourable. > - We have progressed further than planned. That is reassuring. But the next 10 days will be crucial. Now the container with all the equipment we packed down at Kjeller in November is arriving. We are crossing our fingers that the weather holds and that we have everything we need to succeed, says Morten Hervik. > It is funded by the Research Council of Norway. The extra allocation to move the station came from the Ministry of Climate and Environment (KLD). > We are to establish a seismo-acoustic array station. A network of several seismometers and infrasound sensors (acoustic sensors) placed in a geometric pattern to improve detection, localisation and characterisation of seismic events (such as earthquakes, explosions, volcanic activity) and sound in the atmosphere, says the head of the National Data Centre at NORSAR, Jon Magnus Christensen, continuing: > We were to have established it at Troll, but because the government has decided to upgrade the Troll research station and among other things erect a wind power station for green energy, NORSAR had to move the monitoring station away from this facility. The direct cause is the noise the wind turbines will create. > VVS Aktuell features the project on their website: > Seismic project in Antarctica puts Norwegian technology to the test - VVS Aktuelt https://vvsaktuelt.no/seismikkprosjekt-i-antarktis-setter-norsk-teknologi-pa-prove/ - [Overnight on the Troll and straight to the safety course](https://www.norsar.no/news/overnight-on-the-troll-and-straight-to-the-safety-course): Ravn and Morten arrived at Troll yesterday. It was minus eight degrees, clear skies and little wind. > ![Logo featuring two explorers with text: "Ravn og Morten Antarktis"](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323904-1768995274/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/Ravn%20og%20Morten%20-%20Antarktis.png ) > The entire journey from Oslo to Troll went splendidly. And it is simply beautiful here right now, greets Morten Hervik (38) from Troll. > *Morten arrived in Antarctica* > Today, Thursday, it was straight onto safety training. We arrived together with seven or eight other Norwegians and among them some Germans on their way to their stations. The flight out was a fantastic experience. > The guys say that the same weather is forecast for about a week ahead. This could mean a good start to the mission. > For three months they will be in Antarctica in temperatures down to around minus 30 degrees and build up a completely new station for NORSAR. It was supposed to be established at Troll, but because the government has decided to upgrade the Troll research station and, among other things, build a wind power station for green energy, NORSAR had to move the measurement station away from this facility. > The direct cause is the noise the wind turbines will create. The observatory is to be made autonomous to reduce the need for supervision. That is what we are going to build in the coming weeks, says Ravn and continues: Because the weather now looks good, not least with little wind, we hope to get out and possibly start the work already this weekend. > It is about an hour's travel by tracked vehicle from Troll to where we are going to set up the station. Of course, it would be nice with a good start. Then we can celebrate Christmas with a clear conscience. We only work half a day on Christmas Eve. Every other day we work full shifts. > *Morten and Ravn before departure* > We will be following Ravn and Morten in the coming weeks as they establish the new NORSAR station in Antarctica. - [NORSAR's engineers Ravn and Morten are travelling to Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-s-engineers-ravn-and-morten-are-travelling-to-antarctica): NORSAR's engineers Ravn (26) and Morten (38) are now travelling to Antarctica and Troll. They are going to establish a new station where NORSAR listens to the Earth. > ![Logo showing two explorers in parkas with text "Ravn og Morten Antarktis" beneath them](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1323904-1768995274/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Antarktis/Ravn%20og%20Morten%20-%20Antarktis.png ) > NORSAR's engineers Ravn (26) and Morten (38) are now travelling to Antarctica and Troll. They are to establish a new station where NORSAR listens to the Earth. > For three months they will be in Antarctica in temperatures down to minus 30 degrees and build a completely new station for NORSAR. > We are going to establish a seismo-acoustic array station. A network of several seismometers and infrasound sensors (acoustic sensors) placed in a geometric pattern to improve detection, localisation and characterisation of seismic events (such as earthquakes, explosions, volcanic activity) and sound in the atmosphere, says the head of the National Data Centre at NORSAR, Jon Magnus Christensen, who continues: > We were supposed to establish it at Troll, but because the government has decided to upgrade the Troll research station and, among other things, install a wind power station for green energy, NORSAR had to move the monitoring station away from this facility. The direct reason is the noise that the wind turbines will create. > *Morten and Ravn outside NORSAR* > Jon Magnus is clear that this will be challenging: > Logistics, weather and wind, in general the complexity, this is some of the most demanding we have done at NORSAR. We need to see if more have to travel in the final phase to manage to complete the facility before the season ends in early March. > Ravn and Morten are travelling now, first to Cape Town and then out to the Troll platform as soon as the weather permits. A white Christmas is guaranteed. > I was down there for a few days last year. It was useful experience to bring with me for this long session this year, says Ravn Rydtun and tells more about the background together with Morten Hervik: > To obtain precise measurements it is crucial to place the instruments in an area with minimal background noise. The government is building a new Norwegian research station in Queen Maud Land. A requirement for the new station is that it should have renewable energy solutions, such as wind turbines. Since our instruments are sensitive and the wind turbines will create vibrations in the ground, we inspected a new site last year, Armlenet, 11 km from the Troll station. It is located outside the established power grid but NORSAR has extensive experience from off-grid operation in challenging climates on Svalbard and is well equipped for the task. > The observatory will be made autonomous to limit the need for supervision. That is what we are going to build now in the coming weeks. > Two men, three months, an extremely important mission – what are you most anxious and excited about? > The worst is if we have forgotten something in the packing, exclaims Ravn and his eyes show anxiety. > Agreed, replies Morten – and the second worst is if we turn it on and we don't get a signal… and so cannot send the data home. > They look at each other. And we can see that this will not be a ‘dance on roses’. They will travel one hour by tracked vehicle away from Troll every day to work alone installing the station. They imagine it will be a tough hour ‘home’ every evening after a 10-hour work shift. The station is to be anchored to solid rock. The normal temperature is minus 20-30 degrees. Equipment and clothing are packed in a container sent a few weeks earlier. They live at Troll, eating breakfast and dinner there. > *Morten and Ravn in front of a screen showing Antarctica* > If everything goes as planned, data collection will start in spring 2026. > The infrastructure is part of the Troll Observation Network (TONe) project led by the Norwegian Polar Institute and funded by the Research Council of Norway. The TONe project is an important national initiative that will provide unique opportunities for Norwegian and international research. > I’m most looking forward to it. It will be a fantastic experience out there. At Troll I experienced a great environment last year. There are 20-30 people, mostly men, all Norwegian. There will be some walks and film evenings, says Ravn. > This is our first long trip together. We might also have to share a room for a couple of nights if Troll is full or the weather stops us, says Morten who has been to Jan Mayen a couple of times for six months: > The toughest thing to deal with is that everything you do takes one and a half times longer – that’s just how it is. We take our time to do it properly and safely. 10 hours every day. Just dressing and undressing takes 20-30 minutes. - [NORSAR launches integration of Standard Norway's seismic maps into NORSAR's Zoning Map portal](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-launches-integration-of-standard-norway-s-seismic-maps-into-norsar-s-zoning-map-portal): NORSAR has this week launched new functionality in the Zoning Map service that provides digital access to Standard Norway's maps of ground acceleration values in accordance with Eurocode 8. > ![Seismic hazard maps of Norway and Svalbard showing 10% exceedance probability in 50 years; PGA, T=0.1 s, T=1 s.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324989-1770296094/Bilder/Screenshot%202026-02-03%20at%2010-10-27%20Figure%209%20Earthquakes%20and%20seismic%20hazard%20for%20Norway%20and%20Svalbard%20Journal%20of%20Seismology%20Springer%20Nature%20Link.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Results for 10% exceedance probability in 50 years (PGA@475 years return period). Left: PGA; Middle: T = 0.1 s. Right: T = 1 s.) > Standard Norway's map of basic acceleration values agR (PGA) for municipalities in Norway in accordance with Eurocode 8 (NS-EN 1998-1:2004+A1:2013+NA:2021) is now available on NORSAR’s Site Classification Map portal. > The solution is the result of a collaboration between NORSAR and Standard Norway and contributes to the further digitalisation of Norwegian standards. With the new integration, users have access to two complementary mapping solutions for seismic data in one single service: > Site Classification Map, NORSAR’s earthquake site classification map for Norway, which provides point analyses for all locations on the mainland and Svalbard for multiple return periods (475, 2475 and 10,000 years) > Standard Norway’s map from the National Annex to NS-EN 1998 (Eurocode 8). The integration makes it easier to: > Compare the maps and utilise the available additional functions in Site Classification Map, such as calculation of exclusion criteria, elastic response spectra, and design spectrum > Reduce manual lookups and interpretation work > Use the Site Classification Map as a comprehensive tool for seismic assessments in the early phases of projects > **The functionality is available to all users of the portal as of this week.** > The collaboration with Standard Norway also includes competence building: the Eurocode 8 course has for years been organised by NORSAR, and in 2025 was conducted in cooperation with Standard Norway. > Read more about Eurocode 8 here https://standard.no/fagomrader/eurokoder/eurokode-8/ - [From Western Norway to Andøya: When Earthquakes Are Felt in Norway](https://www.norsar.no/news/from-western-norway-to-andoya-when-earthquakes-are-felt-in-norway): In recent days, we have experienced two earthquakes that many people have felt. On Sunday 12 January, Western Norway was struck by an earthquake measuring 4.3 in magnitude, and in the early hours of Wednesday, it was Andøya's turn. > Earthquakes occur when a sudden natural rupture happens in the Earth's crust, sending out elastic waves. These waves are felt as tremors in the ground and/or measured with a seismometer. The strength of the tremors ranges from imperceptible to very strong, decreasing in intensity with increasing distance from the earthquake's epicentre. > Listen to our seismologist Annie explain more about earthquakes. > **Earthquakes in Norway** > Norway is actually the country north of the Alps with the most earthquakes. On average, 10-15 earthquakes that are felt by people occur each year. Most are small and happen offshore, but historically, large earthquakes have occurred. In 1904, Oslo was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.4. > Although Norway is not located on a plate boundary, where most earthquakes occur, this is no guarantee against earthquakes. The slow-moving changes in the Earth's interior build up stresses over thousands of years and can cause earthquakes. Risk analyses show that a larger earthquake can cause significant damage, especially in urban areas, and will particularly affect infrastructure. This emphasises the importance of securing constructions against earthquakes and monitoring seismic activity, including Norwegian oil installations along the coast. > **Five main areas ** > In Norway, there are five areas where earthquakes are most common. Western Norway and Nordland, which have recently experienced earthquakes, are among these. Earthquakes in Norway are often caused by stresses from the nearby mid-ocean ridge or land uplift after the last Ice Age. > Nordland is one of the most active regions in Northern Europe regarding earthquakes. One of the largest earthquakes in Norway was recorded near Lurøy in 1819, with an estimated magnitude of 5.9. Smaller earthquakes in the Nordland area are common and often occur in swarms (see the report NEONOR2 https://www.ngu.no/upload/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2018/2018_010.pdf). > Sunday's earthquake in Western Norway was caused by displacements along the Øygarden fault or its side faults. This area comprises coastal-parallel fault segments that separate the shelf from the mainland along Western Norway. > More about this week’s earthquakes can be found here https://www.jordskjelv.no/. > The five main areas are shown in the map below. > UtsattE områder > I > In Norway, there are mainly five zones that trigger the most earthquakes (see map): > 1) Oslo Rift Zone (graben structure) > 2) Western Norway, including Øygården (land uplift) > 3) Norwegian Continental Shelf (graben structures) > 4) Nordland Coast and Eggakanten (land uplift) > 5) Mid-Atlantic Ridge including Svalbard > Is it possible to predict earthquakes?  > Lack of access to the Earth's interior makes it nearly impossible to predict earthquakes accurately. Earthquakes occur so deep within the Earth that scientists cannot directly observe the processes. Most of the data we have about the Earth's interior come from measurements and geological observations made on or near the surface. Nevertheless, scientists can estimate the probability of earthquakes in specific areas. > When do you feel an earthquake? > You can feel an earthquake when the energy from the seismic waves reaches the surface and causes ground tremors. The tremors can vary in strength, from barely noticeable to very strong, depending on the earthquake's size and distance from the epicentre. > Magnitude and intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures the energy released at the earthquake's source and is determined from measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of the tremors caused by the earthquake at a specific location. Intensity is determined based on the effects on people, buildings, and the natural environment. > Intensity varies with the distance to the epicentre. The table below presents a summary of typical intensities and magnitudes (source:USGS). > | > **Magnitude** | > Typcial maximum modified Mercalli intensity | > Mercalli intensity scale (abbreviated and modified) | > | > 1,0 - 3,0 | > I | > I.I. Not felt, except by a very few under especially favourable conditions. | > | > 3,0 - 3,9 | > II - III | > II. II. Felt only by a very few people at rest indoors. | > | > | > | > III. III. Felt by some indoors. People at rest notice swaying or light shaking. | > | > 4,0 - 4,9 | > IV - V | > IV. IV. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. Some people awaken. Windows, doors and porcelain rattle. | > | > | | > V. V. Felt by most indoors, by few outdoors. Many are awakened. Some become frightened. Buildings shake throughout. Hanging objects swing significantly. Small objects are moved. Doors and windows swing open or shut. | > | > 5,0 - 5,9 | > VI-VII | > VI. Many become frightened and run outside. Some objects fall. Many houses sustain minor, non-structural damages such as hairline cracks in brickwork and small damages to plaster. | > | > 6.0 – 6.9 | > VII - IX | > VII. Most people become frightened and run outside. Furniture is moved and many objects fall from shelves etc. Many ordinary, well-built buildings suffer moderate damage: Minor cracks in walls, plaster loosens, damage to chimneys. Older buildings may develop larger cracks in the masonry. | > | > 7,0 og høyere | > VIII eller høyere | > VIII. Many have difficulty staying upright. Many houses develop large cracks in the walls. Some common, well-built buildings may suffer serious breaks in walls. Some weaker, older buildings may collapse. | > | > | > | > IX. General panic. Many weak structures collapse. Even well-built structures sustain serious damage. | > | > | > | > X. X. Many ordinary, well-built buildings collapse | > | > | > | > XI. Most ordinary, well-built buildings collapse, some earthquake-resistant structures are destroyed. | > | > | > | > XII. Nearly all buildings are destroyed. | > More information about intensity and magnitude can be found here https://www.jordskjelv.no/om-jordskjelv/styrke/. > https://www.jordskjelv.no/ > https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/mange-kraftige-jordskjelv-er-det-vanlig > ![Dr. Annie Jerkins, Seismolog](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/136048-1510145168/Bilder/Brukere/anniejerkins.jpg%20%28avatar_user_display%29.jpg ) > Dr. Annie Jerkins mailto:annie.jerkins@norsar.no > Seismolog - [20 years since the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and the deadly tsunami](https://www.norsar.no/news/20-years-since-the-sumatra-andaman-earthquake-and-the-deadly-tsunami): Twenty years ago, the whole world witnessed how the forces of nature brutally ravaged several countries around the Indian Ocean. Over 230,000 people lost their lives, and thousands of homes and vital infrastructure were destroyed. What was the cause of this disaster, and what have we learned since? > ![Destruction in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, after the 26 December 2004 tsunami and earthquake](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322026-1732534201/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/iStock-943773358.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Banda Aceh, Indonesia, after the devastation on December 26, 2004 (Photo: iStock)) > On 26 December 2004, nature reminded us of its power. A series of tsunami waves swept across the coastal areas of Indonesia, the islands in the Bay of Bengal, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indonesia was the hardest hit, where the waves surged about 2 km inland in Banda Aceh. The tsunami is described as the deadliest ever, with 230,000 lives lost. > The disaster began with a powerful underwater earthquake just before 8 a.m. local time, 160 km west of Sumatra in Indonesia. The earthquake, with a magnitude of 9, generated within 10 minutes a 20-metre-wide rupture in the earth's crust over an area of about 1500 km. This was the world's strongest earthquake in 40 years. Several powerful aftershocks followed, the largest with a magnitude of 7.1. > *Figure. The earthquake that caused the 2004 Sumatra tsunami was recorded at all NORSAR stations, in Svalbard, Karasjok, Jan Mayen and Løten. On the right, you can see the distance between the measuring station and the earthquake's epicentre.* > The earthquake occurred in the Ring of Fire, an area with high seismic activity encircling the Pacific Ocean. About 80% of the world's earthquakes occur here. The 26 December earthquake took place in the subduction zone where the Indian Plate is thrust beneath the Burma Plate, and the tsunami was generated because the entire water column – from the seabed to the surface – was set in motion. When the waves reached shallow water, their height increased up to 30 metres, with catastrophic consequences. > **Could this happen again?** > Large tsunamis like the one in 2004 are rare, but they do occur. Most recently, in 2011, an underwater earthquake followed by a tsunami struck the coast near Fukushima https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/10-ar-siden-naturkatastrofen-og-ulykken-i-fukushima in Japan, where 19,000 lives were lost. Since 2004, the warning systems for earthquakes and tsunamis have improved significantly. Technological advances have made it possible to monitor more precisely and send real-time alerts. In Japan in 2011, a warning was issued just three minutes after the earthquake, saving many lives. Nonetheless, timely evacuation remains a challenge, even with better warnings. > Earthquakes cannot be predicted, but improved warning systems help save lives and reduce the risk of major destruction. One organisation that contributes data to these warning systems is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) in Vienna. Their data centre continuously receives seismic, infrasound and hydroacoustic data from national data centres around the world. NORSAR is Norway’s national data centre and operates the Norwegian stations that are part of the CTBTO’s international monitoring system. > This system, known as the verification regime for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, is designed to detect nuclear test explosions. After the 2004 Sumatra tsunami, data from the CTBTO’s seismic and hydroacoustic stations were made available in 2006 to national tsunami warning centres (NTWCs). These data, now transmitted in real time, enable more accurate and timely warnings of potential tsunamis. The Sumatra tsunami stands as a powerful example of the importance of knowledge about the movements of the Earth. As Norway’s leading expert in seismology, NORSAR has over 50 years of experience analysing the Earth’s tremors. Sharing insights with authorities, industry and research communities is a central part of our societal mission. > Through monitoring, research and technology, we contribute to a safer world. > https://www.jordskjelv.no/om-jordskjelv/ > https://www.ctbto.org/our-work/civil-and-scientific-application/tsunami-early-warning > https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/10-ar-siden-naturkatastrofen-og-ulykken-i-fukushima > ![Volker Oye](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1319170-1716281854/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/VO%20%28nytt%29.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Volker Oye mailto:volker@norsar.no, Forskningsleder / Avdelingsleder Anvendt Seismologi - [Visit from the "China Earthquake Institute"](https://www.norsar.no/news/visit-from-the-china-earthquake-institute): This week, we had the pleasure of hosting a delegation from China's Earthquake Administration (CEA). We exchanged knowledge and shared professional perspectives on earthquake-related topics. > ![Group of people posing on steps outside a modern building under clear sky, labelled "CEA besøk"](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321416-1724238613/Bilder/2024-08-19%20Bes%C3%B8k.JPG%20%28content_full_width%29.webp CEA: Yin Chaomin, Vice Administrator, Wang Xingzhou, Director-General, Dept. of Earthquake Monitoring & Forecasting, Dr Li Li, Director-General, Institute of Geophysics Mr Song Yanyun, Deputy Director-General, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting Dr Sun Li, Head of the Division of Quick Reporting & Earthquake Early Warning, Zhang Yuan, Deputy Head of the Division of International Cooperation, NORSAR: Anne Strømmen Lycke, CEO Dr. Johannes Schweitzer, Dr. Chen Huang, Jon Magnus Christiansen, Avdelingsleder Nasjonalt data senter (NDC), Prof. Abdelghani Meslem, Dr. Nadége Langet. UiO: Prof. Valerie Maupin, NFR: Berit Sundby Avset, Spesialrådgiver.) > Norway has had diplomatic cooperation with China for over 70 years, and the countries have recently signed a new joint action plan for 2024–2027. This plan aims to strengthen collaboration in research, technology and innovation. The Research Council of Norway, which also participated during the visit, works closely with Chinese partners to identify and follow up on concrete measures. > NORSAR and CEA already have an established collaboration through international forums such as IASPEI (International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior), where both organisations are represented in the leadership team. > The visit began with a gathering at NORSAR in Kjeller, where we exchanged information and held professional lectures on earthquake-related topics. The University of Oslo also participated, contributing their expertise and experience from previous cooperation with China. > We have many common professional challenges regarding how we can make societies more resilient and prevent damage from earthquakes. In particular, earthquake risk was central to the discussions, both in terms of how we can better understand the risk of earthquakes and the connections with other risk factors, such as simultaneous natural hazards. The latter is central to the EU project MEDiate https://www.norsar.no/prosjekter/mediate/, which NORSAR coordinates. It was very interesting to learn more about China’s approach to these challenges, a country that experiences over 400 earthquakes annually with a magnitude of 4 or higher. China’s location at the convergence of several tectonic plates makes the country significantly more exposed to earthquakes than Norway. > On the second day of the visit, we had the pleasure of showing our delegation the seismic station at Stendammen in Løten. This station plays an important role in ensuring that Norway and the international community have access to reliable and accurate seismic data. The station is part of the international monitoring system associated with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits nuclear test explosions, and is one of six stations operated by NORSAR on Norwegian territory for this purpose. - [Good prospects for carbon storage in the North Sea!](https://www.norsar.no/news/good-prospects-for-carbon-storage-in-the-north-sea): NORSAR invited leading politicians and industry players to a debate on whether there is a future for CO2 storage in the North Sea or if it is an industrial dream that shattered during Arendalsuka. > ![Panel discussion with six people standing around two tall tables in a conference setting.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321406-1723806604/Bilder/Panel.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Anne Strømmen Lycke, NORSAR, Imran Abdul-Majid, Northern Lights, Minister of Energy Terje Aasland og Magnus Krogh Ankarstrand, Yara International og moderator Cecilie Ditlev-Simonsen, First House) > Energy Minister Terje Aasland predicted promising prospects for CO₂ storage in the North Sea when he participated in NORSAR’s event at Arendalsuka on Thursday (15 August). He pointed out that the storage facility is both an important climate initiative and an endeavour to build new industry and generate new income for Norway. > The minister also emphasised the importance of independent monitoring of Northern Lights’ storage facility to build trust among authorities, industry stakeholders, and the public. > Imran Abdul-Majid, Technical Manager for Northern Lights, took part in the panel and spoke positively about the collaboration with NORSAR and the ongoing dialogue about a future monitoring agreement. We look forward to further discussions with Northern Lights. The plan is to make the listening station at Holsnøy permanent. The station detects any tremors in and near the storage site. The technology builds on NORSAR’s experience with listening to Earth’s tremors in real time and reporting any incidents. The technology has the potential to become an important export commodity for Norway. > An agreement with Northern Lights will represent an important quality stamp and a reference we can use in our discussions with authorities and industry actors in other countries. We look forward to the continuation! > Here are glimpses from the event: > Also listen to the PolyPod «Talking about a sustainable life for carbon storage!», a conversation between Anne and Imran Abdul-Majid, Technical Manager at Northern Lights and Chair of the CO2 management network, and Mette Vågnes Eriksen, Secretary General of the Polytechnic Association. - [The Trial Suspension Agreement 25 Years in Norway](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-trial-suspension-agreement-25-years-in-norway): Today marks 25 years since Norway ratified the agreement on a total ban on nuclear test explosions. Where does the agreement stand today? > ![United Nations General Assembly](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1321133-1721030191/Bilder/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Negotiations in the UN General Assembly. Image from RIA Novosti archive, image #828797 / Yuryi Abramochkin / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons) > *Newspaper clipping from Aftenposten after the Test Ban Treaty was first adopted by the UN in 1996.* > The purpose of the Test Ban Treaty was threefold. Firstly, the treaty was intended to help limit the humanitarian and environmental damage caused by nuclear tests. Secondly, it aimed to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to new states. And thirdly, the treaty sought to make it more difficult for the established nuclear powers to develop new types of weapons, thereby facilitating détente and nuclear disarmament. > **A well-functioning system** > The test ban regime has largely been a success. Despite the Test Ban Treaty not yet having entered into force – as a group of key states have opposed ratifying the treaty and thus prevented its entry into force – the treaty establishes an important norm. In this century, only North Korea has conducted nuclear detonations – a total of six. By comparison, seven states conducted approximately 2,050 nuclear tests between 1945 and 1998. > The verification system of the Test Ban Treaty means that any state wishing to develop nuclear weapons cannot expect to carry out the final and decisive step in the process without being detected. The verification system also makes it difficult for actors with malicious intentions to accuse other countries falsely of test activities as a pretext for their own nuclear tests. > The international monitoring system of the Test Ban Treaty has furthermore facilitated continuous data collection, which in turn has been used for groundbreaking research and socially valuable technologies. Today, national data from the treaty’s global network is used for tsunami early warning, climate research, earthquake analysis, and investigations of probable attacks on civilian infrastructure in Ukraine and the Baltic Sea. > **New challenges** > But the norm of test ban is now under pressure. Satellite images have revealed the expansion and modernisation of infrastructure linked to nuclear test sites in several major powers. Influential individuals have also called for new tests. In October, Russia withdrew its ratification of the Test Ban Treaty. For now, Russia has maintained its contribution to the international monitoring system, but the denunciation nevertheless sends a discouraging signal. The increasing great power rivalry between the US and China – which never took the step to ratification – may also potentially cause problems. > The Test Ban Treaty plays a key role in the effort to prevent arms races and further nuclear proliferation. In a more uncertain time, it is crucial that the Test Ban Treaty is preserved. The treaty’s monitoring system requires modernisation and stable funding. At the same time, it is essential to keep costs at a sustainable level. Norway and NORSAR continue to play central roles in this work. - [New PhD at NORSAR: Annie Jerkins](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-phd-at-norsar-annie-jerkins): NORSAR researcher Annie Jerkins defended her doctoral thesis "Improved Understanding of Seismicity in the North Sea" on Wednesday, 8 May. > ![Annie with her supervisors and the evaluation committee](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320839-1716376239/norsar.no/InFocus/disputas-8-mai-annie-bilde-1-1200px.png%20%28content_full_width%29.png Newly minted PhD Annie Jerkins (3rd from left) pictured with the evaluation committee and some of the supervisors. From left: Valerie Maupin, Olivier Galland, Annie Jerkins, Volker Oye, Elmer Niels Ruigrok, Päivi Mäntyniemi, and Lars Ottemöller. Photo: G.K. Tjoflot, UiO) > In her doctoral work, Annie and colleagues have researched seismic activity in the North Sea. The North Sea is a unique area, both due to the potential for CO2 storage in the future and for today’s oil and gas operations. The thesis conducts a thorough analysis of earthquake activity in the North Sea. > Certain areas in the North Sea exhibit elevated seismic activity, such as the 300 km-long Viking Graben and the northern part of the sea. Although the tremors are typically not very strong, several significant earthquakes have occurred, including one with a magnitude of 5.1 in March 2022. Insights into these events are necessary to carry out comprehensive risk assessments when developing infrastructure in the area. The thesis addresses the limitations of current analysis methods and the high uncertainties related to the localisation of earthquakes. These uncertainties are due both to the station network and the use of oversimplified models. > *Prior to the defence, Annie held a trial lecture on the exploitation of geothermal energy and seismicity (geothermal energy exploitation and seismicity). *Photo: NORSAR > It has been enjoyable and educational to work with experts from both NORSAR and the University of Bergen through the NNSN project. The work has felt meaningful, and an improved understanding of earthquakes in the North Sea is, for example, important in connection with large-scale CO2 storage. > Annie's PhD was awarded by the Department of Geosciences under the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo. Her supervisors were research leader at NORSAR Volker Oye, Prof. Valerie Maupin (UiO), Prof. Lars Ottemöller (UiB) and Felix Halpaap (UiB). > Read more about the defence here: Defence - Annie Elisabeth Jerkins https://www.mn.uio.no/geo/forskning/aktuelt/arrangementer/disputaser/2024/phab/jerkins.html. > Our warmest congratulations! - [Many powerful earthquakes – is it common?](https://www.norsar.no/news/many-powerful-earthquakes-is-it-common): Turkey/Syria, Afghanistan, Morocco and Iceland in 2023, Japan in January, and most recently Taiwan. Is it normal to have so many large and devastating earthquakes in the course of a year? Earthquake expert Tormod Kværna responds. > ![Man seated at a desk with multiple computer monitors and office equipment in the background.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320573-1712306089/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/56cf3d1f-c9e3-4bb4-9be9-56a7d8c15000.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg Tormod Kværna is a seismologist and earthquake expert. Pictured here in his office at NORSAR's premises in Kjeller) > Tormod and colleagues at NORSAR monitor seismic activity both in Norway and around the world. > - Norway is not located on a plate boundary, where most earthquakes occur. However, this is no guarantee, as we do not have a good reference point for the slow changes within the Earth that build up stresses and cause earthquakes. These are very slow processes that develop over several thousand years. Risk analyses show that if a larger earthquake were to occur, it could cause significant damage, especially in urban areas, and would particularly affect infrastructure. Therefore, it is important to secure constructions against earthquakes and monitor seismic activity, also considering the Norwegian oil installations offshore. But to put it this way: catastrophic earthquakes in Norway are not something I worry about in everyday life, he concludes. > Although the likelihood of major earthquakes in Norway is therefore low, the damage can be considerable. In DSB’s 2019 report on crisis scenario analyses, earthquakes in urban areas rank highest in risk-weighted damage potential. > We at NORSAR monitor earthquakes and operate the website jordskjelv.no. There you can view overviews of earthquakes on maps and individual events. In addition, we offer a digital earthquake zoning map https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/ for the construction and civil engineering industries. - [After 20 years of operation, the radionuclide station at Platåberget is being renewed.](https://www.norsar.no/news/after-20-years-of-operation-the-radionuclide-station-at-plataberget-is-being-renewed): After two decades of reliable service, the radionuclide station RN49 at Platåberget west of Longyearbyen in Svalbard has been renewed. Last week, an expert team was on site to inspect that the station still meets the Sampling Organisation's requirements for measurement stations. > ![Five people stand around a machine in an industrial setting.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320522-1711365830/Bilder/NOX49-March2024.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg From the left: Espen Arntzen, KSAT, Aleksandr Tarasov, CTBTO, Karolina Paquin, KSAT, Morten Sickel, NORSAR, og Herbert Gohla, CTBTO. Foto: KSAT) > The station is part of the global network of 79 stations that continuously measure radioactive substances in the atmosphere to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits nuclear test explosions. RN49 is the only Norwegian radionuclide station in the network, and the only radionuclide station in Svalbard. > **Global network of measurement stations** > In the event of a detonation of nuclear weapons or a release from a nuclear power plant, radioactive substances that do not occur naturally will be released. If the release occurs above ground or there are leaks from an underground explosion, the radioactive substances will be released into the atmosphere and transported by air currents quickly and over long distances. The measurement systems are very sensitive, and if substances that do not occur naturally are detected, this is a sure sign of a man-made event. Therefore, the verification system for compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty has a global network of measurement stations, which use various technologies to detect possible explosions. In addition to RN49, NORSAR operates five other stations on Norwegian territory: four seismic and one infrasound station. > **Location is important** > To achieve the best possible measurements, the station must be located in a place with good air exchange, a stable power supply, and available operational personnel. The only place in Longyearbyen that met all these requirements was KSAT’s antenna area on Platåberget. > Fly photo of the KSAT antenna area on Platåberget. Photo: KSAT > **Necessary Renewal** > RN49 was originally commissioned as an air filter station in 2002. In 2012, it was expanded to include sampling of noble gases. This is a more complex procedure carried out at only 39 of the 79 stations in the network. By 2022, both parts of the station had been in continuous operation for 10 and 20 years respectively, and it was time to renew the station. Important components of the noble gas station were replaced in early summer 2022, and most of the particle station was renovated in late summer 2023. After the renewals, the stations have undergone a testing phase. > **Must be Reapproved** > For the station to be formally put back into operation as part of the international network, it must be recertified by the Provisional Technical Secretariat. This process includes an assessment of the station’s performance, operating systems, available expertise, and documentation. Last week, experts from the Provisional Technical Secretariat (CTBTO) were on inspection together with senior engineer at NORSAR, Morten Sickel. Initially, it is the noble gas station that will undergo recertification. The timing for recertification of the particle station has not yet been decided, but is expected to take place during 2024. > *Experts from CTBTO, Aleksandr Tarasov and Herbert Gohla, during the inspection.* Photo: NORSAR > **Multiple Uses** > Although the station is primarily installed to detect covert detonations of nuclear weapons, it has also proven useful for recording emissions from industrial processes and accidents both in Europe and Asia, including after the Fukushima accident in 2011. However, none of these events have posed threats to humans or nature in Svalbard. > In Norway, the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) is the regulatory body responsible for managing radioactive incidents. They use data from RN49 in combination with their own measurement stations on the mainland to build situational awareness following major releases. Data from the stations is also of interest to atmospheric researchers, who can use it to verify and develop models for the transport of substances in the atmosphere. - [Building new opportunities for research in Antarctica](https://www.norsar.no/news/building-new-opportunities-for-research-in-antarctica): The new Troll Station and research infrastructure enable Norway to continue its long tradition of polar research and contribute to the global knowledge effort. NORSAR is part of the Norwegian team that will provide access to new infrastructure in Queen Maud Land. > ![Two men in red jackets standing outside a red building with the sign "Trollstasjonen".](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1320212-1706875405/Bilder/Forto%20P%C3%A5l%20Jakobsen_Norsk%20polarinstitutt%20_Arve%20og%20Jon%20Magnus%20foran%20Trollstasjonen%20160124.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.jpg Jon Magnus and Arve foran Trollstasjonen) > Research and new knowledge are one of the cornerstones of Norwegian activity and presence in Antarctica and important in the treaty cooperation. At the end of January, our Deputy Managing Director Arve E. Mjelva and Department Director Jon Magnus Christiansen visited Queen Maud Land and the Troll Station. The visit was conducted together with political leadership from the Ministry of Climate and Environment and leaders and researchers from other institutions as part of a study trip arranged by the Norwegian Polar Institute. The participants gained in-depth knowledge of the research carried out and, not least, the plans for the necessary upgrade of the Troll Station. > Antarctica is far away. From Oslo to Antarctica is around 14,000 km, it is remote and the summers are short. This makes operating the Troll Station both costly and challenging. Arve, who was in Antarctica for the first time, says: > I am impressed by how the Norwegian Polar Institute operates the station on behalf of Norway and, not least, by the professional handling of logistics. They are very helpful, and that is something we highly value in the collaboration on new research infrastructure. Everything we do down here must be carefully planned well in advance and coordinated with the Norwegian Polar Institute. > **Strengthening climate research** > With its clean air and vast amounts of ice, Antarctica is well suited as a laboratory for the global climate system. For NORSAR, the purpose of the trip was to determine the final location for new and advanced measuring instruments, the world’s southernmost of their kind on solid rock. The infrastructure is part of the Troll Observation Network (TONe), a modern observation network in Queen Maud Land led by the Norwegian Polar Institute. > Queen Maud Land is a suitable location with solid rock and a good distance from the coast. By comparison, stations along the coast experience much noise from the sea, while stations on ice face challenges with the ice affecting the signals. NORSAR has had a single seismometer nicknamed “Little Roller” placed in Queen Maud Land since 2012. We are now expanding to several such sensors in a specific formation, a so-called “array”, which will provide significantly better data to map movements in the large ice sheet, as well as to alert about seismic activity in Antarctica and also earthquakes around the world. Together, this provides important contributions to climate research. > In addition to measuring seismic tremors, infrasound instruments will be installed to measure sounds in the atmosphere and which can provide vital data for weather and climate models. > A container with equipment has arrived at the ice edge by boat, and the logistics are currently on schedule to achieve the goal of being able to retrieve data from 2025. > **Important that the infrastructure can be utilised** > The TONe project is an important national initiative, funded by the Research Council, which will provide unique opportunities for Norwegian and international research. NORSAR, like other research institutions, relies on external funding to conduct research. Utilisation will therefore depend on access to funding. Our Managing Director, Anne Strømmen Lycke, says the following about the situation: > New station and new research infrastructure represent the largest investment ever in Norwegian Antarctic research, and this must be followed up with a dedicated effort in research that enables the value of the investments to be realised. > www.npolar.no/tone/ > www.norsar.no/i-fokus/lille-trille-skal-fa-sosken > https://www.norsar.no/i-fokus/seismisk-stasjon-pa-troll-er-10-ar - [What we must learn from the Ukraina-war about defending Norway](https://www.norsar.no/news/what-we-must-learn-from-the-ukraina-war-about-defending-norway): Together with Thomas Falck and Liv Dingsør, NORSAR's CEO. Birger Steen has summarized some observations from four years of full-scale war in Ukraine, and what we must learn from it about defending Norway. Article in the newpaper Dagens Næringliv today > Together with Thomas Falck and Liv Dingsør, NORSAR's CEO has summarized some observations from four years of full-scale war in Ukraine, and what we must learn from it about defending Norway. > In hindsight, this could have gone very differently. Most people outside Ukraine expected a quick Russian takeover. On the other hand, if Ukraine had had perfect situational awareness of Putin's intentions, prepared supply lines and suppliers of ammunition and weapons, money to pay for them, and strong alliance partners who were committed and ready to assist – as we like to think we have – the attack might have been repulsed in 2022. > But that was not the case then, and much of this is still missing in 2026. Therefore, Ukraine has had to defend itself in ways that violate both written and unwritten rules of "normal" warfare. Admittedly, the international law of war is the superior opponent in terms of resources. > From a NATO perspective, however, there is much to marvel at: Soldiers of conscription age are relatively few on the Ukrainian side of the front. Everyone must be included, and the average age is closer to 50 than 40. Equipment and supplies come from a myriad of suppliers and players – NGOs from home and abroad, private individuals, in-house manufacturing and even Chinese e-commerce platforms. The distinction between civilian and military equipment, and between commercial, non-profit and military suppliers, has been abolished. The pace of innovation is unheard of. Weapon systems that could take 10 years to develop and with an expected lifespan of 20 years in NATO are developed in months, and can be outdated in a year. Cost-effectiveness is key - it is not sustainable to use a missile that costs one million for defense against a drone that costs ten thousand. In Brave1, Ukraine, largely thanks to the then Minister of Digitalization, now Minister of Defense Mykhailo Fedorov, has Europe's most effective policy support system. Here, military units receive points for achieved results and startups a market for their products and services. > It may be natural to think that all this is only happening because Ukraine was so unfortunate in the first place, that our situation in Norway is fundamentally different, and that we should continue to prepare for a "normal" war. > That would be a big mistake. We should relate to the experiences of Ukraine's four years of defensive war with respect and curiosity. The basic principle should be that we "steal with pride", and our emergency managers, on both the military and civilian side, should be able to give good explanations where we choose not to. - [The new NORSAR station in Antarctica is in place and operational.](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-new-norsar-station-in-antarctica-is-in-place-and-operational): After nine weeks of work and a one-hour tracked vehicle journey from Troll Station in Antarctica, the new NORSAR station is now in place. Ravn, Morten, and Nils are returning home — mission accomplished > ![New station](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325144-1771946934/Bilder/Logo/IMG_8719%281%29.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Ny NORSAR stasjon i Antarktis) > - During these nine weeks, we have faced a range of weather conditions, including around ten days of storms. Nevertheless, we now feel confident that we have got it done, says ingenieur Ravn Rydtun. . > Seven out of ten instruments have been successfully installed.After nine weeks of work and a one-hour tracked vehicle journey from Troll Station in Antarctica, the new NORSAR station is now in place. Ravn Rydland , Morten Hervik and Nils K. Schøyen are returning home — mission accomplished > In recent days, we have been focusing on final adjustments and attempting to activate the remaining instruments. Some of them appear to have been damaged during transport or have not withstood the cold after being stored for two years. These will be brought back home for inspection and repair, with the aim of returning them here at a later stage. > Our researchers at NORSAR report that the signal quality is satisfactory, which is very encouraging. This was one of the major uncertainties before our departure — whether the signals would successfully be transmitted. > Everyone has remained in good health throughout the expedition. Now, we are simply waiting for the Norwegian Polar Institute’s aircraft to land — and take off again — before we can begin our journey home shortly after the weekend. > In close collaboration with the Norwegian Polar Institute, a seismo-acoustic array station has now been established with funding from the Research Council of Norway. The station consists of a network of several seismometers and infrasound (acoustic) sensors arranged in a geometric pattern to enhance the detection, localisation, and characterisation of seismic events—such as earthquakes, explosions, and volcanic activity—as well as atmospheric sound. > It was originally planned to be established at Troll, but because the government decided to upgrade the Troll research station — including the construction of a wind power facility for green energy — NORSAR had to relocate the measurement station away from the site. The direct reason for the move is the noise generated by the wind turbines. Additional funding for the relocation was provided by the Ministry of Climate and Environment (KLD). > **Background** > Installed 10 seismic points, meaning ten seismometers lowered into steel wells placed in boreholes at 4 metres depth. > Installed 9 infrasound points, meaning assembly of these “shower heads” – wind noise reduction branches, which will eliminate pressure and wind noise caused by the wind. > Transported the container out with the assistance of the Norwegian Polar Institute and one of their “Troll beasts” (Prinoth Panther XL), a massive tracked transport machine. > Assembled the steel framework around the container, which holds the solar panels (12 units), wind turbines (3 units) and communication equipment (mobile data antenna and Starlink in redundancy). > The steel frames and container were supplied by Varia, the diesel generator by Coromatic, wind turbines by APRS World, communication by COM4 and UPS, while solar panels were supplied by DELTA. > 8 lead batteries serving as a buffer bank for wind turbine charging. > Installed 20 x 250Ah lithium batteries, 63kg each. These are hopefully charged by the wind turbines during the polar night so that the diesel generator can be used as little as possible. > Without any charging, this UPS can keep the station running for 3 weeks. > I - [Podcast in Norwegian with NORSARs CEO, Birger Steen](https://www.norsar.no/news/podcast-in-norwegian-with-norsars-ceo-birger-steen): https://meyerhaugen.no/podcaster/topplederpodcast-med-birger-steen-ceo-i-norsar/ > ![Birger Steen i podcast hos MEYERHAUGEN](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325206-1772015148/Bilder/Logo/Bilde1%283%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Birger Steen i podcast hos MEYERHAUGEN med Siw Jensen og Petter Meyer) > Topplederpodcast med Birger Steen, CEO i NORSAR – MeyerHaugen https://meyerhaugen.no/podcaster/topplederpodcast-med-birger-steen-ceo-i-norsar/ > Hva betyr økende geopolitisk uro for global sikkerhet – og hvilken rolle spiller teknologi i overvåkingen av atomavtaler i en stadig mer uforutsigbar verden? I denne topplederpodcasten møter Siv Jensen og Petter Meyer CEO i NORSAR, Birger Steen, til en innsiktsfull og aktuell samtale om hvordan seismologi, avansert sensorteknologi og kunstig intelligens brukes i arbeidet med å overvåke atomprøvesprengninger og internasjonale avtaler. > Samtalen beveger seg fra nordområdene til stormaktsrivalisering mellom Russland, Kina og USA – og inn i skjæringspunktet mellom vitenskap, lederskap og geopolitikk. Hvordan leder man en organisasjon som opererer midt i globale maktspenninger? Og hva krever det å stå i frontlinjen av teknologi med direkte betydning for internasjonal sikkerhet? > En tankevekkende og høyaktuell episode for deg som vil forstå hvordan teknologi, strategi og global maktbalanse henger sammen. - [The Lillestrøm Mayor, Kjartan Barland visited NORSAR today](https://www.norsar.no/news/the-lillestrom-mayor-kjartan-barland-visited-norsar-today): On the agenda at today’s meeting between Mayor Berland and NORSAR’s leadership — Birger Steen, Arve E. Mjelva, and Niels Røine — was a review of NORSAR’s projects and strategy. > ![Mayor Kjartan Berland receives an introduction to NORSAR’s operations from Birger Steen, CEO.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325232-1772113685/Bilder/Logo/IMG_8736%20%28002%29.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Mayor Kjartan Berland receives an introduction to NORSAR’s operations from Birger Steen, CEO.) > - The further development of Kjeller and Lillestrøm’s unique position in preparedness and security is extremely important. And it is not primarily about major plans five years down the road. It is about urgency in the geopolitical situation we are currently facing, and about working together to facilitate continuous development, was the message from Birger Steen, CEO of NORSAR, during today’s meeting with the Mayor of Lillestrøm, Kjartan Berland. > “I fully agree that we have a strong position in security and preparedness. We must continue to develop it — we need to make things happen. It is encouraging that the many strong stakeholders are talking together about how we can further strengthen our position,” said Berland. > The Mayor was introduced to NORSAR’s various areas of responsibility and activities. NORSAR has 60 employees from 12 different nations. > About us - NORSAR https://www.norsar.no/about-us/ > History - NORSAR https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/ > NORSAR is at the global forefront in developing commercial software products and services in seismic oil and gas exploration and microseismic monitoring. The core applications of the NORSAR software suite include, but are not limited to, survey planning, survey evaluation, processing and interpretation support, 4D time-lapse surveys, and reservoir analysis. - [Tanja from Australia to NORSAR to study](https://www.norsar.no/news/tanja-from-australia-to-norsar-to-study): Tanja Pejic has been visiting NORSAR for just over a week to exchange knowledge and learn. “We share many of the same opportunities and challenges,” says Tanja Pejic. > ![Taja visited Stendammen together with Morten and Bettina .](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325318-1773044256/Bilder/Logo/image0.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Taja visited Stendammen together with Morten and Bettina .) > Last week we had the pleasure of welcoming a visitor from Australia. Zagreb-born seismologist Tanja Pejic moved to Australia to study and has lived in Canberra ever since. She completed a PhD in seismology at the Australian National University (ANU). and now Geoscience Australia in Canberra, where she works on earthquake monitoring, seismic analysis, and global seismic detection systems. Exchanging knowledge and learn advanced methods for monitoring earthquakes and induced seismicity, especially in offshore environments are relevant to Norway and Australia. Last week she also visitet Stendammen together with Bettina and Morten. > *"The goal of my project here was to learn about potential monitoring methods and determine how they can be applied in Australia, if possible".* > ***Here har Tanjas own words about her visit:*** > *"I arrived here after being awarded Geoscience Australia's Development Grant in December 2023. I visited NORSAR to collaborate with Bettina and Volker and learn about monitoring and analysis of earthquakes induced through Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) processes. CCS involves capturing, transporting and storing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel power stations, energy intensive industries, and gas fields by injecting the captured greenhouse gases back into the ground. New cracks may open, or existing faults may be (re)activated as a consequence, thus causing induced seismicity. Offshore CCS facilities already exist in Australia and elsewhere in the world (including Norway) and new ones are scheduled to open in Australia within the next few years. Norway and Australia face similar challenges in monitoring offshore seismicity using onshore sparse networks. The goal of my project here was to learn about potential monitoring methods and determine how they can be applied in Australia, if possible. I also got to talk to many wonderful people working at NORSAR, including Berit, Annie, and Tormod, all of whom gracefully shared their knowledge with me and gave me some advice on tackling specific seismic problems in Australia. Bettina and Volker have been amazing hosts during my stay. Morten took time out of his schedule to show us around NC06 site of the NORSAR array (thank you Morten!). I spoke to so many people, and everyone has been kind and accommodating. Thank you all for hosting me and making my stay a memorable one. I hope to see you again next time I come through Norway!"* > *Cheers,Tanja* - [Kjølv Egeland: Let's concentrate on facts, not assumptions](https://www.norsar.no/news/let-s-concentrate-on-facts-not-assumptions): – We are living in a dangerous time. When mistrust is allowed to grow history from the Cold War shows that nuclear powers begin to act on assumptions instead of facts. > ![Kjølv Egeland i Debatten på NRK torsdag i forrige uke.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325350-1773153262/norsar.no/Bilde1%281%29.png Kjølv Egeland i Debatten på NRK torsdag i forrige uke.) > – That is when the world is truly at risk. > The warning comes from **Kjølv Egeland**, political scientist at **NORSAR** working on international security and multilateral diplomacy. > During this week’s **CTBT meetings in Vienna**, we speak with one of Norway’s leading experts on nuclear monitoring and international security. Egeland has followed the work surrounding the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty for many years – and believes the global security environment is beginning to resemble periods we thought were behind us. > **Nuclear weapons are politically relevant again** > – How would you describe the security situation we are in now? > – We are in a tense situation where nuclear weapons have become more relevant than they have been for many years. We see modernization, we see escalation, and we see rhetoric that increasingly resembles what one heard during the Cold War. This is a moment when we must avoid a new arms race at all costs. > Egeland points out that several states are now investing heavily in new systems – strategic missiles, hypersonic weapons and submarine capabilities. > – When the world’s most powerful countries rearm while diplomatic brakes are weakening, the risk of misunderstandings and misinterpretations increases. It is often not the weapons themselves that trigger escalation, but the uncertainty surrounding what the other side is doing. > **Mistrust as fuel** > – What makes this uncertainty so dangerous? > – It’s when countries don’t know what the other side is doing that they start acting out of fear. And that is the most unstable dynamic there is. We saw this clearly during the Cold War. Much of the arms buildup spiral was driven by suspicion, rumours and misinformation. Countries believed their adversaries had more weapons than they did – and responded by building even more themselves. > He believes we may now be approaching something similar. > – In a situation like this, false claims are extremely dangerous. If a country wrongly claims that a rival has carried out a nuclear test, it can be used as justification to do something in return. One single misstep by one actor can be enough to start a chain reaction that is difficult to stop. > **Everything starts with the tests** > – What needs to be done to prevent such mechanisms from taking hold? > – First and foremost, we need to know what is actually happening. In nuclear politics everything starts with the question: is someone testing new weapons or building new game-changing equipment in secret? > – Test explosions reveal intention, capability and level of ambition. If the world does not know whether someone has tested – or if doubt is created around it – the entire system is weakened. > Egeland also warns against letting information itself become a political weapon. > – Without reliable data it becomes very easy to use accusations as a political tool. Not only can you cast suspicion on an opponent – you can also use such claims to legitimize your own actions. That is precisely why verification is so crucial. > **CTBT – the world’s most precise truth machine** > – What makes the CTBT regime so important in today’s political climate? > – The CTBT is an invaluable tool. The global monitoring system is, in practice, the world’s truth machine when it comes to nuclear test explosions. It is the most precise, most comprehensive and most independent system we have for determining whether an explosive test has occurred or not. > He stresses that this is about more than technology. > – When Russia says one thing and the United States says another, or when major powers suggest that rivals are preparing or carrying out covert tests, the CTBT system can step in and cut through the noise. The data doesn’t lie. That makes it extremely difficult to inflate fabricated conflicts. > **Norway’s role – a quiet powerhouse in nuclear monitoring** > What does this mean for Norway? > – Norway plays a much bigger role than most people realize. NORSAR operates six stations in the global monitoring network, and several of them are among the most sensitive in the entire system. They are capable of detecting unusually small tremors far beyond Norway’s borders. With NORSAR’s monitoring stations in the high north, we can detect explosions of less than one ton of TNT equivalent. That is approximately the size of a large conventional bomb – or ten times smaller than the smallest nuclear weapon ever deployed. > In today’s geopolitical climate, this capability is critical. > – When some countries claim that others are conducting hidden nuclear tests, it is crucial that we can go back to the data. It is open for analysis, it can be independently verified and it provides an objective picture of reality. That removes much of the basis for misinformation and artificial escalation. Of course, there are instances where doubt remains even after analysing the data. The answer to this should be to improve the system, or to put in place further transparency measures, not to dismiss verification altogether. > **Transparency is the best safeguard against escalation** > – What is the most important principle going forward? > Egeland answers without hesitation. > – Transparency. Transparency is the best safeguard the world has against threat-inflation, escalation and spirals of insecurity. Policy must be crafted on the basis of what is actually going on in the world. > – This is a large part of what the CTBT gives us: insight, information and a shared reality. It is absolutely crucial in a time like this. > **A troubled world – but still reasons for hope** > – Do you still believe the world can avoid a new nuclear arms race? > – Yes, I do. Precisely because we have verification systems like this. They provide the tools we need to hold nuclear-armed states accountable. And they give us an opportunity to stop escalation before it begins. But we must use – and we must defend them. > He adds: > – If the world loses faith in facts, we also lose the ability to prevent a new arms race. We cannot allow that. - [Ukraine and the Middle East rise tension for the nuclear test ban treaty. NORSAR present in Vienna meeting](https://www.norsar.no/news/ukraine-and-the-middle-east-rise-tension-for-the-nuclear-test-ban-treaty): Vienna — In Vienna this week, diplomats are confronting a reality many believed belonged to the past: the possibility that the global moratorium on nuclear testing could come under real strain. > ![CTBT meeting in Vienna](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325363-1773227410/norsar.no/HC9rnn2bQAAYc3J.jpg CTBT meeting in Vienna) > **Nuclear test ban treaty thrust back into spotlight as tensions rise — and NORSAR plays quiet but crucial role.** > **Vienna —** In Vienna this week, diplomats are confronting a reality many believed belonged to the past: the possibility that the global moratorium on nuclear testing could come under real strain. > **NORSAR, Norway’s national data centre for nuclear test monitoring, is also present**, with five experts participating in several of the key technical and policy discussions throughout the meetings. > Officials gathered for meetings related to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) say the deteriorating global security climate — from the war in Ukraine to escalating tensions in the Middle East — has pushed the treaty back into urgent focus. Nearly three decades after it was opened for signature, the CTBT remains one of the most important yet unfinished pillars of nuclear arms control. > And amid the diplomacy, one small Nordic country is playing a disproportionately important role. > Norway’s seismic monitoring institute, **NORSAR**, is a central component of the global system designed to detect illicit nuclear explosions — a role that diplomats and experts say is becoming increasingly critical as geopolitical trust erodes. > **A treaty still waiting to enter into force** > Adopted by the United Nations in 1996, the CTBT was intended to end all nuclear test explosions and halt the development of new nuclear weapons. Yet the treaty has never formally entered into force because several key states — including the United States, China, Iran, Israel, India, Pakistan and North Korea — have not ratified it. > Despite that political stalemate, the treaty’s implementing body, the **Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)** in Vienna, has spent decades building one of the most sophisticated monitoring networks ever created. > The **International Monitoring System** spans the globe with seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide stations capable of detecting nuclear tests even at very low yields. > For many years the system operated largely outside the public spotlight. But diplomats say the shifting geopolitical landscape has changed that. > “The global moratorium on nuclear testing is under more strain than at any time since the 1990s,” one European diplomat attending the Vienna meetings said. “In this environment, the monitoring system becomes indispensable. > Read more: The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) | CTBTO https://www.ctbto.org/our-mission/the-treaty > In 2023 Russia revoked its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), while stating it would continue to observe its voluntary moratorium on nuclear testing > The decision came against the backdrop of the war in Ukraine, which has already shattered several long-standing assumptions about stability in Europe. > Arms control analysts warn that even limited or experimental nuclear tests could send destabilising signals in such a tense environment. > “If the political barriers weaken, the technological ability to detect tests becomes even more important,” said one expert involved in CTBT verification efforts. > **Iran and rising tensions in the Middle East** > At the same time, tensions surrounding Iran’s nuclear programme are expected to shape discussions in Vienna. > Iran signed the CTBT in 1996 but has never ratified it. Western governments have expressed increasing concern over the country’s nuclear activities, while Israel — which has also not ratified the treaty — also face increased tension. > The combination of regional instability and uncertainty over nuclear intentions is bringing renewed attention to the verification system designed to detect any illicit tests. > **Norway’s quiet role in global nuclear monitoring** > Among the institutions helping to underpin that system is **NORSAR**, the Norwegian seismic monitoring centre that has become one of the world’s most respected authorities in detecting underground nuclear explosions. > Operating from Norway but integrated into the CTBTO’s international monitoring network, NORSAR manages several highly sensitive seismic stations capable of detecting extremely small ground vibrations thousands of kilometres away. > The institute’s instruments have previously helped detect nuclear tests conducted by North Korea — events that demonstrated the reach and precision of the global monitoring system. > Diplomats and experts say capabilities like these would be essential if any state attempted to resume nuclear testing. > “Reliable, independent monitoring is crucial in a world where political trust is declining,” one CTBT official said. “Institutions like NORSAR are a fundamental part of that verification architecture.” > **What is at stake in Vienna** > This week’s meetings in Vienna are unlikely to produce dramatic diplomatic breakthroughs. The structural obstacles preventing the treaty from entering into force remain formidable. > But delegates are focusing on ensuring that the monitoring and verification regime remains strong. Discussions are expected to cover the status of the International Monitoring System, preparations for on-site inspections in the event of suspected tests, and ways to maintain global commitment to the test ban. > Behind those technical discussions lies a broader concern: that weakening arms control norms could eventually lead the world back toward an era of nuclear testing. > For supporters of the treaty, the goal is clear. > “The CTBT was created to stop the nuclear arms race from starting again,” said a Vienna-based arms control expert. “With today’s crises, that mission has never been more important.” > And in the complex machinery designed to enforce that mission, Norway’s quiet seismic arrays — listening for tremors beneath the earth — remain one of the world’s most reliable early warning systems. > Facts: > **How many nations participate in the CTBT meetings in Vienna?** > At the **CTBTO meetings in Vienna** (such as the Working Group sessions taking place this week), participation is drawn from **all States that have signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)**. > **187 countries have signed the CTBT**, and these states are members of the **CTBTO Preparatory Commission**, which runs the meetings in Vienna. > Of these, **178 have ratified the treaty**, while **9 have signed but not ratified**. > Non-signatory states and international organizations can sometimes attend as **observers**, but decision-making belongs to the signatory states. > Because delegations vary by meeting, **not every one of the 187 states is physically present**, but they are all eligible participants in the Vienna sessions. > **Key countries participating** > In practice, delegations come from **most UN member states**, including all major nuclear powers and regional actors. Examples include: > **Nuclear-armed or nuclear-capable states** > United States > Russia > China > United Kingdom > France > India > Pakistan > Israel > North Korea > (Only the United Kingdom and France have ratified the treaty, but others still participate in CTBT-related processes.) > **Other influential Annex-2 states (whose ratification is required for the treaty to enter into force)** > Germany > Japan > Canada > Brazil > South Africa > South Korea > Iran > Egypt > Turkey > Ukraine > Norway > Sweden > Switzerland > Australia > Argentina > Mexico > Netherlands > Spain > Poland > Finland > Belgium > Romania > Indonesia > Vietnam > …and others, totaling **44 Annex-2 states** that must ratify the treaty before it can legally enter into force. > **Summary** > **Eligible participants:** 187 CTBT signatory states > **Ratified:** 178 > **Signed but not ratified:** 9 (including the U.S., China, Iran, Israel, Egypt, and Russia) - [Kjølv Egeland from NORSAR was interviewed in VG today](https://www.norsar.no/news/a-massive-pr-loss): Use of nuclear weapons in the Middle East: – Unlikely, but not impossible, says Kjølv Egeland of NORSAR to VG. He believes the risk is extremely low, but warns that the conflict could become more unpredictable. > – I believe the use of nuclear weapons is unlikely, but not impossible, says political scientist and senior researcher at NORSAR, Kjølv Egeland, to VG. > When asked why it is unlikely, he particularly points to the political costs. > – The use of nuclear weapons would result in a massive PR loss. In modern wars, it is not just about what happens militarily on the battlefield, but also about who holds the moral high ground. > Nuclear weapons are distinct in that they are nuclear weapons: The energy from a nuclear reaction produces an explosion far more powerful than conventional bombs. They exist both as smaller tactical weapons aimed at specific targets and as strategic weapons capable of obliterating entire cities. > Read more: > Bruk av atomvåpen i Midtøsten: – Usannsynlig, men ikke umulig https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/Gxy1EQ/bruk-av-atomvaapen-i-midtoesten-usannsynlig-men-ikke-umulig > Let's concentrate on facts, not assumptions - NORSAR https://www.norsar.no/news/let-s-concentrate-on-facts-not-assumptions - [Welcome to a new Soneringskart webinar!](https://www.norsar.no/news/welcome-to-a-new-soneringskart-webinar): We invite you to a new webinar where we demonstrate how consultants and professionals in the construction and engineering industry. > ![Webinar](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325653-1777026497/Bilder/Soneringskart%20webinar%281%29.png%20%28banner%29.webp Webinar) > We invite you to a new webinar where we demonstrate how consultants and professionals in the construction and engineering industry working with design and dimensioning for seismic loads can get the most out of the Soneringskart service — including the integration of Standard Norway’s maps into the Soneringskart portal. > Join: https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/nyheter/kampanje-april-mai https://www.norsar.no/soneringskart/nyheter/kampanje-april-mai - [Jordskjelvet i Oslo-området](https://www.norsar.no/news/jjordskjelvet-i-oslo-omradet): Et jordskjelv med styrke på 3,6 inntraff i morges kl. 09:25 lokal tid, i nærheten av Jessheim, omtrent 40 km nordøst for Oslo. Les mer: https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/jordskjelv-i-oslo > ![Morten Sickel NORSARs målestasjon Stendammen ved Løten i Hedemark](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325896-1777206425/Bilder/Morten%20Sickel%20ved%20Stendammen%20stasjon.jpg%20%28timeline%29.webp Morten Sickel NORSARs målestasjon Stendammen ved Løten i Hedemark) > Jordskjelv med en styrke på mer enn 3 er ikke uvanlige i Østlandsområdet. De siste 25 årene har 8 slike skjelv funnet sted. Det siste med en høyere estimert styrke enn dagens jordskjelv fant sted i 2004. Ser også figuren under. > Oslo-området ligger i den såkalte Osloforkastningen, en geologisk formasjon som ble til for rundt 300 millioner år siden. Jordskorpen her har mange mindre forkastninger, og selv små endringer i spenninger i overflaten kan føre til bevegelse i disse. De fleste jordskjelv her oppstår i områdene rundt disse forkastninger. > Les mer: Jordskjelv i Oslo området - jordskjelv.no https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/jordskjelv-i-oslo > I figuren under vises registreringene fra målestasjoner på Løten, Østmarka og i Hagfors i Sverige. > Hvis du merket jordskjelvet, kan du rapportere det her: Norsk Nasjonalt Seismisk Nettverk. https://nnsn.geo.uib.no/nnsn/#/report-earthquake - [- Ikke overdriv mulighet for jordskjelv krise i Oslo](https://www.norsar.no/news/ikke-overdriv-mulighet-for-jordskjelv-krise-i-oslo): Mange har kommet med ekspertuttalelser som kan forstås dithen at det er muligheter for mye større jordskjelv i Oslo-området og at dette kan få store konsekvenser. > ![Jorskjelvet søndag ble registrert på alle stasjoner](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325921-1777275861/Bilder/Jordskjelvet%20registrert.jpg%20%28banner%29.webp Jorskjelvet søndag ble registrert på alle stasjoner) > - Jeg synes det er riktig å stanse litt opp etter alle uttlalelsene etter jordskjelvet i går. Det er lite sannsynlig med et stort jordskjelv i Oslo-området selv om det er et av de mest utsatte stedene i Norge. I tillegg skal alle bygg etter 1990 ha fulgt Eurokoden for nybygg, sier Volker Oye som er Head of Research / Head of Applied Seismology i NORSAR. > - Men det er mange bygg som er bygd lenge før 1990. Hva med de?. > - Ja, men generelt er bygningsmasse bygd for langt større belastninger. Og tross alt er det vi opplevde søndag det sterkeste på 15år. Jeg mener det ikke er grunn til stor bekymring. > - Er vi i Norge godt nok forberedt hvis det skulle skje? > - Det er alltid et spørsmål. Vi i NORSAR registrerer dette umiddelbart og alle våre stasjoner registrerte dette jordskjelvet. Varslingsrutiner som når helt ut til befolkningen raskt er jo avgjørende. Vi må diskutere om det skal automatiseres at det vi registrerer går umiddelbart ut på www.jordskjelv.no. Vi har jo registrert andre små skjelv i Oslo-området som ikke har gitt slike utslag at befolkningen reagerer. > - Kan man kalle dette en nyttig test så lenge ingen ble skadet og skadeomfanget på bygninger knapt er registrert? > - Det kan man si. Det var voldsomme reksjoner og veldig mange tok kontakt med oss på alle mulige plattformer. Ønsket om mer informasjon oppstod umiddelbart. Også fra mediene. Det er klart at vi og myndighetene kan bruke denne hendelsen til å være forberedt i hvertfall hvis noe mer alvorlig skulle skje. Samtidig er det vår klare oppfatning at det ikke er grunn til uro. sier Oye. - [NORSAR på NRK Super](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-pa-nrk-super): Charlotte Bruland, (Research Scientist i NORSAR tok imot NRKs Supernytt i. Barn og ungdom lurte også på hva som skjedde søndag morgen med jordskjelv i Oslo-området. Charlotte forklarte. Se intervjuet: > ![Charlotte Bruland i NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325990-1777369918/Bilder/Charlotte%20NRK%20Super%201.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Charlotte Bruland i NORSAR) > Noen minutter inn i Supernytt sendingen i går kveld kan du se Charlotte forklare jordskjelvet i Oslo-området og hvordan NORSAR jobber med å registrere jordskjelv. > NRK Super - Supernytt https://nrksuper.no/serie/supernytt - [NORSAR i Dagsnytt 18 på NRK : - Ikke tilstrekkelig operativ beredskap](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-i-dagsnytt-18-pa-nrk-i): Birger Steen, administrerende direktør i NORSAR, hevdet i Dagsnytt 18 i går at Norge ikke har tilstrekkelig operativt beredskap i forhold til jordskjelv og kjernevåpen angrep eller ulykker i Norge eller nærheten av Norge. > ![Birger Steen på Dagsnytt 18](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1326022-1777374101/Bilder/Birger%20Steen%20i%20Dagsnytt%2018%2028.04%281%29.jpg%20%28banner%29.webp Birger Steen på Dagsnytt 18) > Her er lenken til Dagsnytt 18 > Dagsnytt 18 - TV - NRK TV https://tv.nrk.no/serie/dagsnytt-atten-tv/sesong/202604/episode/NNFA56042726 > Der hevdet NORSARs administrerende direktør: > - > **Jordskjelv** > Sannsynligheten er lav, men skadepotensialet er omfattende. > Det finnes i dag ingen operativ beredskap for hurtig karakterisering og kommunikasjon mellom fagmiljøene og ansvarlige myndigheter, og videre til befolkningen. Det er ikke budsjettert for 24/7 overvåkning, og slike hendelser øves ikke på. Det er dugnad. > **Kjernevåpenangrep i eller nær Norge** («Scenario 7» i Atomberedskapsplanen). Denne typen hendelser er ikke budsjettert for og har ikke blitt øvet på tvers av de 20+ etatene som inngår i Atomberedskapsorganisasjonen. > Som for jordskjelv finnes det i dag ingen operativ beredskap for hurtig karakterisering av hendelser og kommunikasjon mellom fagmiljøene og ansvarlige myndigheter, og videre til befolkningen. - [NORSAR Software Suite 2026 is released!](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-software-suite-2026-is-released): We’re excited to announce the release of the NORSAR Software Suite 2026! This year marks an important step forward with the introduction of PasMon — a brand-new product expanding our platform into operational microseismic monitoring. > ![NORSAR software suite](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1326052-1777540133/Bilder/Skjermbilde%202026-04-30%20105555%281%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp NORSAR Software Suite) > **LES MER HER** > - NORSAR Innovation https://www.norsarinnovation.com/latest-news/norsar-software-suite-2026-is-released-article6714-1161.html > This year marks an important step forward with the introduction of PasMon — a brand-new product expanding our platform into operational microseismic monitoring. - [NORSAR forsker Joanna Holmgren lørdagsgjest i NRK Dagsrevyen](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-forsker-joanna-holmgren-lordagsgjest-i-nrk-dagsrevyen): Det har vært mange saker i norske medier om NORSAR og arbeidet med jordskjelv og andre seismiske oppgaver. Vi skal være i verdensklasse på vårt felt. > ![Joanna Holmgren var lørdagsgjest i Dagsrevyen](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1326072-1777751279/Bilder/Joanna%20Holmgren%20viser%20i%20L%C3%B8rdagsrevyen.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Joanna Holmgren var lørdagsgjest i Dagsrevyen) > Dagsrevyen - NRK TV https://tv.nrk.no/serie/dagsrevyen/sesong/202605/episode/NNFA19050226 > Se innslaget på NRK Dagsrevyen ca kl 19.33 (etter 33 minutter ut i Dagrevyen - [Adam Ewart (45) is NORSARs new business controller](https://www.norsar.no/news/adam-ewart-45-is-norsars-new-business-controller): He comes from the oil and gas industry and has worked as a project manager. First, he moved from outside London to Stavanger in 2011 before he moved to Skjetten with his family. > ![Adam Ewart](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1326101-1778048744/Bilder/Adam%20Ewart.jpg ) > - I am very much looking forward to start working for NORSAR. Since I have previously worked as a project manager, I hope my experience allows me to assist in more than just what is included in the business controller function. I have also understood that this is also Birger's and Lars' wish. It will be interesting to be part of the team to ensure development and growth, says Adam. > CFO Lars Sandodden Johansen has the following comment: > - We are very pleased to have Adam on board so that we have greater opportunity for involvement. > Adam lives in Skjetten and is married to a Norwegian and they have two kids, a boy aged 13 and a girl aged 11. He is a runner and will strengthen next year’s Holmenkollen relay team. - [Jordskjelv ved København](https://www.norsar.no/news/jordskjelv-ved-kobenhavn): Onsdag 20. mai 2026 kl. 16:14 norsk tid ble det registrert et jordskjelv i Danmark, sørvest for København. > ![Skjelvet hadde en foreløpig styrke på 3,9 og en beregnet dybde på rundt 17 kilometer. Episenteret er lokalisert om lag 28 kilometer sørvest for København.](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1326223-1779299741/Bilder/K%C3%B8benhavn%282%29.jpeg%20%28banner%29.webp KØBENHAVN JORDSKJELV) > Skjelvet hadde en foreløpig styrke på 3,9 og en beregnet dybde på rundt 17 kilometer. Episenteret er lokalisert om lag 28 kilometer sørvest for København.Jordskjelvet er registrert ved flere av NORSARs seismiske stasjoner, blant annet i Oslofjord-nettverket, ved NORES nær Løten, ved Åknes på Sunnmøre og ved ARCES i Karasjok. Figuren viser seismiske bølgeformer fra skjelvet slik de ble registrert ved disse stasjonene, fra om lag 430 til 1710 kilometer fra episenteret. - [New departments and new appointments in NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/news/new-departments-and-new-appointments-in-norsar): Arve E. Mjelva, deputy CEO and former Head of Solutions, will lead the new department named Security and Resilience which will further expand NORSARs activities on security, defense, and societal resilience. Tina Kaschwich is new Head of Solutions, and the department will be renamed Geoscience Technologies. > ![Tina Kaschwich](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327108-1781870751/Bilder/Tina%20Kaschwich%281%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Tina Kaschwich) > NORSAR is an internationally recognized and independent research foundation. We are specialists in seismology and seismic monitoring. NORSAR has 50 years of experience in seismic monitoring. In 1999, NORSAR was appointed Norway’s National Data Center for the CTBT by the Norwegian parliament. We advise Norwegian authorities on treaty-related matters and maintain the operations of the international monitoring stations on Norwegian territory. NORSAR has extensive experience in research and development projects conducted in collaboration with national and international defense organizations, public agencies, and other strategic partners. > Building on this expertise, NORSAR is expanding its activities within security, defense, and societal resilience. Coordinate these efforts, NORSAR is establishing a new department. The department will focus on delivering research, technology, and advisory services that support national security, defense capabilities, and preparedness. Some of this work will be classified information and data and we have applied to be subject to the Security Act. The new department will be led by Arve E. Mjelva, deputy CEO and former Head of Solutions. > Tina Kaschwich has been appointed Head of Solutions. Reflecting its evolving focus and expertise, the department will be renamed Geoscience Technologies. > The department will continue to develop solutions and technologies in software development, fiber optics, hazard and risk management, and infrasound. By combining scientific excellence with technology development, the department plays a key role in translating research into operational solutions that create value for customers and society. > Geoscience Technologies will focus on strengthening collaboration across disciplines, fostering innovation, and ensuring that research and technology development remain closely connected. > **Tina Kaschwich commenting on her appointment:** > I am very excited to take on the role as Head of Department. Having served on NORSAR's Board for several years and as Deputy Head of Department, I know the organisation well and have a deep appreciation for both its scientific excellence and its societal impact. > The biggest challenge is not science itself but creating a common direction across a department with very different professional backgrounds. Researchers and software developers often work in different ways and are driven by different goals, but NORSAR's strength lies precisely in bringing these competencies together. My ambition is to build on that strength and create an environment where people can learn from each other, collaborate effectively and develop together. > NORSAR is in a period where advanced research, technology development and operational solutions are becoming increasingly interconnected. I see great opportunities in strengthening these links and ensuring that scientific excellence is translated into solutions that create value for our partners and society. > I am also proud to become part of NORSAR's leadership team at a time when diversity and inclusion are receiving greater attention. As the first female scientist in the executive leadership group, I hope to contribute both as a leader and as a role model, while keeping the focus on competence, collaboration and delivering high-quality results. - [- We have updated our organization to become more targeted](https://www.norsar.no/news/we-have-updated-our-organization-to-become-more-targeted): A new team 100% focused on research and services for “Security and Resilience” and a new “Geoscience Technologies” team will continue to deliver advanced detection seismology solutions and services. > ![New departments in NORSAR to be more targeted. Tina, Arve and Birger](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327227-1782148039/Bilder/New%20departments.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp New departments in NORSAR to be more targeted. Tina, Arve and Birger) > In the light of renewed importance of NORSAR's core capabilities in arms control monitoring and a challenging geopolitical context, we recently announced certain changes to our organization. > - We have a number of solutions in NORSAR that are many relevant to the task of making the world more secure and society more robust. That is why we have updated our organization - to become more targeted and clearer about how we want to contribute to both international arms control, national security and commercial, civilian uses of our world leading detection seismology capabilities. With this in mind, we have established a new team 100% focused on research and services for “Security and Resilience”, headed up by NORSAR Deputy CEO Arve Mjelva. Our new “Geoscience Technologies” team will continue to deliver advanced detection seismology solutions and services to commercial and public sector customers under the leadearship of Tina Kaschewich, says NORSAR CEO Birger Steen. > He continues: - We all live in a security landscape that is changing rapidly, with increasing geopolitical uncertainty, more frequent and more serious kinetic, cyber and hybrid threats, and growing demands for resilient critical infrastructure. By establishing "Security and Resilience" as a dedicated business area while strengthening our focus on Geoscience Technologies, we are making it easier for customers and partners to engage with NORSAR and access our world-leading expertise, on both customary open research and commercial terms but also, when necessary, in a classified environment. - [Norge vant og Bergen ristet i natt](https://www.norsar.no/news/bergen-ristet-nar-norge-sccoret-i-natt-1): Signalene ble registrert av seismometeret ved Universitetet i Bergen. Stasjonen driftes av Universitetet i Bergen og er en del av Norsk Nasjonalt Seismisk Nettverk (NNSN). > ![Bergen ristet](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327287-1782183380/Bilder/Pedersen%2C%20Haaland%20%282%29%281%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Bergen risten ) > Natt til tirsdag registrerte den seismiske stasjonen i Bergen tydelige signaler i nærheten av stasjonen under VM-kampen mellom Norge og Senegal. Flere av de sterkeste utslagene sammenfaller med viktige hendelser i kampen, særlig de norske scoringene i den dramatiske 3–2-seieren. > Signalene ble registrert av seismometeret ved Universitetet i Bergen. Stasjonen driftes av Universitetet i Bergen og er en del av Norsk Nasjonalt Seismisk Nettverk (NNSN https://nnsn.geo.uib.no/nnsn/#/). I de seismiske dataene ser vi tydelige utslag knyttet til flere sentrale øyeblikk i kampen, noe som illustrerer hvordan store menneskemengder kan skape målbare vibrasjoner i bakken. > Figuren under viser de registrerte seismiske signalene gjennom kampen. De nummererte markørene viser sentrale hendelser: kampstart (1), Marcus Pedersens scoring til 1–0 (2), pause (3), starten på andre omgang (4), Erling Braut Haalands scoring til 2–0 (5), Senegals redusering ved Ismaïla Sarr (6), Haalands scoring til 3–1 (7), Senegals sene redusering til 3–2 ved Sarr (8) og kampslutt (9). > Flere av de tydeligste utslagene i de seismiske dataene opptrer i forbindelse med Norges scoringer. Særlig målene til Pedersen og Haaland skiller seg ut med markante topper i signalene. Signalene skyldes trolig jubel og bevegelser blant supportere som fulgte kampen i Bergen. Når mange mennesker reagerer samtidig på store sportsøyeblikk, kan de samlede bevegelsene skape vibrasjoner i bakken som registreres av følsomme seismometre. > Følsomme seismometre registrerer ikke bare jordskjelv, men også vibrasjoner fra menneskelig aktivitet. Når mange mennesker beveger seg samtidig, for eksempel ved store idrettsarrangementer eller konserter, kan dette gi tydelige utslag i de seismiske målingene. > Dette er heller ikke første gang VM-feberen setter spor i registreringene i Bergen. Under Norges kamp mot Irak tidligere i mesterskapet registrerte seismometeret også tydelige signaler som sammenfalt med de norske scoringene. Også den gangen var det jubel og begeistring blant supporterne som trolig satte sitt preg på målingene: https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/haalands-scoring-fikk-bergen-til-a-riste https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/haalands-scoring-fikk-bergen-til-a-riste > Heldigvis var det ikke et jordskjelv som holdt seismologene våkne natt til tirsdag. Denne gangen var det et rent *sportskjelv*, utløst av norske scoringer, fotballspenning og jubel fra supportere i Bergen. > Norges VM-drama mot Senegal satte spor i bakken - jordskjelv.no https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/haalands-scoring-fikk-bergen-til-a-riste-1 - [Fakta om jordskjelvet i Venezuela og i Japan siste døgn](https://www.norsar.no/news/faktaom-jordskjelvet-i-venezuela-og-i-japan-siste-dogn): Natt til torsdag ble det registrert to kraftige jordskjelv i det nordlige Venezuela, vest for hovedstaden Caracas. https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/to-store-jordskjelv-i-venezuela > ![Jordskjelv i Venezuela](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327373-1782375861/Bilder/Jordskjelv%20i%20Venezuela%281%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Jordskjelv i Venezuela) > Det første skjelvet hadde en styrke på 7,2 og inntraff 39 sekunder før et enda kraftigere hovedskjelv med styrke 7,5. > Les mer på: > To store jordskjelv i Venezuela - jordskjelv.no https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/to-store-jordskjelv-i-venezuela - [RO, RO, RO! SLIK ristet det i Oslo og Bergen da jubelen stod i taket](https://www.norsar.no/news/ro-ro-ro-slik-ristet-det-i-oslo-og-bergen-da-jubelen-stod-i-taket): Tirsdag kveld registrerte seismometeret ved Universitetet i Oslo og Bergen tydelige signaler fra jubelen i nærheten av stasjonen under Norges VM-seier over Elfenbenskysten. > ![Oslo og Bergen ristet da Norge vant over Elfenbenskysten](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327404-1782896078/Bilder/OSLO%20OG%20BERGEN%20RISTET.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Oslo og Bergen ristet da Norge vant over Elfenbenskysten) > **Les mer:** > Ro, ro til seier - fikk Oslo og Bergen til å riste - jordskjelv.no https://www.jordskjelv.no/meldinger/ro-ro-til-seier-fikk-oslo-og-bergen-til-a-riste > Tirsdag kveld registrerte seismiske stasjoner både i Oslo og Bergen tydelige signaler under Norges 2–1-seier over Elfenbenskysten i VM. Flere av de sterkeste utslagene sammenfaller med avgjørende øyeblikk i kampen, og de mest markante signalene ble registrert da supporterne avsluttet feiringen med den felles «ro, ro til seier»-roingen etter kampslutt. > Signalene ble registrert av seismometeret ved Universitetet i Oslo og seismometeret ved Universitetet i Bergen. Begge stasjonene er en del av Norsk Nasjonalt Seismisk Nettverk (NNSN https://nnsn.geo.uib.no/nnsn/). Målingene viser hvordan store folkemengder som beveger seg og jubler samtidig kan skape målbare vibrasjoner i bakken. Figuren over viser de registrerte seismiske signalene gjennom kampen. De nummererte markørene viser kampstart (1), Norges første scoring (2), Elfenbenskystens utligning (3), Norges seiersmål (4), kampslutt (5) og den felles «ro, ro til seier»-roingen etter kampslutt (6). - [Stoltenberg and Mattsson join NORSAR’s Board of Directors; Harbitz appointed Board Chair](https://www.norsar.no/news/stoltenberg-og-mattsson-nye-styremedlemmer-i-norsar): The NORSAR Foundation strengthens its Board with two new members and appoints Ole Harbitz as Board Chair, reinforcing expertise in research leadership, national preparedness, defence technology and international security. Camilla Stoltenberg, CEO of NORCE, and Jens G. Mattsson, Director General of FOI, the Swedish Defence Research Agency, have joined NORSAR’s Board of Directors > ![ Camilla Stoltenberg, CEO of NORCE, and Jens G. Mattsson, Director General of FOI, the Swedish Defence Research Agency, have joined NORSAR’s Board of Directors](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327488-1782982726/Bilder/Styreleder%20og%20styremedlemmer%281%29.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > “I am excited to step up as Board Chair at NORSAR after serving on the Board since 2024. NORSAR, as one of the world’s leading institutions in detection seismology, is poised to take on an even more important role in national security and preparedness, as well as in international security, conflict monitoring and arms control,” says Ole Harbitz. > “NORSAR’s world-leading seismic monitoring infrastructure and signal-processing capabilities are the result of more than 55 years of international research collaboration, beginning as a Norwegian-American effort to monitor nuclear tests during the Cold War. These capabilities are unfortunately highly relevant again today. The fact that we can attract international candidates such as Camilla and Jens to our Board reflects both this reality and NORSAR’s unique position in detection seismology,” says Birger Steen, CEO of NORSAR. > Camilla Stoltenberg agrees:“I am curious about NORSAR and committed to our entire research ecosystem. The offer of a board position in NORSAR is an honour and an opportunity to both learn and contribute to excellent research and innovation in Norway in the future. I believe that NORSAR has become even more relevant given the geopolitical developments we have seen in recent years”, says Camilla Stoltenberg. > Dr Jens G. Mattsson sees his new board position as an opportunity to help strengthen and expand NORSAR’s critical role: > “I felt honoured to be offered this opportunity. After speaking with Birger, I concluded that serving on the NORSAR Board would be a great way to use my experience and support the valuable long-term relationship between FOI and NORSAR. I see significant potential to help strengthen and expand the critical role that NORSAR currently plays. The unpredictable and unstable geopolitical situation is a concern for all of us, and the international arms-control architecture is under pressure. By maintaining vigilance, as NORSAR does, we can make a meaningful contribution to international peace and security. I am very much looking forward to becoming part of NORSAR,” says Jens G. Mattsson. > **Ole Harbitz, Board Chair** > Ole Harbitz is former Director General of the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA - Direktoratet for strålevern og atomsikkerhet). He was educated at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in Trondheim, specialising in engineering physics, biophysics and medical technology. Harbitz received his doctorate in physical biochemistry in 1980 and completed the Norwegian Defence University College's main course in 1995. > Throughout his extensive career, Harbitz has held key leadership roles in research, technology, societal safety and nuclear safety. His broad experience from both public administration and research environments will be an important asset for NORSAR's further development. > **Camilla Stoltenberg, Board member** > Camilla Stoltenberg is CEO of the independent research institute NORCE and professor in a part-time position at the Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care at the University of Bergen. She has extensive experience in research, management and national preparedness. > Stoltenberg is a trained medical doctor and has a doctorate in epidemiology from the University of Oslo. She has studied sociology at the University of Oslo, and social anthropology and medical anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, San Francisco. She has been a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oslo and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, as well as a visiting researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health and Columbia University. > From 2001 to 2023, she held various leadership roles at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), including Director General from 2012 to 2023. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she was a key national spokesperson and leader in Norway’s handling of the pandemic. Stoltenberg has led a number of research projects funded by the EU, the Research Council of Norway and the National Institutes of Health in the United States, among others. > She has held a number of national and international roles in research and research strategy, including board positions in the Research Institutes’ Joint Arena (FFA), the European Association of Research and Technology Organisations (EARTO), Abelia and the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI). > **Jens G. Mattsson, Board member** > Jens G. Mattsson is Director General of FOI, the Swedish Defence Research Agency. He represents Sweden on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Science and Technology Board and on the European Defence Agency’s Research and Technology Board. Mattsson is also a member of the Swedish Government’s Defence Innovation Council, a board member at Uppsala University, and a member of the Research Council of Norway’s Portfolio Board for Security and Defence Research. > Previously, he was Director General of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), CEO of LifeGene at Karolinska Institutet, and held several research and management positions in academia, research institutes and the pharmaceutical industry. > Mattsson has degrees in chemistry and biotechnology from Uppsala University, a PhD in microbiology from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), where he was also appointed associate professor in molecular parasitology. He is a member of several prestigious academies of science, including the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry. > **Board of Directors in NORSAR:** > |Ole Harbitz |Former Director-General, DSA (Direktoratet for strålevern og atomsikkerhet) |Chairman| > |Inge R. Gran |Managing Director, SINTEF Energi AS |Board member| > |Mette Vågnes Eriksen |Secretary General, The Norwegian Polytechnic Society |Board member| > |Camilla Stoltenberg |CEO, NORCE |Board member| > |Jens G. Mattsson |Director-General, FOI (Sweden) |Board member| > |Anna Maria Dichiarante |Research Scientist NORSAR |Employee elected| > |Ivan van Bever |Business developer, NORSAR |Employee elected| > Organization > The institute is led by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) supported by an administrative staff. Research, innovation, and activities related to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty are divided among four departments. Additionally, the foundation has a subsidiary company, NORSAR Innovation AS, which is co-located with the foundation. > **About** **NORSAR** > NORSAR is an internationally recognised, independent Norwegian research foundation specialising in seismology, seismic monitoring and applied geophysics. Established in 1968 as part of a Norwegian-American effort to develop methods for detecting earthquakes and nuclear explosions, NORSAR today combines world-leading scientific expertise, operational monitoring and advanced software development. Its mission is to listen to the Earth for a safe and resilient society. > Monitoring compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty is NORSAR’s most important task. NORSAR serves as Norway’s National Data Centre for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and operates seismic stations on Norwegian territory as part of its national and international monitoring responsibilities. > NORSAR’s core competence is the real-time detection, location and interpretation of natural and human-made seismic events. This expertise is used to monitor earthquakes, nuclear explosions, unstable rock slopes, avalanches and landslides, conflict-related events and sabotage, subsurface carbon dioxide storage, geothermal activity, induced seismicity and other risks affecting people, infrastructure and society. > The foundation also provides research, consultancy and software solutions in seismic modelling, microseismic monitoring, seismic hazard and risk assessment, earthquake engineering and subsurface monitoring for customers and partners in Norway and internationally. NORSAR’s work supports public authorities, research institutions, critical infrastructure owners and industry in making better decisions about safety, preparedness, energy transition and resilience. > **Contact:** > **NORSAR** > Birger Steen > CEO > b@norsar.no > +4790088222 - [Zhongwen Zhan visits NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/news/zhongwen-zhan-visits-norsar): NORSAR welcomed Zhongwen Zhan, Director of the Seismological Lab at Caltech, for a joint seismological seminar and a presentation on the Caltech DAS Hub. > ![Volker Oye and Zhongwen Zhan](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327700-1786523793/Bilder/Volker%20bes%C3%B8k.jfif%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Volker Oye and Zhongwen Zhan) > We were pleased to welcome Zhongwen Zhan, Director of the Seismological Lab at Caltech in Pasadena, California, to NORSAR. He gave a presentation on the Caltech DAS Hub during a joint seismological seminar. The Caltech DAS Hub is a shared infrastructure for DAS operation, data, and workflows. > We will both be attending the SCAR Open Science Conference on Antarctic Research this week in Oslo, says Volker Oye, Head of Research and Applied Seismology at NORSAR. - [Store muligheter for overvåking med fiber kan styrke beredskapen](https://www.norsar.no/news/store-muligheter-for-overvaking-med-fiber-kan-styrke-beredskapen): Arve E. Mjelva, Deputy CEO / Head of Security and Resilience i NORSAR, holdt onsdag 12. august foredrag under Kunnskapsbyen Lillestrøms arrangement «Beredskap – læring fra virkelige hendelser» under Arendalsuka. > ![Arve E. Mjelva](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327733-1786529203/Bilder/Arve%20Arendalsuka.jfif%20%28content%29.webp Arve E. Mjelva) > I foredraget presenterte Arve hvordan fiberoptiske målinger kan brukes til å overvåke store områder ved hjelp av eksisterende fiberinfrastruktur. > – Vi bruker fiberoptiske målinger for å overvåke store områder ved å utnytte eksisterende fiberinfrastruktur, forteller Arve. > Anvendelsesområdene er mange, og teknologien kan blant annet brukes innen overvåking av kritisk infrastruktur, grenseområder, kvikkleire og skred, samt i trafikken. > Arve trekker også frem betydningen av møteplasser som denne: > – Det er en veldig bra møteplass, og fint å få muligheten til å presentere dette for en sånn forsamling. - [Birger Steen: Hva skal til for at Oslo skal lykkes?](https://www.norsar.no/news/birger-steen-hva-skal-til-for-at-oslo-skal-lykkes): Talent, kapital og gode rammevilkår er avgjørende for å skape verdier gjennom forskning, entreprenørskap og innovasjon. > ![Birger Steen under konferanse ](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327753-1786537121/Bilder/Birger%20Steen%20Arendalsuka.jfif%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Birger Steen under konferanse ) > Under Arendalsuka pekte Birger Steen, CEO i NORSAR, på at verdens beste vekstregioner oppstår der tre faktorer møtes: problemer som må løses, dyktige folk, og kapital. Osloregionen, fra Kongsberg til Raufoss, har allerede en verdensledende posisjon innen forsvars- og beredskapsteknologi, forsterket av tette bånd til partnere i Ukraina. Steen mener både stat og kommune bør våge å «plukke vinnere» og satse tydeligere på denne industrien, blant annet gjennom raskere saksbehandling og utbygging av relevant infrastruktur. > Han understreket også at internasjonal konkurransekraft krever evnen til å tiltrekke verdens beste hoder. Derfor bør hele «kundereisen» for spisskompetent arbeidskraft gjennomgås, fra immigrasjonsprosess og internasjonale skoler til familietilbud og skatt. Steen tok til orde for å benchmarke Oslo mot naboland, og målrettet forbedre der regionen henger etter. - [NORSAR presents Antarctic research at the SCAR Open Science Conference](https://www.norsar.no/news/norsar-presents-antarctic-research-at-the-scar-open-science-conference): NORSAR presented its Antarctic research at the SCAR Open Science Conference in Oslo. > ![Scar open science conference & meetings 2026](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1327763-1786624889/Bilder/SCAR%20KONFERANSE%2026.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Scar open science conference & meetings 2026) > A key focus was the use and integration of cryoseismology through the newly established seismo-acoustic array near the Norwegian Troll Research Station in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. > Read more about the conference here: > Home | SCAR Open Science Conference https://scar2026.org/ - [Kunnskapsbyen Lillestrøm og NODESEC på besøk hos NORSAR](https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/kunnskapsbyen-lillestrom-og-nodesec-pa-besok-hos-norsar-1): Teknologi, forskning og sikkerhet sto i sentrum da Kunnskapsbyen Lillestrøm og NODESEC besøkte NORSAR på Kjeller > ![Jon og Birger står foran en skjerm der det presenteres og smiler til kamera](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1326434-1781250162/Bilder/Jon%20og%20Birger%20test%201.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp Jon Eriksen og Birger Steen) > NORSAR har hatt besøk av Kunnskapsbyen Lillestrøm, NODESEC og Nettverk for Sikkerhet og Beredskap på Kjeller. Besøket ga deltakerne et innblikk i hvordan NORSAR og Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt, FFI, arbeider med forskning, teknologi og samfunnssikkerhet. > NORSARs CEO, Birger Steen, holdt en presentasjon om NORSARs historie og rolle innen internasjonal overvåkning. Han viste blant annet hvordan NORSARs teknologi brukes til å oppdage og dokumentere seismiske hendelser, samt hvordan kompetansen kan brukes innen konfliktmonitorering og beskyttelse av kritisk infrastruktur. > Georg Richvoldsen fra FFI presenterte sin virksomhet og rolle i forsvarssektoren, med vekt på anvendt forskning, teknologiutvikling og støtte til Forsvarets operative evne. > Besøket ble avsluttet med en omvisning hos NORSAR, ledet av Guro Svendsen, Senior Research Scientist. Her fikk gjestene se nærmere på NORSARs forskningsmiljøer og hvordan overvåkning foregår i praksis. > Besøket var en god anledning til å dele kunnskap og styrke kontakten mellom aktører som jobber med forskning, teknologi, sikkerhet og innovasjon. - [USA publicly alleged that China conducted a low-yield nuclear test](https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/usa-publicly-alleged-that-china-conducted-a-low-yield-nuclear-test): United States publicly alleged that China conducted a low-yield nuclear test on 22 June 2020. In response, NORSAR undertook a review of available seismic data from the region. > ![Cloud in the dark](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325010-1771514892/Bilder/Skjermbilde%202026-02-19%20kl.%2016.27.00.png%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > Preliminary Seismic Assessment of the 22 June 2020 Event near Lop Nor Background > U.S. Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Thomas G. DiNanno claimed in a presentation in Geneva on 6 February 2026 that China conducted a low-yield nuclear test explosion on 22 June 2020, in violation of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. In a speech at the Hudson Institute on 17 February 2026, Christopher Yeaw, Assistant Secretary of the Bureau of Arms Control and Nonproliferation, provided a specific time — 09:18 UTC — for such an explosion near Lop Nor in China. NORSAR PRESS RELEASE: > In response, NORSAR undertook a review of available seismic data from the region. As part of this work, NORSAR conducted a systematic scan of the full 24-hour period of 22 June 2020. This analysis was carried out in the days following the 6 February public statement and prior to the subsequent U.S. announcement on 17 February 2026 identifying a specific time of interest. Through this independent screening process, NORSAR identified a small seismic event occurring at approximately 09:18 UTC as the only signal on that day potentially compatible with a source in the Lop Nor region. The later U.S. statement referring to the 09:18 UTC event is consistent with the timing identified through NORSAR’s independent analysis. > The 09:18 UTC event is clearly recorded at a high-sensitivity seismic array in Kazakhstan, located approximately 740 km from the Lop Nor test area. The direction and timing of the signal are compatible with a source in that region. However, the signal is clearly observed at only one primary array. Other regional stations did not record strong supporting signals, and a nearer Chinese station shows only weak observations. As a result, the precise epicentral location cannot be tightly constrained. > The event has an estimated local magnitude in the range of approximately 2.5–3.0. U.S. officials have referred to a magnitude of 2.75, which lies within this range. Small differences in reported magnitude are expected due to methodological and observational uncertainties, and it is scientifically appropriate to express the estimate as a range. > If interpreted as a normally coupled underground explosion — meaning no measures were taken to reduce seismic signals — a magnitude in this range would correspond approximately to an explosive yield in the range 3 to 15 tonnes of TNT equivalent. If significant seismic decoupling were employed, the true yield could in principle be substantially larger, potentially in the several hundred tonne range and, under idealised conditions, above one kiloton. These yield figures represent illustrative scenarios based on modelling assumptions rather than direct measurements. > The signal shows relatively strong compressional (P) waves compared to shear (S) waves, a feature that can be consistent with explosive sources. However, this characteristic alone is not diagnostic. Natural earthquakes can produce similar patterns, particularly when observations are limited to a single high-quality station. > Further analysis is ongoing, including detailed waveform comparison and correlation studies to assess how unusual the 09:18 UTC signal is relative to background seismicity in the region. > Based on the currently available seismic data, NORSAR cannot confirm or refute the allegation that a nuclear test took place on 22 June 2020. The observed signal is compatible with a small event in the Lop Nor region and exhibits characteristics that can be associated with explosive sources. However, those characteristics are not unique to explosions, and the data do not rule out that the event could have been a small natural earthquake. Limited station coverage prevents definitive source identification at this stage. > Birger Steen > CEO NORSAR > Mail: b@norsar.no > Phone: + 47 9008 8222 > Ben Dando > Head of Seismology and Verification: National Data Centre > Mail: benjamin.dando@norsar.no mailto:benjamin.dando@norsar.no > Phone: +47 4681 3190 - [NORSAR celebrate The International Day of Women and Girls in Science](https://www.norsar.no/nyheter/norsar-celebrate-the-international-day-of-women-and-girls-in-science): 15 women work in NORSAR with science and we have been able to increase the number over the last years. Today we present seven of them to inspire women and girls > ![Seven women standing by a round table](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1324999-1770814093/Bilder/IMG_8685%20%281%29.jpeg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp From the left: Charlotte Bruland, Nadege Langet, Tina Kaschwich, Berit Paulsen, Guro Svendsen, Joanna Holmgren, Bettina Goertx-Allmann ) > **Women in NORSAR proud to inspire more women and girls on The yearly international science day for women and girls.** > **** > **Joanna Holmgren** Joanna.holmgren@norsar.no mailto:Joanna.holmgren@norsar.no > "I enjoyed the maths, physics, and natural science subjects during my school years, which naturally led me to pursue a career as an earthquake researcher. Today, I mainly work with trying to understand the source properties of small earthquakes - a challenge that often brings more questions than answers, and is what makes research so exciting." > **Guro Svendsen** guro.svendsen@norsar.no mailto:guro.svendsen@norsar.no > “As a physicist, I have spent the past 13 years working in various scientific environments, many of them strongly male-dominated. At NORSAR, I experience a much more balanced gender representation — and I am convinced that diversity and balance strengthen both the working environment and the quality of scientific results. On the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, I want to highlight the importance of representation and role models — and how we all benefit from broader participation in science.” > **Bettina Goertx-Allmann ** bettina@norsar.no mailto:bettina@norsar.no > "I got into seismology because I wanted to understand how the Earth moves — and I stayed because science gives us the power to make it safer. Today my research focuses on how the Earth responds to human activity. I encourage girls to pursue science because their curiosity and perspectives are essential for shaping a better future." > **Nadege Langet** Nadege@norsar.no mailto:Nadege@norsar.no > “Today, I study microseismic events - small, unfelt earthquakes that provide insights into both natural and induced processes, such as rockslides, geothermal systems, and CO₂ storage. Having always worked alongside many women, I have never seen gender as a barrier in science; what matters most is finding a working environment in which you can thrive.” > **Tina Kaschwich **Tina.Kaschwich@norsar.no mailto:Tina.Kaschwich@norsar.no > «At NORSAR, I am challenged, supported, and inspired – every day.» > **Charlotte Bruland** charlotte.bruland@norsar.no mailto:charlotte.bruland@norsar.no > “I work on using seismic ambient noise to monitor changes in the ground, for example quick clay in Oslo, permafrost in Longyearbyen, or unstable rock slopes such as Åknes. It’s exciting to research practical and socially beneficial challenges. Don’t be afraid to try and fail.” > **Berit Paulsen** berit@norsar.no mailto:berit@norsar.no > “I was offered the position as analyst after I had worked here for one year as an operator. A few years later, I advanced to Chief Analyst.” > https://www.norsar.no/om-oss/ansatte/ - [NORSAR and Northern Lights partners for CO2 storage monitoring in the North Sea](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/norsar-and-northern-lights-partners-for-co2-storage-monitoring-in-the-north-sea): Oslo, 18 March 2025: The independent research foundation NORSAR and Northern Lights JV have signed an agreement to monitor the CO2 storage reservoir in the North Sea. This initiative will enhance commercial opportunities for Northern Lights and Norway while marking the beginning of international exports of both storage capacity and Norwegian-developed technology. > ![Northern Lights anlegget på Holsnøy](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322858-1741945387/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Norhern%20lights%281%29.jpg%20%28content_full_width%29.webp ) > “Norway has a leading position in carbon management, and has for many years, worked to develop carbon capture and storage as a cost-effective climate measure in an international perspective. The agreement between NORSAR and Northern Lights provides a cost-effective solution for monitoring CO2 storage with technology developed in Norway, which can be exported to other countries” says Minister of Energy Terje Aasland. > The potential for storage on the Norwegian continental shelf corresponds to 80 billion tonnes of CO2, equivalent to Norwegian emissions for 1,600 years, according to estimates from the Norwegian Shelf Directorate. > “Leveraging decades of expertise in CO2 storage on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, Northern Lights will provide Norwegian and European industry with safe and permanent CO2 storage within the Aurora license. Continuous monitoring of CO2 injection, storage, and seismic activity will support safe and reliable operations,” says Northern Lights JV Managing Director Tim Heijn. > **Monitoring provides trust and security ** > NORSAR will establish and operate a permanent monitoring station near Bergen, using cutting-edge technology to detect and analyse seismic activity related to CO2 injection in the Aurora reservoir. This data will support Northern Lights in maintaining operational integrity and ensure safe injection and storage. > *Senior geophysicist at Northern Lights Matthieu Vinchon, Norwegian Minister of Energy Terje Aasland (Labout Party) and CEO of NORSAR Anne Strømmen Lycke* > “Commercial CO2 storage is a new business area with immense potential for Norway. It is crucial to build trust from day one. This monitoring will also reassure authorities and the public that the storage site maintains its integrity throughout both the injection and long-term storage phases,” says NORSAR CEO Anne Strømmen Lycke. > NORSAR's solution can also be utilized by other storage facilities in Norway and exported internationally. > "The agreement with Northern Lights is an important affirmation that the domestic market has confidence in us," says Lycke. > **A New Application of Norwegian-Developed Technology** > The technology to be used on Holsnøy has been enhanced through a series of research and development projects supported by the Climate fund and the EU, with Northern Lights' owners—Shell, TotalEnergies, and Equinor—actively partnering with the University of Bergen and Viridien. > In practice, the project involves the reuse of investments made by the Norwegian government in the establishment of NORSAR as the National Data Centre responsible for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. The technology, originally developed to detect vibrations in the ground, has been further refined and will now be used to monitor CO2 injections and detect any induced seismic activity. > The Minister of Energy believes that the prospects for CO2 storage in the North Sea are promising, as more and more countries embrace carbon capture and storage as a climate solution. GEUS in Denmark and KNMI in the Netherlands, both National Data Centers under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, are in the process of being assigned the same task for storage sites in their respective countries. > "CO2 management will be an important contribution to achieving the temperature target of the Paris Agreement. The government aims to facilitate commercial CO2 storage on the Norwegian continental shelf. With world-leading Norwegian technology, experience, and storage capabilities, we are at the forefront", says Aasland. > ***About NORSAR** > NORSAR monitors compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibits the testing of nuclear weapons. Through an extensive network of fiber technology, infrasound, and seismic stations, NORSAR can detect abnormal activity related to critical infrastructure in Norway and Europe, including railways, pipelines, and nuclear power plants.* > *NORSAR also monitors weather and climate-related phenomena, from earthquakes to landslides and movements in the ice around Svalbard and the poles. Through software solutions for seismic modeling and microseismic monitoring, NORSAR's solutions help improve the collection, processing, and analysis of data that can reduce the risks and costs associated with oil and gas exploration. In the future, NORSAR will also monitor CO2 storage facilities established both on land and on the seabed, in Norway and internationally.* > ***About Northern Lights JV** > Northern Lights JV is a registered general partnership with shared liability (DA), equally owned by Equinor, TotalEnergies, and Shell. The joint venture is part of the Norwegian government's Longship project, which establishes a full-scale carbon capture and storage value chain in Norway. > Northern Lights is the first in the world to offer cross-border transport and storage of CO2 and is ready to receive and store CO2 from industry in Norway as part of the Longship project. Northern Lights also has commercial agreements for transport and storage with Yara in the Netherlands and Ørsted in Denmark.* > **For further information, please contact** > Anne Strømmen Lycke > Administrerende direktør i NORSAR > +47 977 94 966 > anne.lycke@norsar.no > Morten Eek > Mediekontakt i Northern Lights JV > +47 416 89 515 > morten.eek@norlights.com > *Photo credits top photo: Svein Ove Søreide* > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [Norwegian research foundations develop new technology for studying war crimes against Ukraine](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/norwegian-research-foundations-develop-new-technology-for-studying-war-crimes-against-ukraine): Oslo, 12 March 2025: The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and NORSAR, both Norway-based research foundations, today announced a joint effort to use cutting-edge sensor technology for uncovering and analysing war crimes in Ukraine. > ![Ukraine AI](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322816-1741607198/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/REMWAR%20cropped%281%29.png ) > The research project, named “Recording Explosive Munitions for the Analysis of War Crimes” (REMWAR), aims to determine under which conditions Russian troops engage in illegal attacks on civilian targets in Ukraine. > “By combining PRIO experts on conflict event data analysis with the forces of NORSAR experts in remote sensing, we will have a team of scientific excellence that can have a meaningful impact. Together, we will work to make peace more stable and war less inhumane,” PRIO Director Henrik Urdal said. > **Novel tools for measuring combat exposure** > Using its expertise in automatic event detection via seismic and acoustic detection, NORSAR has developed advanced tools for measuring combat-related explosions. > “NORSAR has long-term experience in the global monitoring of nuclear tests. Now, we can use our technology for yet another important cause, researching war crimes in the biggest armed conflict in Europe since World War II,” said Anne Strømmen Lycke, CEO of NORSAR. > PRIO and NORSAR have collaborated for many years. In 2023, NORSAR achieved a methodological breakthrough by demonstrating that the same sensor technologies that are used for detecting violations of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty could also detect conventional explosions in Ukraine. > The project, which was unveiled at a seminar today at the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, has received NOK 12 million (approximately USD 1 million) for a three-year period from the Research Council of Norway. The investigation will be ongoing throughout 2025, and the first data findings are expected to be published early next year. > **Solving three problems** > PRIO is building a database with frontline data, conflict event data, and locations of critical and protected infrastructure. > The project will use its technological capabilities to provide unprecedented insights into an ongoing war, aiming to solve three problems: > Understanding when and where intentional attacks on civilians are most likely, to help prevent atrocities. > Identifying biases in both traditional conflict data and NORSAR’s event detections, to build a more comprehensive picture of the war in Ukraine. > Advancing the technology for use in monitoring future ceasefire agreements, mapping unexploded munitions, and detecting strikes on protected or civilian infrastructure. > **For more information, please contact: ** > Michelle Delaney > Communication Director in PRIO > +47 941 65 579 > michelle@prio.org > Anne Strømmen Lycke > CEO of NORSAR > +47 977 94 966 > anne.lycke@norsar.no > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO - [Birger Steen appointed CEO of NORSAR research foundation from 1 April 2025](https://www.norsar.no/contact/press-releases/press-releases/birger-steen-appointed-ceo-of-norsar-research-foundation-from-1-april-2025-1): Birger Steen has been appointed CEO of the independent research foundation NORSAR when Anne Strømmen Lycke retires 1 April this year. > ![Birger-Anne](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322323-1736851379/Bilder/Artikkelbilder/Anne-Birger-NyCEO.JPG%20%28full_width%29.webp ) > - We are very pleased that Birger will take over when Anne steps down after ten years as CEO of NORSAR. With his extensive international management experience, good understanding of technology and commercial drive, Birger will contribute to further development and growth at a time when NORSAR’s competences and services are more important than ever, says Per Arild Reksnes, Chair of the Board of NORSAR. > With seismology and seismic monitoring as its areas of expertise, NORSAR carries out assignments for Norwegian as well as for Norwegian and international companies. On behalf of Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, NORSAR monitors compliance with the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, a multilateral treaty that prohibits tests of nuclear weapons. Furthermore, NORSAR is considered Norway's undisputed earthquake expert. > - NORSAR’s mission is to listen to the earth in order to gain insight and contribute to strengthening overall preparedness in Norway and Europe. NORSAR has world-class scientists, recognized technology and exciting growth opportunities through further development and sales of software and services. I look forward to getting to know all the talented people in NORSAR and building on the foundation that Anne and her team have developed over the past decade," says Birger Steen. > Strømmen Lycke has been CEO of NORSAR since 2014. During this period, the foundation has secured ever-increasing research funding, led key research projects and gained international recognition. In a comprehensive evaluation report issued in 2024, the Research Council of Norway highlighted NORSAR’s groundbreaking work in seismology and earthquake monitoring. > - We have managed to attract some of the world’s most talented researchers in our fields, and it is of course they who deserve the credit for the recognition we have received. In addition to our work on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, we have used our monitoring stations to map incidents and reduced the risk of disinformation in war-torn areas. We have developed technology solutions that monitor landslides and avalanches, injection of CO2 storage on the seabed as well as ice movements in the polar regions. I think we can say that NORSAR makes the world a little safer, says Strømmen Lycke. > Steen has previously been CEO of Microsoft in Norway and Russia and led one of the company's divisions in the United States. He has been CEO of US-based Parallels and has held board positions in Nordea, Schibsted, Cognite and Pagero. He returned to Norway in 2023 and was for a period CEO of FREYR Battery. Today, Steen is Chair of the board of Nordic Semiconductor and Chair of the Digital Norway Advisory Board. Steen holds an MSc in engineering from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU, formerly NTH) and an MBA from INSEAD. > **About NORSAR** > NORSAR is Norway’s national data center and monitors compliance with the international Test Ban Treaty, which prohibits testing of nuclear weapons. Through NORSAR's extensive network of fiber technology, infrasound and seismic stations, the company can detect abnormal activity related to critical infrastructure in Norway and Europe, including railways, pipelines, and nuclear power plants. NORSAR also monitors weather- and climate-related phenomena, from earthquakes to avalanches and movements in the ice around Svalbard and the polar regions. > NORSAR's solutions help to improve the collection, processing and analysis of data that can, among other things, reduce the risks and costs associated with oil and gas exploration through software solutions for seismic modelling and micro-seismic monitoring. In the future, NORSAR will also monitor CO2 storage facilities established both on land and on the seabed in Norway and internationally. > NORSAR has a strong financial situation with annual revenues of around NOK 100 million. NORSAR has 50 employees, most with PhDs from top international universities. The company is headquartered at Kjeller, north of Oslo, and operates monitoring stations in Svalbard, Bjørnøya, Jan Mayen, Løten, Dronning Maud Land and in Karasjok. > For more information, please contact: > Per Arild Reksnes, mob. (+47) 48200596 > Birger Steen, mob. (+47) 900 88 222 > Anne Strømmen Lycke, mob. (+47) 977 94 988 > ![Anne S. Lycke, CEO](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/133953-1716281713/Bilder/Brukere/kvadratisk/anneslycke-square.jpg%20%28thumbnail%29.webp ) > Anne S. Lycke mailto:anne.lycke@norsar.no > CEO ## [Search](https://www.norsar.no/search/) ## [Login](https://www.norsar.no/login/) - [Login](https://www.norsar.no/login/login) > Enter username and password to login to NORSAR's extranet. > Problems with login? Contact us here https://www.norsar.no/contact/norsar/norsar. - [Login Extranet](https://www.norsar.no/login/login-extranet): Test ingress > Test Tekst ## [Åknes Rock Slide](https://www.norsar.no/r-d/safe-society/aknes/) ### [Surface geophones](https://www.norsar.no/surface-geophones/) - [](https://www.norsar.no/surface-geophones/article-5463) ### [Histogram](https://www.norsar.no/surface-geophones/) ### [Events](https://www.norsar.no/surface-geophones/) ### [Broadband seismometer](https://www.norsar.no/broadband-seismometer/) ### [Borehole geophones](https://www.norsar.no/borehole-geophones/) ## [BARENTS3D](https://www.norsar.no/seismology/barents3d/) > A 3D model (BARENTS3D) for the seismic velocity and density structure of the crust and upper mantle in the greater Barents Sea Region has been developed by a Norwegian-US team as a composite of two separate models, one for the crust (BARENTS50) and one for the upper mantle (BARMOD). ## [Data](https://www.norsar.no/data/norsar-station-network) - [NORSAR Station Network](https://www.norsar.no/data/norsar-station-network): NO network operated by NORSAR > doi: 10.21348/d.no.0001 https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0001 > NORSAR is the Norwegian National Data Center (NDC) for verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Four of the stations in the NO network are in the International Monitoring System (IMS) which is designed to detect any nuclear explosion conducted on Earth, to verify compliance with the Treaty. IMS stations > NOA is a primary seismic array (PS27) in the IMS. With its 42 seismometers and 7 sub-arrays distributed over an area with a diameter of 60 km in Southern Norway, it is the largest seismic array station in the IMS. > ARCES is a primary seismic array (PS28) in the IMS. The array consists of 25 seismometers placed within an area with a 3 km diameter in Northern Norway. > SPITS is an auxiliary seismic array (AS72) in the IMS. The array consists of 9 seismometers within an area with a 1 km diameter on Spitsbergen in the Svalbard archipelago. > JMIC is a single three-component auxiliary station (AS73) in the IMS on the island Jan Mayen in the North Atlantic Ocean. Non-IMS stations > TROLL is a single three-component station at the research station of the Norwegian Polar Institute in Antarctica. > BEAR is a seismic array consisting of 6 seismometers at Bjørnøya in the Barents Sea. > HSPA is a seismic array consisting of 5 seismometers at Hornsund on Spitsbergen. > AKN and JETT are two single three-component stations used to monitor unstable rock slopes, AKN in Western Norway, JETT in Northern Norway. > BRBA and BRBB are two single three-component stations near Barentsburg on Spitsbergen, operated by the Kola Branch of Geophysical Survey, Russian Academy of Sciences (KRSC). Development of the NO network > For a description of the development of the network, see: > Schweitzer, J., A. Köhler, and J. M. Christensen (2021). Development of the NORSAR Network over the Last 50 Yr, Seismol. Res. Lett. XX, > 1–11, doi: 10.1785/0220200375 https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200375 Citing the NO network > Data retrieved from the NO network should always be cited. This includes use by academic or commercial organisations, as well as by individuals. > The product citation: > NORSAR (1971). [Data set], https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0001 https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0001 Data Access > Access to data from the NO network is provided by the UIB-NORSAR EIDA node through standard FDSN and EIDA web services (https://www.orfeus-eu.org/data/eida/webservices https://www.orfeus-eu.org/data/eida/webservices). Individual sites. Station code, latitude, longitude. NOA: > NAO00 60.8237 10.8324 > NAO01 60.8442 10.8865 > NAO02 60.8057 10.8971 > NAO03 60.7881 10.8084 > NAO04 60.8105 10.7625 > NAO05 60.8507 10.8193 > NB200 61.0397 11.2148 > NB201 61.0495 11.2939 > NB202 61.0069 11.2778 > NB203 61.0107 11.1677 > NB204 61.0498 11.1581 > NB205 61.0710 11.1977 > NBO00 61.0307 10.7774 > NBO01 61.0616 10.7834 > NBO02 61.0492 10.8569 > NBO03 61.0129 10.8371 > NBO04 61.0119 10.7524 > NBO05 61.0597 10.7219 > NC200 61.2807 10.8354 > NC201 61.2988 10.9138 > NC202 61.2545 10.9110 > NC203 61.2438 10.8318 > NC204 61.2759 10.7629 > NC205 61.3231 10.8227 > NC300 61.2617 11.4141 > NC301 61.2762 11.4905 > NC302 61.2328 11.4726 > NC303 61.2251 11.3690 > NC304 61.2784 11.3320 > NC305 61.2979 11.4035 > NC400 61.0791 11.7189 > NC401 61.0804 11.7994 > NC402 61.0446 11.7573 > NC403 61.0537 11.6683 > NC404 61.0982 11.6456 > NC405 61.1128 11.7153 > NC600 60.7473 11.4584 > NC601 60.7746 11.5416 > NC602 60.7353 11.5414 > NC603 60.7050 11.4807 > NC604 60.7263 11.3956 > NC605 60.7770 11.4103 ARCES: > ARA0 69.5349 25.5058 > ARA1 69.5363 25.5071 > ARA2 69.5338 25.5078 > ARA3 69.5346 25.5019 > ARB1 69.5379 25.5079 > ARB2 69.5357 25.5134 > ARB3 69.5324 25.5106 > ARB4 69.5328 25.4998 > ARB5 69.5363 25.4985 > ARC1 69.5411 25.5079 > ARC2 69.5383 25.5229 > ARC3 69.5329 25.5231 > ARC4 69.5293 25.5117 > ARC5 69.5300 25.4981 > ARC6 69.5341 25.4882 > ARC7 69.5396 25.4937 > ARD1 69.5483 25.5093 > ARD2 69.5452 25.5308 > ARD3 69.5366 25.5483 > ARD4 69.5271 25.5362 > ARD5 69.5214 25.5118 > ARD6 69.5227 25.4900 > ARD7 69.5294 25.4707 > ARD8 69.5384 25.4686 > ARD9 69.5454 25.4857 > ARE0 69.5348 25.5057 SPITS: > SPA0 78.1777 16.3700 > SPA1 78.1797 16.3755 > SPA2 78.1759 16.3766 > SPA3 78.1773 16.3588 > SPB1 78.1796 16.3906 > SPB2 78.1742 16.3846 > SPB3 78.1737 16.3584 > SPB4 78.1789 16.3482 > SPB5 78.1823 16.3683 BEAR: > BEA1 74.4994 19.0014 > BEA2 74.4988 19.0101 > BEA3 74.4978 19.0084 > BEA4 74.4965 19.0108 > BEA5 74.4958 19.0056 > BEA6 74.4960 19.0014 HSPA: > HSPA1 77.0032 15.5259 > HSPA2 77.0062 15.5274 > HSPA3 77.0060 15.5325 > HSPA4 77.0055 15.5427 > HSPA5 77.0035 15.5357 > 3C-stations: > JMIC 70.9866 -8.5057 > TROLL -72.0082 2.5300 > AKN 62.1783 6.9974 > JETT 69.5557 20.4095 > BRBA 78.0588 14.2191 > BRBB 78.0953 14.2149 - [Oye et al., 2022 - Data repository](https://www.norsar.no/data/oye-et-al-2022-data-repository): Data repository for Nature Scientific Reports article Oye et al., 2022 > doi: 10.21348/d.no.0002 https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0002 > This data repository provides all relevant raw and meta data related to the publication: > Oye, V., Stanchits, S., Babarinde, O. *et al.* Cubic-meter scale laboratory fault re-activation experiments to improve the understanding of induced seismicity risks. *Sci Rep* **12, **8015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11715-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11715-6 > within the Induced Seismicity guest edited collection of Nature Scientific Reports. > The Center for Geologic Storage of CO2 (GSCO2) https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1691497 - an Energy Frontiers Research Center, funded through the U.S. Department of Energy and led by the Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL - focuses on basic-science approaches to generate new conceptual, mathematical, and numerical models applicable to geologic storage systems in specific and strategically identified research areas. Over the six-year research period the GSCO2 developed its focus on one central research question: *What is the mechanism of injection-induced microseismicity, and can we control and predict its occurrence?* > One core part in the investigation of that research question was addressed in the Research Theme on Geomechanics, led by NORSAR. Based on this collaboration, the above paper was motivated and conducted. In the following we provide the research data such that our work can be reproduced and become an integrated part in future scientific achievements. > **Metadata and waveform data** > The recording was conducted with 38 piezoelectric sensors. 34 sensors were resonant sensors of type SE150M made by Dunegan Engineering Company, Inc., while four sensors, no. 16, 23, 34 and 38, were broadband sensors of type V103-RM made by Panametrics Inc. All sensors were recording with 0.4 µs sampling interval (2.5 MHz sampling rate), digitized by a 38-channel AMSY-6 data acquisition system with 16-bit amplitude resolution made by Vallen GmbH. All signals were amplified by 49 dB using Vallen AEP3 preamplifiers with an applied band pass filter from 50 to 1000 kHz. > Details of the sensor locations and orientations are provided in the **sensor file** https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314394-1651838166/norsar.no/R-D/SensorFile.txt > Injection data, pressure and stress histories are provided in an excel datasheet (**Injection_data https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314395-1651838458/norsar.no/R-D/Injection_data.xlsx**), and a bulletin with acoustic emission event locations is provided as well (**AE_data** https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314396-1651838756/norsar.no/R-D/AE_data.xlsx). > The raw waveform data of all 22 injection stages are provided in ASCII format. There are 39 columns and 2049 rows in each ASCII file , where [N] -- is the sequential number of the localized event. > Column 1: µs -- time in microseconds from the beginning of the record > Columns 2-39: ch1-ch38 -- amplitudes of channels 1-38 in counts > Downloadable data > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314394-1651838166/norsar.no/R-D/SensorFile.txt > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314395-1651838458/norsar.no/R-D/Injection_data.xlsx > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1314396-1651838756/norsar.no/R-D/AE_data.xlsx - [Langet & Silverberg, 2023 – Data repository](https://www.norsar.no/data/langet-silverberg-2023-data-repository): Data repository for Earth Surface Dynamics article, Langet & Silverberg, 2023 > doi: 10.21348/d.no.0003 https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0003 > This data repository provides all relevant raw and meta data related to the publication: > Langet, N. and Silverberg, F. M. J.: Automated classification of seismic signals recorded on the Åknes rock slope, Western Norway, using a convolutional neural network, Earth Surface Dynamics, 11, 89–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-89-2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-89-2023, 2023. > General information on the seismic monitoring of the Åknes rockslope is also provided at https://www.norsar.no/r-d/safe-society/aknes/ https://www.norsar.no/r-d/safe-society/aknes/ > **Metadata and waveform data** > The surface geophone network is composed of 8 three-component geophones. The raw waveform data ftp://ftp.norsar.no/pub/outgoing/aaknes/Aaknes_Data.zip (ftp://ftp.norsar.no/pub/outgoing/aaknes/Aaknes_Data.zip, 78 GB) are stored in SEG2 format in *.dat files and contain 24 traces with 16 seconds of signal sampled at 1000 Hz. The order of the traces is Z, N, E. > Details of the sensor locations are provided in the sensor file https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315780-1677502516/norsar.no/R-D/DOI/d.no.0003/Aaknes_sensors.txt. > The list of detected and analysed events from 2007 to 2021 is provided in the catalog https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315781-1677502516/norsar.no/R-D/DOI/d.no.0003/Aaknes_catalog.csv (.csv): > Column “Filename”: name of the data file containing the waveforms; > Column “Date”: date and time of the detection; > Column “nDetections”: number of geophones that detected the event (min.: 4, max.: 8); > Column “Detection”: series of eight zeros and ones indicating which geophones detected the event (0: no detection; 1: detection); > Column “Type”: class of the event resulting from the automatic classifier; > Column “Probability”: probability of classification; > Column “Amplitude”: mean of maximum amplitudes measured on channels that detected the event. > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315780-1677502516/norsar.no/R-D/DOI/d.no.0003/Aaknes_sensors.txt > https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1315781-1677502516/norsar.no/R-D/DOI/d.no.0003/Aaknes_catalog.csv - [NORFOX - Fibre Optic Array Data](https://www.norsar.no/data/norfox-fibre-optic-array-data): Data repository for the NORFOX fibre optic array > This data repository provides all relevant raw and meta data related to the NORFOX fibre optic array. NORFOX data are to be refereced with the DOI: 10.21348/d.no.0004 https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0004 > NORFOX is an innovative site in south-east Norway to evaluate the possibilities of next-generation seismic arrays with fibre-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for seismology. Additionally, fundamental research on fibre technology, including DAS and DTSS (Distributed Temperature and Strain Sensing) can be evaluated. The site is co-located with the NORES seismometer array, which allows for calibration of the DAS signal. The figure below shows the location of the NOFROX fibre array. Additionally the 16 seismometers of the NORES array are shown as white triangles. > NORFOX consists of 5 arms, each approximately 1700m long. You can download the KMZ file here https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1319566-1696835035/KML%20filer/NORFOX_interpolated%20Arms.kmz. The arms are curved to alleviate the effects of broad-site sensitivity of the fibre-cable. This design allows thus for a homogeneous array response function (see Näsholm et al., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023587). Note that the arms at some locations deviate form the ideal homogeneous curvature due to local topography and geology. > Each arm is equipped with two cables and two empty pipes, burried 50cm deep directly in forest soil. The empty pipes (16mm inner diameter) are buried alongside the cables for future expansion. Furthermore Arms C & E have an additional 40mm pipe. > All cables are connected to the NORSAR data facility at Stendammen, where interrogators can be housed and data transfer can be ensured. > The fibre cables have the following specifications: > OCC 4x standard telecom fibres (G652). > OFS AcoustiSense with 2x enhanced backscattered fibre and 2x standard telecom fibre. The enhnaced At the outer end of each arm each enhanced fibre is spliced to a standard fibre to close the optical loop back to the central station. > Strength member: Aramid Yarn > Diameter: 9.5mm > Maximum load: 200N > Minimum bend radius: 47.5cm > Attenuation @1550nm: > Downloadable data - [Lindholm et al., 2025 – Data repository](https://www.norsar.no/data/lindholm-et-al-2025-data-repository): Earthquake catalogue data > doi: 10.21348/d.no.0005 http://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0005 > This data repository provides all relevant earthquake catalogue data related to the publication: “Earthquakes and Seismic Hazard for Norway and Svalbard” by C. Lindholm, H. Bungum, F. Ghione, A. Meslem, C. Huang and V. Oye, published in Journal of Seismology. > Catalogue can be downloaded here. https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1322029-1772624644/norsar.no/R-D/DOI/d.no.0005/NORSAR_earthquake_catalogue_2018.xlsx - [Placeholder data repository for scientific article, Langet et al. 2026](https://www.norsar.no/data/placeholder-data-repository-for-scientific-article-langet-et-al-2026) > https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0006 https://doi.org/10.21348/d.no.0006 > This data repository provides all relevant raw and meta data related to the publication submitted to GRL. > **Metadata and waveform data** > The raw waveform data (placeholder for hyperlink) are stored in miniseed format and contain three-component data for all geophones. Sampling rate is 1000 Hz. > **Displacement data** > Monitoring Well 1, upper shear zone > Monitoring Well 1, lower shear zone > Monitoring Well 2, upper shear zone > Monitoring Well 2, lower shear zone https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/1325478-1773834981/norsar.no/R-D/DOI/d.no.0006/Disp_KH-01-18_lower.csv (.csv): > **Piezometric data:** > Monitoring Well 1, all levels > Monitoring Well 2, all levels ## [Seismic Bulletins](https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/) > NORSAR has been appointed as the Norwegian National Data Centre for the Comprehensive Test-Ban-Treaty, and operates several seismic stations on Norwegian territory. To supplement NORSAR's location capabilities, NORSAR exchanges data with other seismological institutions through bilateral cooperation. - [Seismic Bulletins account request received](https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/seismic-bulletins-account-request-received): Thank you for your interest in the NORSAR bulletins. > ![Bulletins](https://www.norsar.no/getfile.php/137075-1539671625/norsar.no/R-D/SafeSociety/NTBT/regbul.jpg%20%28content%29.jpg ) > Normally, you should receive feedback on this request within two working days. If you haven't heard from us within five working days, please post another request https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/. - [Regional reviewed bulletins](https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/regional-reviewed-bulletins): The regional reviewed bulletins contain analyst reviewed locations based on NORSAR's array stations. > To supplement NORSAR's location capabilities, NORSAR exchanges through bilateral cooperation data with other seismological institutions. Depending on size and location of an event the reviewed bulletins may contain additional readings from arrays and 3-component broadband stations operated by these institutions. > |**STATION** |**TYPE** |**OPERATOR** | > |Apatity |Array |Kola Regional Seismological Center http://www.krsc.ru/ | > |EDI |3C BB |*British Geological Survey* http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/ | > |FINES |Array |*University of Helsinki* http://www.seismo.helsinki.fi/english/index.html | > |Hagfors |Array |FOI http://www.foi.se/ | > |KBS |3C BB |*GEOFON http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon// IRIS http://www.iris.washington.edu/ / USGS https://www.usgs.gov/ AWI https://www.awi.de/en.html / University of Bergen https://www.uib.no/geo* | > |KONO |3C BB |*IRIS http://www.iris.washington.edu/ / USGS https://www.usgs.gov / University of Bergen https://www.uib.no/geo* | > |LRW |3C BB |*British Geological Survey* http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/ | > |MUD |3C BB |*Geodatastyrelsen* https://eng.gst.dk | > |VSU |3C BB |*GEOFON http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/ / Geological Survey of Estonia http://www.egk.ee* | > |NNSN |Network |*University of Bergen, Norsk Nasjonalt Seismisk Nettverk hhttp://nnsn.geo.uib.no/nnsn* | - [Teleseismic reviewed bulletin](https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/teleseismic-reviewed-bulletin): The bulletins contain analyst reviewed locations from the NORSAR array (PS27). > Abbreviations used > stn - station name > amp - displacement amplitude in nanometer > per - period (sec) > vel - apparent velocity > dir - direction of approach (deg) > dst - distance to epicenter (deg) > lat - epicenter lattitude > lon - epicenter longitude > Mag - Body Wave magnitude (Mb) > Region numbers and names: flinn-engdahl NORSAR subarrays > STATION LAT, LON, AND ELEV(M) > NAO = 60.8237N, 10.8324E, 379 > NBO = 61.0307N, 10.7774E, 529 > NB2 = 61.0397N, 11.2147E, 717 > NC2 = 61.2807N, 10.8354E, 847 > NC3 = 61.2617N, 11.4141E, 366 > NC4 = 61.0790N, 11.7189E, 522 > NC6 = 60.7473N, 11.4584E, 32 Note > No bulletins were produced for the period October 1976 through September 1977. On 1. October 1976, the array was reduced from 22 to 7 subarrays, and during the first year of operating the smaller array, NORSAR produced no bulletins. Furthermore, no bulletins were produced for the months Sep/Oct/Nov 1995 as the array was down for refurbishment (replacement of old electronics and seismometers). - [Automatic (GBF) bulletin](https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/automatic-gbf-bulletin): The bulletins contains UNCHECKED, FULLY AUTOMATIC locations from the NORSAR Generalized Beamforming (GBF) system. > Warning > This automatic list is provided as a service for colleagues in Scandinavia and NW Russia. It contains trial epicenters, and must not be used uncritically as a seismic bulletin. NORSAR GBF system > Generalized Beam Forming (GBF) is a method for automatically grouping and locating seismic arrivals based on theoretical travel times for a grid of points covering a target area > The geographical region covered by GBF is centered at latitude 59N, longitude 20E and extends approximately 25.5 degrees north and south and 16.5 degrees east and west. > The bulletins contain **UNCHECKED, FULLY AUTOMATIC** locations with both event lines and associated phase lines. Event parameters: > **Origin time** > Event origin time with julian dates ( DOY - Day-Of-Year ), i.e., December 31 is 365 (366 in leap-years). > **Lat** > Event latitude (-90 S to 90 N) > **Lon** > Event longitude (-180 W to 180 E) > **Azres** > Azimuth residual. Sum of absolute values of phase azimuth residuals divided by number of phases. > **Timres** > Time residual. Sum of absolute values of phase time residuals divided by number of phases. > **Wres** > Weighted residual: Time residual + 0.25*Azimuth residual > **Nphase** > Number of defining phases (uppercase in phase label) > **Ntot** > Total number of phases, including associated coda phases (lowercase in phase label) > **Nsta** > Number of stations contributing to the event solution. > **Netmag** > Network Magnitude. Phase parameters: > **Sta** > Station code > APA - Apatity array, Kola, Russia > ARC - ARCESS array, Norway > FIN - FINESS array, Finland > GER - GERESS array, Germany > HFS - Hagfors array, Sweden > NRS - NORESS array, Norway > **Dist** > Station-to-event distance (km) > **Az** > Theoretical station-to-event azimuth (degrees) > **Ph** > Phase type > Upper case - defining phase > Lower case - associated coda phase > **Time** > Onset time > **Tres** > Time residual. Observed minus theoretical arrival time. > **Azim** > Observed station-to-event azimuth (degrees) > **Ares** > Azimuth residual. Observed minus theoretical azimuth. > **Vel** > Apparent velocity (km/s). > **Snr** > Signal-to-noise ratio. > **Amp** > Amplitude (Quantum units). > **Freq** > Dominant frequency of signal (Hz). > **Fkq** > Quality indicator of F-K analysis (1-4) > **Pol** > Polarization indicator. > **Arid** > Arrival ID. > **Mag** > Phase magnitude. - [GBF](https://www.norsar.no/seismic-bulletins/gbf): Generalized Beam Forming (GBF) is a method for automatically grouping and locating seismic arrivals based on theoretical travel times for a grid of points covering a target area > Use the calendar to retrieve daily event bulletins from the program system. The calendars show julian dates ( DOY - Day-Of-Year ), i.e., December 31 is 365 (366 in leap-years). The geographical region covered by is centered at latitude 59N, longitude 20E and extends approximately 25.5 degrees north and south and 16.5 degrees east and west. > The bulletins contain **UNCHECKED, FULLY AUTOMATIC** locations with both event lines and associated phase lines: > **Origin time Lat Lon Azres Timres Wres Nphase Ntot Nsta Netmag 1996-054:00.28.00.0 51.35 16.38 1.50 0.87 1.25 4 8 3 2.38 ** Sta Dist Az Ph Time Tres Azim Ares Vel Snr Amp Freq Fkq Pol Arid Mag GER 338.3 33.5 Pn 00.28.48.9 -0.3 35.0 1.5 6.3 59.7 204.1 3.26 1 727994 GER 338.3 33.5 p 00.28.56.8 37.5 4.0 6.8 21.0 599.1 3.63 1 727998 GER 338.3 33.5 p 00.29.03.3 24.3 -9.2 6.9 10.1 1087.2 3.56 2 728001 GER 338.3 33.5 Lg 00.29.33.6 -1.0 36.2 2.7 4.3 4.3 1716.4 2.47 1 -2 728003 1.93 GER 338.3 33.5 s 00.29.39.5 25.8 -7.7 4.2 4.0 3193.8 2.94 3 2 728004 GER 338.3 33.5 s 00.29.42.9 31.4 -2.1 4.1 9.0 4800.2 1.96 1 728007 2.38 NRS 1087.6 161.9 Pn 00.30.19.6 -0.8 160.5 -1.4 9.8 5.9 118.8 4.05 2 727995 FIN 1271.2 212.2 Pn 00.30.44.2 1.4 211.7 -0.5 10.0 5.4 72.1 4.18 3 728000 > Event parameters: > **Origin time** > Event origin time > **Lat** > Event latitude (-90 S to 90 N) > **Lon** > Event longitude (-180 W to 180 E) > **Azres** > Azimuth residual. Sum of absolute values of phase azimuth residuals divided by number of phases. > **Timres** > Time residual. Sum of absolute values of phase time residuals divided by number of phases. > **Wres** > Weighted residual: Time residual + 0.25*Azimuth residual > **Nphase** > Number of defining phases (uppercase in phase label) > **Ntot** > Total number of phases, including associated coda phases (lowercase in phase label) > **Nsta** > Number of stations contributing to the event solution. > **Netmag** > Network Magnitude. Phase parameters > **Sta** > Station code > APA - Apatity array, Kola, Russia > ARC - ARCESS array, Norway > FIN - FINESS array, Finland > GER - GERESS array, Germany > HFS - Hagfors array, Sweden > NRS - NORESS array, Norway > **Dist** > Station-to-event distance (km) > **Az** > Theoretical station-to-event azimuth (degrees) > **Ph** > Phase type > Upper case - defining phase > Lower case - associated coda phase > **Time** > Onset time > **Tres** > Time residual. Observed minus theoretical arrival time. > **Azim** > Observed station-to-event azimuth (degrees) > **Ares** > Azimuth residual. Observed minus theoretical azimuth. > **Vel** > Apparent velocity (km/s). > **Snr** > Signal-to-noise ratio. > **Amp** > Amplitude (Quantum units). > **Freq** > Dominant frequency of signal (Hz). > **Fkq** > Quality indicator of F-K analysis (1-4) > **Pol** > Polarization indicator. > **Arid** > Arrival ID. > **Mag** > Phase magnitude.